GATA2 or GATA-binding factor 2 is a
transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The f ...
, i.e. a
nuclear protein A nuclear protein is a protein found in the cell nucleus. Proteins are transported inside the nucleus with the help of the nuclear pore complex, which acts a barrier between cytoplasm and nuclear membrane. The import and export of proteins through ...
which regulates the
expression
Expression may refer to:
Linguistics
* Expression (linguistics), a word, phrase, or sentence
* Fixed expression, a form of words with a specific meaning
* Idiom, a type of fixed expression
* Metaphorical expression, a particular word, phrase, o ...
of
genes.
It regulates many genes that are critical for the
embryonic development,
self-renewal, maintenance, and functionality of
blood-forming
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the c ...
,
lympathic system-forming, and other tissue-forming
stem cells. GATA2 is encoded by the ''GATA2'' gene, a gene which often suffers
germline and
somatic mutations which lead to a wide range of familial and sporadic diseases, respectively. The gene and its product are targets for the treatment of these diseases.
Inactivating mutations of the ''GATA2'' gene cause a reduction in the cellular levels of GATA2 and the development of a wide range of familial hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other disorders that are grouped together into a common disease termed
GATA2 deficiency
GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of several disorders caused by common defect, viz., familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental ''GATA2'' genes. Being the gene haploinsufficient, mutations that cause a reduction in the ce ...
. Less commonly, these disorders are associated with non-familial (i.e. sporadic or acquired) ''GATA'' inactivating mutations. GATA2 deficiency often begins with seemingly benign abnormalities but if untreated progresses to life-threatening
opportunistic infections,
virus-induced cancers,
lung failure
Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia; a rise ...
, the
myelodysplastic syndrome
A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is one of a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature, and as a result, do not develop into healthy blood cells. Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. Later, symptoms may ...
(i.e. MDS), and/or
acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. Symptoms may inclu ...
, principally
acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. Symptoms may inclu ...
(AML), less commonly
chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a type of leukemia, which are cancers of the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. In adults, blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, by a process that is known as haematopoiesis. In CMML, there are i ...
(CMML), and rarely a
lymphoid leukemia
Lymphoid leukemias are a group of leukemias affecting circulating lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. The lymphocytic leukemias are closely related to lymphomas of the lymphocytes, to the point that some of them are unitary disease entities t ...
.
Overexpression of the GATA2 transcription factor that is not due to mutations in the ''GATA2'' gene appears to be a secondary factor that promotes the aggressiveness of non-familial
EVI1 positive AML as well as the progression of
prostate cancer.
''GATA2'' gene
The GATA2 gene is a member of the evolutionarily conserved
GATA transcription factor
GATA transcription factors are a family of transcription factors characterized by their ability to bind to the DNA sequence "GATA".
GATA transcription factors have been correlated to their broader influence on stem cell development. Findings ho ...
gene family. All
vertebrate
Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () (chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with c ...
species tested so far, including humans and mice, express 6 ''GATA'' genes, ''GATA1'' through ''GATA6''.
The human ''GATA2'' gene is located on the long (or "q") arm of
chromosome 3
Chromosome 3 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 3 spans almost 200 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents about 6.5 percent of the total DNA in ...
at position 21.3 (i.e. the 3q21.3 locus) and consists of 8
exons.
Two sites, termed C-ZnF and N-ZnF, of the gene code for two
Zinc finger
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold. It was originally coined to describe the finger-like appearance of a hypothesized struct ...
structural motifs of the GATA2 transcription factor. These sites are critical for regulating the ability of the transcription factor to stimulate its target genes.
The ''GATA2'' gene has at least five separate sites which bind nuclear factors that regulate its expression. One particularly important such site is located in
intron 4. This site, termed the 9.5 kb enhancer, is located 9.5
kilobases (i.e. kb) down-stream from the gene's
transcript initiation site and is a critically important
enhancer of the gene's expression.
Regulation of ''GATA2'' expression is highly complex. For example, in hematological stem cells, GATA2 transcription factor itself binds to one of these sites and in doing so is part of functionally important
positive feedback
Positive feedback (exacerbating feedback, self-reinforcing feedback) is a process that occurs in a feedback loop which exacerbates the effects of a small disturbance. That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in th ...
autoregulation circuit wherein the transcription factor acts to promote its own production; in a second example of a positive feed back circuit, GATA2 stimulates production of
Interleukin 1 beta
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL1B'' gene."Catabolin" ...
and
CXCL2 which act indirectly to simulate ''GATA2'' expression. In an example of a
negative feedback circuit, the GATA2 transcription factor indirectly causes activation of the
G protein coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...
,
GPR65
Psychosine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPR65'' gene. GPR65 is also referred to as TDAG8.
Species, tissue, and subcellular distribution
GPR65 (TDAG8) is primarily expressed in lympho ...
