French people

The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group primarily located in

Western Europe

and

nation

that shares a common French culture,

history

, the

French language

and is identified with the country of

France

.

The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European

Celtic

and Italic peoples), as well as

Germanic peoples

such as the

Franks

, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in

Gaul

from east of the Rhine after the fall of the

Roman Empire

, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in

Normandy

in the 10th century and contributed ancestry to the

Normans

. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany,

Occitans

in

Occitania

, Basques in the French Basque Country,

Catalans

in northern Catalonia, Germans in

Alsace

and Flemings in French Flanders.

France has long been a patchwork of local customs and regional differences, and while most French people still speak the

French language

as their mother tongue, languages like Norman, Picard, Poitevin-Saintongeais, Franco-Provencal, Occitan, Catalan, Auvergnat, Corsican, Basque, French Flemish, Lorraine Franconian, Alsatian, and Breton remain spoken in their respective regions. Arabic is also widely spoken, arguably the largest minority language in France as of the 21st century (a spot previously held by Breton and Occitan).

Modern French society is a

melting pot

. From the middle of the 19th century, it experienced a high rate of inward migration, mainly consisting of Arab-Berbers,

Jews

,

Sub-Saharan

Africans,

Chinese

, and other peoples from

Africa

, the

Middle East

and

East Asia

, and the government, defining France as an inclusive nation with universal values, advocated assimilation through which immigrants were expected to adhere to French values and cultural norms. Nowadays, while the government has let newcomers retain their distinctive cultures since the mid-1980s and requires from them a mere integration, French citizens still equate their nationality with

citizenship

as does French law.

In addition to mainland France, French people and people of French descent can be found internationally, in overseas departments and territories of France such as the French West Indies (''French Caribbean''), and in foreign countries with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as

Switzerland

('' French Swiss''), the

United States

(''French Americans''),

Canada

(''French Canadians''),

Argentina

(''French Argentines''),

Brazil

(''French Brazilians''),

Mexico

(''French Mexicans''),

Chile

(''French Chileans'') and

Uruguay

(''French Uruguayans'').

Citizenship and legal residence

To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (''sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion'')."France shall be an indivisible, secular, democratic and social Republic. It shall ensure the equality of all citizens before the law, without distinction of origin, race or religion"
Constitution of 4 October 1958
/ref> According to its principles, France has devoted itself to the destiny of a ''proposition nation'', a generic territory where people are bounded only by the

French language

and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by

Ernest Renan

's "''plébiscite de tous les jours''" ('everyday plebiscite') on the willingness to live together, in Renan's 1882 essay " Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?").

The debate concerning the integration of this view with the principles underlying the

European Community

remains open.

France has been historically open to immigration, although this has changed in recent years. Referring to this perceived openness,

Gertrude Stein

, wrote: "America is my country but Paris is my home". Indeed, the country has long valued its

openness

, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries (for instance, this is the case with

Switzerland

: one can be both French and Swiss). The European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector (though not as trainees in reserved branches, e.g., as magistrates).

Seeing itself as an inclusive nation with universal values, France has always valued and strongly advocated assimilation. However, the success of such assimilation has recently been called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves ('' communautarisme''). The 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs (''les quartiers sensibles'') were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts (as appeared before in other countries like the US and the UK) but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration.

History

Historically, the heritage of the French people is mostly of

Celtic

or Gallic, Latin (Romans) origin, descending from the ancient and medieval populations of Gauls or

Celts

from the Atlantic to the Rhone Alps, Germanic tribes that settled

France

from east of the

Rhine

and

Belgium

after the fall of the

Roman Empire

such as the

Franks

, Burgundians, Allemanni, Visigoths and Suebi, Latin and Roman tribes such as Ligurians and Gallo-Romans, Norse populations largely settling in

Normandy

at the beginning of the 10th century and "Bretons" (Celtic Britons) settling in Brittany in Western

France

.

The name "France" etymologically derives from the word

Francia

, the territory of the

Franks

. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the

Roman Empire

.

Celtic and Roman Gaul

In the pre-Roman era,

Gaul

(an area of Western Europe that encompassed all of what is known today as France, Belgium, part of Germany and Switzerland, and Northern Italy) was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Their ancestors were

Celts

who came from Central Europe in the 7th century BCE or earlier, and non-Celtic peoples including the Ligures, Aquitanians and

Basques

in Aquitaine. The Belgae, who lived in the northern and eastern areas, may have had Germanic admixture; many of these peoples had already spoken Gaulish by the time of the Roman conquest.

