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A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or
naval infantry Marines, or naval infantry, are typically a military force trained to operate in littoral zones in support of naval operations. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship (refle ...
. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED Online. March 2021. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77489?rskey=dCKrg4&result=1 (accessed May 11, 2021) The term ''general'' is used in two ways: as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of '' captain general'', which rank was taken from Middle French ''capitaine général''. The adjective ''general'' had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of ''general'' is known in some countries as a four-star rank. However, different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks. It has a NATO rank scale code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies, air forces, and marine organizations.


General officer ranks and history

The various grades of general officer are at the top of the military rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in land-centric military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers, and below them are company-grade officers.


Common systems

There are two common systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition, there is a third system, the Arab system of ranks, which is used throughout the Middle East and North Africa but is not used elsewhere in the world. Variations of one form, the old European system, were once used throughout Europe. It is used in Germany, where it comes from originally, and from where it eventually spread to the United Kingdom and thence subsequently to other Commonwealth countries and the United States. The general officer ranks are named by prefixing "general", as an adjective, with field officer ranks, although in some countries the highest general officers are titled field marshal,
marshal Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated o ...
, or captain general. The other is derived from the
French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...
, where generals' ranks are named according to the unit they (theoretically) command.


Old European system

The system used either a ''brigadier general'' or a ''colonel general'' rank (i.e. exclude one of the italicised ranks). In the 17th and 18th centuries, it became customary in Prussia and other German states to confer the rank of "full" general with the addition of the branch of service from which the general emerged and which originally also determined the character of the formations which he commanded, e.g. general of the infantry, general of the cavalry and general of the artillery. Such rank designations were also introduced in the
Imperial Russian Army The Imperial Russian Army (russian: Ру́сская импера́торская а́рмия, tr. ) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from around 1721 to the Russian Revolution of 1917. In the early 1850s, the Russian Ar ...
, firstly by the emperor Peter I. The rank of field marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank, while in other countries it was used as a divisional or brigade rank. Many countries (notably pre-revolutionary France and eventually much of Latin America) actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia. Mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. In some states (particularly in the Commonwealth since the 1920s), the equivalent to brigadier general is brigadier, which is not always considered by these armies to be a general officer rank, although it is always treated as equivalent to the rank of brigadier general for comparative purposes. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major; confusion often arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain-general and lieutenant general. The distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both rank titles, creating the modern rank titles. Serjeant Major (later spelled sergeant major) as a senior rank of non-commissioned officer was a later creation. The equivalent of the rank of general in the
navy A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It include ...
was admiral.


French (Revolutionary) system


Arab system

The armies of Arab countries use traditional Arabic titles. These were formalized in their current system to replace the Turkish system that was formerly in use in the Arab world and the Turco-Egyptian ranks in Egypt.


Other variations

Other nomenclatures for general officers include the titles and ranks: * Adjutant general * Commandant-general *
Inspector general An inspector general is an investigative official in a civil or military organization. The plural of the term is "inspectors general". Australia The Inspector-General of Intelligence and Security (Australia) (IGIS) is an independent statutory off ...
* General-in-chief * General of the Army (which is distinct from the title army general) * General of the Air Force (USAF only) * General of the Armies of the United States (of America), a title created for General
John J. Pershing General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Wes ...
, and subsequently granted posthumously to George Washington * (" general admiral") (German Navy) * Air general and aviation general * Wing general and group general * (, a Serb/Slovenian/Macedonian rank immediately inferior to colonel general, and roughly equivalent to Commonwealth/US major general) * Director general (a common administrative term sometimes used as an appointment in military services) * Director general of national defence (most senior rank in the Mexican Armed Forces) * Controller general (general officer rank in the French National Police) * Prefect general (the most senior rank of the Argentine Naval Prefecture) * Master-General of the Ordnance (very senior British military position) * Police General (most senior rank of the
Philippine National Police The Philippine National Police ( fil, Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas, acronymed as PNP) is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Current ...
) * Commissioner (highest rank of the Bureau of Immigration) * (Police General), the highest rank in the
Indonesian National Police '' , mottotranslated = (Serving the Nation) , formed = , preceding1 = , dissolved = , superseding = , employees = 440,000 (2020) , volunteers = , budget = , nongovernment ...
In addition to militarily educated generals, there are also generals in medicine and engineering. The rank of the most senior chaplain, (chaplain general), is also usually considered to be a general officer rank.