, which then acts, also indirectly, to repress ''GATA2'' gene expression.
In a second example of negative feed-back, GATA2 transcription factor stimulates the expression of the
GATA1
GATA-binding factor 1 or GATA-1 (also termed Erythroid transcription factor) is the founding member of the GATA family of transcription factors. This protein is widely expressed throughout vertebrate species. In humans and mice, it is encoded by ...
transcription factor which in turn can displace GATA2 transcription factor from its gene-stimulating binding sites thereby limiting GATA2's actions.
The human ''GATA2'' gene is
expressed in hematological bone marrow cells at the
stem cell and later
progenitor cell
A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differ ...
stages of their
development
Development or developing may refer to:
Arts
*Development hell, when a project is stuck in development
*Filmmaking, development phase, including finance and budgeting
*Development (music), the process thematic material is reshaped
* Photograph ...
. Increases and/or decreases in the gene's expression regulate the
self-renewal, survival, and progression of these immature cells toward their final mature forms viz.,
erythrocytes
Red blood cells (RBCs), also referred to as red cells, red blood corpuscles (in humans or other animals not having nucleus in red blood cells), haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek ''erythros'' for "red" and ''kytos'' for "holl ...
, certain types of
lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic ad ...
s (i.e.
B cells
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted o ...
,
NK cells
Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and represen ...
, and
T helper cells
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considere ...
),
monocytes,
neutrophils,
platelet
Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby i ...
s,
plasmacytoid dendritic cells Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 interferon (IFNs) in response to a viral infection. They circulate in the blood and are found in peripheral lymphoid organs. Th ...
,
macrophages
Macrophages (abbreviated as M φ, MΦ or MP) ( el, large eaters, from Greek ''μακρός'' (') = large, ''φαγεῖν'' (') = to eat) are a type of white blood cell of the immune system that engulfs and digests pathogens, such as cancer ce ...
and mast cells.
The gene is likewise critical for the formation of the
lymphatic system, particularly for the development of its valves. The human gene is also expressed in
endothelium
The endothelium is a single layer of squamous endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The endothelium forms an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vesse ...
, some non-hematological stem cells, the
central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all p ...
, and, to lesser extents, prostate, endometrium, and certain cancerous tissues.
The ''Gata2'' gene in mice has a structure similar to its human counterpart, Deletion of both parental ''Gata2'' genes in mice is lethal by day 10 of embryogenesis due to a total failure in the
formation of mature blood cells. Inactivation of one mouse ''Gata2'' gene is neither lethal nor associated with most of the signs of human GATA2 deficiency; however, these animals do show a ~50% reduction in their
hematopoietic stem cells along with a reduced ability to repopulate the bone marrow of mouse recipients. The latter findings, human clinical studies, and experiments on human tissues support the conclusion that in humans both parental ''GATA2'' genes are required for sufficient numbers of hematopoietic stem cells to emerge from the
hemogenic endothelium Hemogenic endothelium is a special subset of endothelial cells scattered within blood vessels that can differentiate into haematopoietic cells.
The development of hematopoietic cells in the embryo proceeds sequentially from mesoderm through the he ...
during
embryogenesis and for these cells and subsequent
progenitor cells
In genealogy, the progenitor (rarer: primogenitor; german: Stammvater or ''Ahnherr'') is the – sometimes legendary – founder of a family, line of descent, clan or tribe, noble house, or ethnic group..
Ebenda''Ahnherr:''"Stammvater eines G ...
to survive,
self-renew, and
differentiate into mature cells.
As GATA2 deficient individuals age, their deficiency in hematopoietic stem cells worsens, probably as a result of factors such as infections or other stresses. In consequence, the signs and symptoms of their disease appear and/or become progressively more severe.
The role of GATA2 deficiency in leading to any of the leukemia types is not understood. Likewise, the role of GATA2 overexpression in non-familial AML as well as development of the blast crisis in
chronic myelogenous leukemia and progression of prostate cancer is not understood.
Mutations
Scores of different types of inactivating ''GATA'' mutations have been associated with GATA2 deficiency; these include
frameshift
Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. The process can ...
,
point
Point or points may refer to:
Places
* Point, Lewis, a peninsula in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland
* Point, Texas, a city in Rains County, Texas, United States
* Point, the NE tip and a ferry terminal of Lismore, Inner Hebrides, Scotland
* Point ...
,
insertion,
splice site
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). It works by removing all the introns (non-coding regions of RNA) and ''splicing'' ba ...
and
deletion mutations scattered throughout the gene but concentrated in the region encoding the GATA2 transcription factor's C-ZnF, N-ZnF, and 9.5 kb sites. Rare cases of GATA2 deficiency involve large mutational deletions that include the 3q21.3 locus plus contiguous adjacent genes; these mutations seem more likely than other types of ''GATA'' mutations to cause increased susceptibilities to viral infections, developmental lymphatic disorders, and neurological disturbances.