Gaul was militarily conquered in 58–51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General

Julius Caesar

, except for the south-east which had already been conquered about one century earlier. Over the next six centuries, the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture. In the late Roman era, in addition to colonists from elsewhere in the Empire and Gaulish natives, Gallia also became home to some immigrant populations of Germanic and Scythian origin, such as the

Alans

.

The Gaulish language is thought to have survived into the 6th century in France, despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture. Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and

calque

s (including ''oui'', the word for "yes"), sound changes, and influences in conjugation and word order. Today, the last redoubt of Celtic language in France can be found in the northwestern region of Brittany, although this is not the result of a survival of Gaulish language but of a 5th-century

AD

migration of Brythonic speaking

Celts

from

Britain

.

The Vulgar Latin in the region of Gallia took on a distinctly local character, some of which is attested in graffiti, which evolved into the Gallo-Romance dialects which include French and its closest relatives.

Frankish Kingdom

With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture: the

Franks

, from which the word "French" derives. The Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as ''laeti'' during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day

Netherlands

and

Germany

between the 3rd and 7th centuries. Initially, they served in the Roman army and obtained important commands. Their language is still spoken as a kind of Dutch (French Flemish) in northern France (French Flanders). The Alamans, another Germanic people immigrated to

Alsace

, hence the Alemannic German now spoken there. The Alamans were competitors of the Franks, and their name is the origin of the French word for "German": ''Allemand''.

By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king

Clovis I

and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France. The other major Germanic people to arrive in France, after the Burgundians and the Visigoths, were the Norsemen or Northmen. Known by the shortened name "Norman" in France, these were

Viking

raiders from modern

Denmark

and

Norway

. They settled with Anglo-Scandinavians and Anglo-Saxons from the Danelaw in the region known today as

Normandy

in the 9th and 10th centuries. This later became a fiefdom of the Kingdom of France under King

Charles III

. The Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to

Christianity

in the process. It was the Normans who, two centuries later, would go on to conquer England and Southern Italy.

Eventually, though, the largely autonomous

Duchy of Normandy

was incorporated back into the royal domain (i. e. the territory under direct control of the French king) in the Middle Ages. In the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, at most 120,000 Franks, who were predominantly

French

-speaking Western Christians, ruled over 350,000 Muslims, Jews, and native Eastern Christians.

Kingdom of France

Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the

Americas

, with the exception of the Huguenots, due to a lower birthrate than in the rest of Europe. However, significant emigration of mainly

Roman Catholic

French populations led to the settlement of the Province of

Acadia

, Canada (New France) and

Louisiana

, all (at the time) French possessions, as well as colonies in the West Indies, Mascarene islands and

Africa

.

On 30 December 1687, a community of French Huguenots settled in

South Africa

. Most of these originally settled in the Cape Colony, but have since been quickly absorbed into the

Afrikaner

population. After Champlain's founding of Quebec City in 1608, it became the capital of

New France

. Encouraging settlement was difficult, and while some immigration did occur, by 1763 New France only had a population of some 65,000. From 1713 to 1787, 30,000 colonists immigrated from France to the Saint-Domingue. In 1805, when the French were forced out of Saint-Domingue (

Haiti

), 35,000 French settlers were given lands in

Cuba

.

By the beginning of the 17th century, some 20% of the total male population of

Catalonia

was made up of French immigrants.
In the 18th century and early 19th century, a small migration of French emigrated by official invitation of the Habsburgs to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now the nations of

Austria

, Czech Republic,

Hungary

,

Slovakia

,

Serbia

and

Romania

. Some of them, coming from French-speaking communes in Lorraine or being French Swiss ''Walsers'' from the

Valais

canton in

Switzerland

, maintained for some generations the French language and a specific ethnic identity, later labelled as

Banat

(French: ''Français du Banat''). By 1788 there were 8 villages populated by French colonists.

French Republic

The French First Republic appeared following the 1789

French Revolution

. It replaced the ancient kingdom of France, ruled by the divine right of kings.

Hobsbawm highlighted the role of

conscription

, invented by Napoleon, and of the 1880s public instruction laws, which allowed mixing of the various groups of France into a nationalist mold which created the French citizen and his consciousness of membership to a common nation, while the various regional languages of France were progressively eradicated.