Specific rank of general

In the old European system, a general, without prefix or suffix (and sometimes referred to informally as a "full general"), is usually the most senior type of general, above lieutenant general and directly below field marshal as a four-star rank (NATO OF-9). Usually it is the most senior peacetime rank, with more senior ranks (for example, field marshal, marshal of the air force, fleet admiral) being used only in wartime or as honorary titles. In some armies, however, the rank of captain general, general of the army, army general or colonel general occupied or occupies this position. Depending on circumstances and the army in question, these ranks may be considered to be equivalent to a "full" general or to a field marshal five-star rank (NATO OF-10). The rank of general came about as a "captain-general", the captain of an army in general (i.e., the whole army). The rank of captain-general began appearing around the time of the organisation of professional armies in the 17th century. In most countries "captain-general" contracted to just "general".


General ranks by country

The following articles deal with the rank of general, or its equivalent, as it is or was employed in the militaries of those countries: * General (Australia) * General (Bangladesh) * General (Canada) * (China) – People's Republic of China (PRC) and Republic of China (ROC/Taiwan) * General (Denmark), * General (Estonia), * General (Finland), * General (Germany), * (Greece) * General (India) * (North and South Korea) * * General (Pakistan) * General (Poland), * General (Sri Lanka) * General (Sweden), * General (Switzerland) *
General (United Kingdom) General (or full general to distinguish it from the lower general officer ranks) is the highest rank achievable by serving officers of the British Army. The rank can also be held by Royal Marines officers in tri-service posts, for example, Ge ...
* General (United States) * General (Yugoslav People's Army)


Army generals’ insignia

File:13.PNA-BG.svg,
()
( Algerian People's National Army) File:Angola-Army-OF-9.svg,
(
Angolan Army The Angolan Army () is the land component of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA). History On August 1, 1974, a few months after a military coup d'état had overthrown the Lisbon regime and proclaimed its intention of granting independence to Angola, ...
) File:Australian Army OF-9.svg, General
(
Australian Army The Australian Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army (Austral ...
) File:Bundesheer - Rank insignia - General.png,
( Austrian Army) File:Bangladesh-army-OF-9.svg,
General
( Bangladesh Army) File:Army-BEL-OF-09.svg,
( Belgian Army) File:16.Bhutan Army-GEN.svg, General
(
Royal Bhutan Army The Royal Bhutan Army (RBA; dz, བསྟན་སྲུང་དམག་སྡེ་, bStan-srung dmag-sde) is a branch of the armed forces of the Kingdom of Bhutan responsible for maintaining the country's territorial integrity and sovereign ...
) File:19.RBrLF-GEN.svg,
( Royal Brunei Land Forces) File:Rank insignia of Генерал of the Bulgarian Army.png,