One ''GATA2'' mutation is a
gain of function type, i.e. it is associated with an increase in the activity rather than levels of GATA2. This mutation substitutes valine for leucine in the 359 amino acid position (i.e. within the N-ZnF site) of the transcription factor and has been detected in individuals undergoing the
blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Pathological inhibition
Analyses of individuals with AML have discovered many cases of GATA2 deficiency in which one parental ''GATA2'' gene was not mutated but
silenced by
hypermethylation
In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Methylation is a form of alkylation, with a methyl group replacing a hydrogen atom. These t ...
of its
gene promoter
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein (mRNA), or can have a function in and of ...
. Further studies are required to integrate this hypermethylation-induced form of GATA2 deficiency into the diagnostic category of GATA2 deficiency.
Pathological stimulation
Non-mutational stimulation of ''GATA2'' expression and consequential aggressiveness in EVI1-positive AML appears due to the ability of
EVI1
MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 3 (PRDM3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MECOM'' gene. EVI ...
, a transcription factor, to directly stimulate the expression of the ''GATA2'' gene.
The reason for the overexpression of GATA2 that begins in the early stages of prostate cancer is unclear but may involve the ability of
FOXA1
Forkhead box protein A1 (FOXA1), also known as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-alpha (HNF-3A), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FOXA1'' gene.
Function
FOXA1 is a member of the forkhead class of DNA-binding proteins. These hepatocy ...
to act indirect to stimulate the expression of the ''GATA2'' gene.
GATA2
The full length GATA2 transcription factor is a moderately sized protein consisting of 480 amino acids. Of its two zinc fingers, C-ZnF (located toward the protein's
C-terminus) is responsible for binding to specific
DNA sites while its N-ZnF (located toward the proteins
N-terminus) is responsible for interacting with various other
nuclear proteins that regulate its activity. The transcription factor also contains two
transactivation domain
The transactivation domain or trans-activating domain (TAD) is a transcription factor scaffold domain which contains binding sites for other proteins such as transcription coregulators. These binding sites are frequently referred to as activation ...
s and one negative regulatory domain which
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with other nuclear proteins to up-regulate and down-regulate, respectively, its activity.
In promoting embryonic and/or adult-type
haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis (, from Greek , 'blood' and 'to make'; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cell ...
(i.e. maturation of hematological and immunological cells), GATA2 interacts with other
transcription factors
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The fun ...
(viz.,
RUNX1
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) also known as acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1) or core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 (CBFA2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RUNX1'' gene.
RUNX1 is a transcription factor that re ...
,
SCL/TAL1,
GFI1
Zinc finger protein Gfi-1 is a transcriptional repressor that in humans is encoded by the ''GFI1'' gene. It is important normal hematopoiesis.
Interactions
GFI1 has been shown to interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, doing business as, ...
,
GFI1b,
MYB
MyB (Hangul: 마이비) was a South Korean girl group formed by Maroo Entertainment. The group debuted on August 25, 2015 with ''My Oh My'' and made a comeback on November 13, 2015 with ''Ddoddo'', before the group officially disbanded on December ...
,
IKZF1
DNA-binding protein Ikaros also known as Ikaros family zinc finger protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IKZF1'' gene.
Ikaros - transcription factor
Ikaros is a transcription factor that is encoded by the ''IKZF'' genes of ...
,
Transcription factor PU.1,
LYL1
Protein lyl-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LYL1'' gene.
Interactions
LYL1 has been shown to interact with TCF3 and NFKB1
Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NFKB1'' gene. ...
) and cellular receptors (viz.,
MPL,
GPR56
G protein-coupled receptor 56 also known as TM7XN1 is a protein encoded by the ''ADGRG1'' gene. GPR56 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family.
Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protei ...
).
In a wide range of tissues, GATA2 similarly interacts with
HDAC3,
LMO2
LIM domain only 2 (rhombotin-like 1), also known as LMO2, RBTNL1, RBTN2, RHOM2, LIM Domain Only Protein 2, TTG2, and T-Cell Translocation Protein 2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''LMO2'' gene.
Function
LMO2 encodes a cysteine- ...
,
POU1F1,
POU5F1
Oct-4 (octamer-binding transcription factor 4), also known as POU5F1 (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POU5F1'' gene. Oct-4 is a homeodomain transcription factor of the POU family. I ...
,
PML SPI1
Transcription factor PU.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SPI1'' gene.
Function
This gene encodes an ETS-domain transcription factor that activates gene expression during myeloid and B-lymphoid cell development. The nuclear pro ...
,
and
ZBTB16.