The 1870 Franco-Prussian War, which led to the short-lived Paris Commune of 1871, was instrumental in bolstering

patriotic

feelings; until

World War I

(1914–1918), French politicians never completely lost sight of the disputed

Alsace-Lorraine

region which played a major role in the definition of the French nation and therefore of the French people.

The decrees of 24 October 1870 by Adolphe Crémieux granted automatic and massive French citizenship to all Jewish people of Algeria.

20th century

Successive waves of immigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries were rapidly assimilated into French culture. France's population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, as France joined the Industrial Revolution. The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European

immigrants

over the next century, with especially large numbers arriving from

Poland

,

Belgium

,

Portugal

,

Italy

, and

Spain

.

In the period from 1915 to 1950, many immigrants came from

Czechoslovakia

,

Hungary

,

Russia

,

Scandinavia

and

Yugoslavia

. Small but significant numbers of Frenchmen in the North and Northeast regions have relatives in

Germany

and

Great Britain

.

Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 North African

Jews

from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco also immigrated to France due to the decline of the French empire and following the Six-Day War. Hence, by 1968, Jews of North African origin comprised the majority of the Jewish population of France. As these new immigrants were already culturally French they needed little time to adjust to French society.

French law made it easy for thousands of settlers (''colons'' in French), national French from former colonies of North and East

Africa

,

India

and Indochina to live in mainland France. It is estimated that 20,000 settlers were living in

Saigon

in 1945, and there were 68,430 European settlers living in

Madagascar

in 1958. 1.6 million European '' pieds noirs'' settlers migrated from

Algeria

,

Tunisia

and

Morocco

. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000

pied noir

settlers left

Algeria

in the most massive relocation of population in Europe since the World War II. In the 1970s, over 30,000 French settlers left

Cambodia

during the Khmer Rouge regime as the

Pol Pot

government confiscated their farms and land properties.

In the 1960s, a second wave of immigration came to France, which was needed for reconstruction purposes and for cheaper labour after the devastation brought on by World War II. French entrepreneurs went to

Maghreb

countries looking for cheap labour, thus encouraging work-immigration to France. Their settlement was officialized with

Jacques Chirac

's family regrouping act of 1976 (''regroupement familial''). Since then, immigration has become more varied, although France stopped being a major immigration country compared to other European countries. The large impact of North African and

Arab

immigration is the greatest and has brought racial, socio-cultural and religious questions to a country seen as homogenously European, French and

Christian

for thousands of years. Nevertherless, according to Justin Vaïsse, professor at Sciences Po Paris, integration of Muslim immigrants is happening as part of a background evolution and recent studies confirmed the results of their assimilation, showing that "North Africans seem to be characterized by a high degree of cultural integration reflected in a relatively high propensity to exogamy" with rates ranging from 20% to 50%. According to Emmanuel Todd the relatively high exogamy among French Algerians can be explained by the colonial link between France and Algeria.

A small French descent group also subsequently arrived from Latin America (

Argentina

,

Chile

and

Uruguay

) in the 1970s.

Languages

In France

Most French people speak the

French language

as their mother tongue, but certain languages like Norman, Occitan languages, Corsican, Basque language, Euskara, French Flemish and Breton remain spoken in certain regions (see Language policy in France). There have also been periods of history when a majority of French people had other first languages (local languages such as Occitan, Catalan, Alsatian, West Flemish, Lorraine Franconian, Gallo language, Gallo, Picard or Ch'timi and Arpitan). Today, many immigrants speak another tongue at home.

According to historian Eric Hobsbawm, "the French language has been essential to the concept of 'France'," although in 1789, 50 percent of the French people did not speak it at all, and only 12 to 13 percent spoke it fairly well; even in oïl languages zones, it was not usually used except in cities, and even there not always in the faubourgs, outlying districts.

Abroad

Abroad, the

French language

is spoken in many different countries – in particular the French colonial empires, former French colonies. Nevertheless, speaking French is distinct from being a French citizen. Thus, ''francophonie'', or the speaking of French, must not be confused with French citizenship or ethnicity. For example, French speakers in

Switzerland

are not "French citizens".

Native English-speaking Blacks on the island of Saint Martin (island), Saint-Martin hold French nationality even though they do not speak French as a first language, while their neighbouring French-speaking Haitian immigrants (who also speak a French-creole) remain foreigners. Large numbers of people of French ancestry outside Europe speak other first languages, particularly English, throughout most of North America (except French Canada), Spanish or Portuguese in southern South America, and Afrikaans in

South Africa

.