( Bulgarian Army) File:Blank.svg,

( Burundi Army) File:Canadian Army OF-9.svg, General
(
Canadian Army The Canadian Army (french: Armée canadienne) is the command (military formation), command responsible for the operational readiness of the conventional ground forces of the Canadian Armed Forces. It maintains regular forces units at bases acr ...
) File:Colombia-Army-OF-9.svg,
( Colombian Army) File:Denmark-Army-OF-9-M11.svg,
( Royal Danish Army) File:Timor-Leste-Army-OF-9.svg,
( Timor-Leste Army) File:Estonia-Army-OF-9.svg,
(
Estonian Land Forces The Estonian Land Forces ( et, Maavägi), unofficially referred to as the Estonian Army, is the name of the unified ground forces among the Estonian Defense Forces where it has an offensive military formation role. It is currently the largest ...
) File:18.EA-GEN.svg, General
( Ethiopian Ground Forces) File:Kenraali M05.svg,
( Finnish Army) File:23.GLF-GEN.svg, General
( Armed Forces of Gabon) File:16.Gambian Army-GEN.svg, General
( Gambian National Army) File:HD H 64 General.svg,
( German Army) File:16-Ghana Army-GEN.svg, General
( Ghana Army) File:15. Guinea-Bissau GEN.svg,
( Army of Guinea-Bissau) File:Guyana Defence Force (GDF) Minister of Defence rank insignia.svg, General
( Guyana Army) File:General of the Indian Army.svg,
General
( Indian Army) File:22-TNI Army-GEN.svg,
(
Indonesian Army The Indonesian Army ( id, Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD), ) is the land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,000 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its ...
) File:Rank insignia of generale of the Army of Italy (1973).svg,
( Italian Army) File:16. Kenyan Army GEN.svg, General
( Kenya Army) File:Blank.svg, General
( Lesotho Army) File:Army-LUX-OF-CiC.svg,
(
Luxembourg Army The Luxembourg Armed Forces (; french: Armée luxembourgeoise) are the national military force of Luxembourg. The army has been a fully volunteer military since 1967. , it has 939 personnel. The army is under civilian control, with the grand ...
) File:18-APM-GEN.svg,

( Army of North Macedonia) File:16. Malawi Army - GEN.svg, General
( Malawian Army) File:Malaysia-army-OF-9.svg,
( Malaysian Army) File:Mexico army OF9.svg,
( Mexican Army) File:Mongolian Army-GEN-service.svg,

( Mongolian Ground Force) File:Namibia-army-OF-9.svg, General
( Namibian Army) File:Nl-landmacht-generaal.svg,
(
Royal Netherlands Army The Royal Netherlands Army ( nl, Koninklijke Landmacht) is the land branch of the Netherlands Armed Forces. Though the Royal Netherlands Army was raised on 9 January 1814, its origins date back to 1572, when the was raised – making the Dutc ...
) File:Nigeria-Army-OF-9.svg, General
( Nigerian Army) File:Norway-army-OF-9.svg,
( Norwegian Army) File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg,
General
(
Pakistan Army The Pakistan Army (, ) is the Army, land service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The roots of its modern existence trace back to the British Indian Army that ceased to exist following the partition of India, Partition of British India, wh ...
) File:PA GEN Svc.svg,
( Philippine Army) File:Army-POL-OF-09.svg,
( Polish Army) File:Army-POR-OF-09.svg,
(
Portuguese Army The Portuguese Army ( pt, Exército Português) is the land component of the Armed Forces of Portugal and is also its largest branch. It is charged with the defence of Portugal, in co-operation with other branches of the Armed Forces. With its ...
) File:Romania-Army-OF-9.svg,
( Romanian Land Forces) File:16-Rwanda Army-GEN.svg, General
( Rwandan Defence Forces) File:18-Serbian Army-GEN.svg,

( Serbian Army) File:Blank.svg, General
( Sierra Leone Army) File:Blank.svg, General
(
Singapore Army The Singapore Army is the land service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). The largest of the four branches of the SAF, the Singapore Army traces its origins to the 1st Battalion, Singapore Infantry Regiment (1 SIR), which was formed i ...
) File:Army-SVK-OF-09.svg,
( Ground Forces of the Slovak Republic) File:SAA-OF-9.svg, General
(
South African Army The South African Army is the principal land warfare force of South Africa, a part of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF), along with the South African Air Force, South African Navy and South African Military Health Service. ...
) File:Blank.svg, General
( South Sudan Army) File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-9.svg, General
( Sri Lanka Army) File:Blank.svg, General
( Eswatini Army) File:SWE-General.svg,
(
Swedish Army The Swedish Army ( sv, svenska armén) is the land force of the Swedish Armed Forces. History Svea Life Guards dates back to the year 1521, when the men of Dalarna chose 16 young able men as body guards for the insurgent nobleman Gustav Vas ...
) File:CHE OF9 General.svg,
( Swiss Land Forces) File:17-Tanzania Army-GEN.svg,
( Tanzanian Army) File:Turkey-army-OF-9a.svg,
( Turkish Land Forces) File:Uganda-Army-OF-9.svg, General
( Ugandan Land Forces) File:Погон генерала ЗСУ (2020).svg,