GATA2 binds to a specific
nucleic acid sequence viz., (T/A(GATA)A/G), on the
promoter and
enhancer sites of its target genes and in doing so either stimulates or suppresses the expression of these target genes. However, there are thousands of sites in human DNA with this nucleotide sequence but for unknown reasons GATA2 binds to <1% of these. Furthermore, all members of the GATA transcription factor family bind to this same nucleotide sequence and in doing so may in certain instances serve to interfere with GATA2 binding or even displace the GATA2 that is already bound to these sites. For example, displacement of GATA2 bond to this sequence by the
GATA1
GATA-binding factor 1 or GATA-1 (also termed Erythroid transcription factor) is the founding member of the GATA family of transcription factors. This protein is widely expressed throughout vertebrate species. In humans and mice, it is encoded by ...
transcription factor appears important for the normal development of some types of hematological stem cells. This displacement phenomenon is termed the "GATA switch". In all events, the actions of GATA2, particularly with referenced to its interactions with many other gene-regulating factors, in controlling its target genes is extremely complex and not fully understood.
''GATA2''-related disorders
Inactivating ''GATA2'' mutations
Familial and sporadic
inactivating mutations in one of the two parental ''GATA2''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...
s causes a reduction, i.e. a
haploinsufficiency
Haploinsufficiency in genetics describes a model of dominant gene action in diploid organisms, in which a single copy of the wild-type allele at a locus in heterozygous combination with a variant allele is insufficient to produce the wild-type ...
, in the cellular levels of the GATA2 transcription factor. In consequence, individuals commonly develop a disease termed
GATA2 deficiency
GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of several disorders caused by common defect, viz., familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental ''GATA2'' genes. Being the gene haploinsufficient, mutations that cause a reduction in the ce ...
. GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of various clinical presentations in which GATA2 haploinsufficiency results in the development over time of hematological, immunological, lymphatic, and/or other presentations that may begin as apparently benign abnormalities but commonly progress to life-threatening
opportunistic infections,
virus infection-induced cancers, the
myelodysplastic syndrome
A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is one of a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature, and as a result, do not develop into healthy blood cells. Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. Later, symptoms may ...
, and/or
leukemia
Leukemia ( also spelled leukaemia and pronounced ) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called ''blasts'' or ...
s, particularly AML.
The various presentations of GATA2 deficiency include all cases of
Monocytopenia and Mycobacterium Avium Complex/Dendritic Cell Monocyte, B and NK Lymphocyte deficiency (i.e. MonoMAC) and the
Emberger syndrome as well as a significant percentage of cases of
familial myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia,
congenital neutropenia,
chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a type of leukemia, which are cancers of the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow. In adults, blood cells are formed in the bone marrow, by a process that is known as haematopoiesis. In CMML, there are i ...
,
aplastic anemia, and several
other presentations.
Activating ''GATA2'' mutation
The L359V gain of function mutation (see above section on mutation) increases the activity of the GATA2 transcription factor. The mutation occurs during the blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia and is proposed to play a role in the transformation of the chronic and/or accelerated phases of this disease to its blast crisis phase.
Repression of ''GATA2''
The repression of ''GATA2'' expression due to
methylation of
promoter sites in the GATA2 gene rather than a mutation in this gene has been suggested to be an alternate cause for the GATA2 deficiency syndrome.
This
epigenetic gene silencing also occurs in certain types of
non-small-cell lung carcinoma
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to s ...
and is suggested to have a protective effect on progression of the disease.
Overexpression of ''GATA2''
Elevated levels of GATA2 transcription factor due to overexpression of its gene GATA2 is a common finding in AML. It is associated with a poor prognosis, appears to promote progression of the disease, and therefore proposed to be a target for therapeutic intervention. This overexpression is not due to mutation but rather caused at least in part by the overexpression of
EVI1
MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 3 (PRDM3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MECOM'' gene. EVI ...
, a transcription factor that stimulates GATA2 expression.
''GATA2'' overexpression also occurs in prostate cancer where it appears to increase
metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites, then ...
in the early stages of androgen-dependent disease and
to stimulate prostate cancer cell survival and proliferation through activating by an unknown mechanism the androgen pathway in
androgen-independent (i.e. castration-resistant) disease).
See also
*
GATA transcription factor
GATA transcription factors are a family of transcription factors characterized by their ability to bind to the DNA sequence "GATA".
GATA transcription factors have been correlated to their broader influence on stem cell development. Findings ho ...
*
GATA2 deficiency
GATA2 deficiency is a grouping of several disorders caused by common defect, viz., familial or sporadic inactivating mutations in one of the two parental ''GATA2'' genes. Being the gene haploinsufficient, mutations that cause a reduction in the ce ...
*
MonoMAC
MonoMAC syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant syndrome associated with: monocytopenia, B and NK cell lymphopenia; mycobacterial, viral, fungal, and bacterial opportunistic infections; and virus infection-induced cancers. The disorder often pr ...
*
Emberger syndrome
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gata2
Transcription factors