( Ukrainian Ground Forces) File:British Army OF-9.svg, General
(
British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gur ...
) File:US Army O10 (Army greens).svg, General
( US Army) File:Blank.svg, General
( Zambian Army) File:Zimbabwe-Army-OF-9.svg, General
( Zimbabwe National Army)


Air force generals' insignia

16.ANAF-GEN.svg,
( National Air Force of Angola) BE-Air Force-OF9.svg,
( Belgian Air Component) 19.RBrAF-GEN.svg,
( Royal Brunei Air Force) Rank insignia of Генерал of the Bulgarian Air forces.png,

( Bulgarian Air Force) Canada-Air force-OF-9-collected.svg, General
(
Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; french: Aviation royale canadienne, ARC) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environ ...
) General del Aire FACH.png,
( Chilean Air Force) Colombia-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
( Colombian Air Force) File:RDAF-OF-9 Sleeve.svg,
( Royal Danish Air Force) 17.Ecuadorian Air Force-GEN.svg,
( Ecuadorian Air Force) Estonia-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
( Estonian Air Force) Finland-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
( Finnish Air Force) Georgia Air Force OF-10.png,

( Georgian Air Force) LD B 64 General.svg,
( German Air Force) blank.svg, General
( Guinea Air Force) 16. Kenyan Air Force GEN.svg, General
(
Kenya Air Force The Kenya Air Force (KAF) or sw, Jeshi la Wanahewa is the national aerial warfare service branch of the Republic of Kenya. The main airbase operating fighters is Laikipia Air Base in Nanyuki, while Moi Air Base in Eastleigh, Nairobi is the he ...
) blank.svg, General
( Malawi Air Force) Malaysia-Air Force-OF-9.svg,
( Royal Malaysian Air Force) Mongolian Army-GEN-service.svg,

( Mongolian Air Force) Netherlands-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
(
Royal Netherlands Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = ''Parade March of the Royal Netherlands Air Force'' , mascot = , anniversaries = , equipment ...
) Norway-air force-OF-9.svg,
( Royal Norwegian Air Force) blank.svg,
( Paraguayan Air Force) Peru-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
( Peruvian Air Force) PAF GEN Svc.svg,
(
Philippine Air Force The Philippine Air Force (PAF) ( tgl, Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas, , Army of the Air of the Philippines) ( es, Ejército Aérea del Filipinas, , Ejército de la Aérea de la Filipinas) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Armed Forc ...
) Rank insignia of generał of the Air Force of Poland.svg,
(
Polish Air Force The Polish Air Force ( pl, Siły Powietrzne, , Air Forces) is the aerial warfare branch of the Polish Armed Forces. Until July 2004 it was officially known as ''Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej'' (). In 2014 it consisted of roughly 16,425 mil ...
) Portugal-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
(
Portuguese Air Force , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = 1 July , equipment = , equipment_label ...
) Romania-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
( Romanian Air Force) 16-Rwanda Air Force-GEN.svg, General
( Rwandan Air Force) 18-Serbian Air Force-GEN.svg,

(
Serbian Air Force and Air Defence The Serbian Air Force and Air Defence ( sr-Cyrl, Ратно ваздухопловство и противваздухопловна одбрана Војске Србије, Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazduhoplovna odbrana Vojske Srbije, Wa ...
) blank.svg, General
( Republic of Singapore Air Force) SVK-Air Force-OF-09.svg,
( Slovak Air Force) SAAF-OF-9.svg, General
( South African Air Force) blank.svg, General
( South Sudan Air Force) SP-09 General del Aire.svg,
( Spanish Air and Space Force) Sweden-AirForce-OF-9.svg,
(
Swedish Air Force The Swedish Air Force ( sv, Svenska flygvapnet or just ) is the air force Military branch, branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. History The Swedish Air Force was created on 1 July, 1926 when the aircraft units of the Army and Navy were merged. ...
) 17-Tanzania Air Force-GEN.svg, General
(
Tanzania Air Force Command The Tanzania Air Force Command ( sw, Kamandi ya Jeshi la Anga) is the aerial service branch of the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF). The current commander of the Tanzania Air Force Command is Major General SB MANI , who replaced major gen ...
) Turkey-air-force-OF-9a.svg,
( Turkish Air Force) Uganda-AirForce-OF-9.svg, General
( Ugandan Air Force) blank.svg,

(
Ukrainian Air Force The Ukrainian Air Force ( uk, Пові́тряні си́ли Збро́йних сил Украї́ни) is the air force of Ukraine and one of the five branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Its headquarters are in the city of Vinnytsia. Wh ...
) US Air Force O10 shoulderboard.svg, General
( US Air Force) blank.svg, General
( Zambian Air Force)


Naval infantry generals' insignia

Generic-Navy-O12.svg,
( Colombian Naval Infantry) 22-TNI Navy-ADM.svg,
( Indonesian Marine Corps) Maldives Army OF-9.svg,
General
( Maldivian Marine Corps) Netherlands-Navy-OF-9.svg,
(
Netherlands Marine Corps The Netherlands Marine Corps ( nl, Korps Mariniers) is the elite naval infantry corps of the Royal Netherlands Navy. The marines trace their origins back to the establishment of the on 10 December 1665, by the then grand pensionary of the Dut ...
) Sweden-Navy-OF-9.svg,
(
Swedish Amphibious Corps The Amphibious Corps ( sv, Amfibiekåren, Amf) is the maritime land force arm of the Swedish Navy, with an emphasis on coastal defence. Until 2000 it was known as the Coastal Artillery ( sv, Kustartilleriet), but the name was changed to reflect i ...
) British Royal Marines OF-9.svg, General
( UK Royal Marines) US Marine 10 shoulderboard vertical.svg, General
( US Marine Corps)


Air force and naval equivalents

Some countries (such as the United States) use the general officer ranks for both the
army An army (from Old French ''armee'', itself derived from the Latin verb ''armāre'', meaning "to arm", and related to the Latin noun ''arma'', meaning "arms" or "weapons"), ground force or land force is a fighting force that fights primarily on ...
and the air force, as well as their marine corps; other states only use the general officer ranks for the army, while in the air force they use air officers as the equivalent of general officers. They use the air force rank of air chief marshal as the equivalent of the specific army rank of general. This latter group includes the British Royal Air Force and many current and former Commonwealth air forces—e.g.
Royal Australian Air Force "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colours = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = RAAF Anniversary Commemoration ...
,
Indian Air Force The Indian Air Force (IAF) is the air arm of the Indian Armed Forces. Its complement of personnel and aircraft assets ranks third amongst the air forces of the world. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial w ...
,
Royal New Zealand Air Force The Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) ( mi, Te Tauaarangi o Aotearoa, "The Warriors of the Sky of New Zealand"; previously ', "War Party of the Blue") is the aerial service branch of the New Zealand Defence Force. It was formed from New Zeala ...
, Nigerian Air Force, Pakistan Air Force, etc. In most
navies A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions. It include ...
, flag officers are the equivalent of general officers, and the naval rank of admiral is equivalent to the specific army rank of general. A noteworthy historical exception was the Cromwellian naval rank " general at sea". In recent years in the American service there is a tendency to use ''flag officer'' and ''flag rank'' to refer to generals and admirals of the services collectively.


See also

* General officers in the United States * List of comparative military ranks *
List of Roman generals Roman generals were often career statesmen, remembered by history for reasons other than their service in the Roman Army. This page encompasses men whom history remembers for their accomplishments commanding Roman armies on land and sea. A * Man ...
* General officer commanding *'' Général'' *'' Generalissimo'' *'' Shōgun''


Notes


References


External links


Generals of World War II

Schema-root.org: US Generals
News feeds for US Generals in the news
Marines.mil: General Officer Biographies
Biographies of US Marine Corps General Officers
Bios & Information on Generals of Western History
Information on 10 Generals who influenced Western History {{DEFAULTSORT:General Officer Military ranks