The adjective "French" can be used to mean either "French citizen" or "French-speaker", and usage varies depending on the context, with the former being common in France. The latter meaning is often used in Canada, when discussing matters internal to Canada.

Nationality, citizenship, ethnicity

Generations of settlers have migrated over the centuries to France, creating a variegated grouping of peoples. Thus the historian John F. Drinkwater states, "The French are, paradoxically, strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge."

The modern French are the descendants of mixtures including Romans,

Celts

, Iberians, Ligures, Ligurians and Greeks in southern France,Éric Gailledrat, ''Les Ibères de l'Èbre à l'Hérault (VIe-IVe s. avant J.-C.)'', Lattes, Sociétés de la Protohistoire et de l'Antiquité en France Méditerranéenne, Monographies d'Archéologie Méditerranéenne – 1, 1997Dominique Garcia: ''Entre Ibères et Ligures. Lodévois et moyenne vallée de l'Hérault protohistoriques''. Paris, CNRS éd., 1993; ''Les Ibères dans le midi de la France''. L'Archéologue, n°32, 1997, pp. 38–40

Germanic peoples

arriving at the end of the

Roman Empire

such as the

Franks

and the Burgundians,"Les Gaulois figurent seulement parmi d'autres dans la multitude de couches de peuplement fort divers (Ligures, Ibères, Latins, Francs et Alamans, Nordiques, Sarrasins...) qui aboutissent à la population du pays à un moment donné ", :fr:Jean-Louis Brunaux, Jean-Louis Brunaux, ''Nos ancêtres les Gaulois'', éd. Seuil, 2008, p. 261"Notre Midi a sa pinte de sang sarrasin", Fernand Braudel, ''L'identité de la France – Les Hommes et les Choses (1986)'', Flammarion, 1990, p. 215 and some Vikings who mixed with the

Normans

and settled mostly in

Normandy

in the 9th century.The normans
Jersey heritage trust

According to Dominique Schnapper, "The classical conception of the nation is that of an entity which, opposed to the ethnic group, affirms itself as an open community, the will to live together expressing itself by the acceptation of the rules of a unified public domain which transcends all particularisms".Dominique Schnapper, "La conception de la nation", "Citoyenneté et société", ''Cahiers Francais'', n° 281, mai-juin 1997 This conception of the nation as being composed by a "will to live together," supported by What is a Nation?, the classic lecture of

Ernest Renan

in 1882, has been opposed by the French far-right, in particular the nationalism, nationalist ''National Front (France), Front National'' ("National Front" – FN / now ''National Rally (France), Rassemblement National'' - "National Rally" - RN) party which claims that there is such a thing as a "French ethnic group". The discourse of ethno-nationalist groups such as the National Front (France), Front National (FN), however, advances the concept of ''Français de souche'' or "indigenous" French.

The conventional conception of French history starts with Ancient Gaul, and French national identity often views the Gauls as national precursors, either as biological ancestors (hence the refrain ''nos ancêtres les Gaulois''), as emotional/spiritual ancestors, or both. Vercingetorix, the Gaulish chieftain who tried to unite the various Gallic tribes of the land against Roman encroachment but was ultimately vanquished by

Julius Caesar

, is often revered as a "first national hero". In the famously popular French comic ''Asterix'', the main characters are patriotic Gauls who fight against Roman invaders while in modern days the term ''Gaulois'' is used in French to distinguish the "native" French from French of immigrant origins. However, despite its occasional nativist usage, the Gaulish identity has also been embraced by French of non-native origins as well: notably, Napoleon III, whose family was ultimately of Corsican and Italian roots, identified France with Gaul and Vercingetorix, and declared that "New France, ancient France, Gaul are one and the same moral person."

It has been noted that the French view of having Gallic origins has evolved over history. Before the French Revolution, it divided social classes, with the peasants identifying with the native Gauls while the aristocracy identified with the Franks. During the early nineteenth century, intellectuals began using the identification with Gaul instead as a unifying force to bridge divisions within French society with a common National myth, national origin myth. Myriam Krepps of the University of Nebraska-Omaha argues that the view of "a unified territory (one land since the beginning of civilization) and a unified people" which de-emphasized "all disparities and the succession of waves of invaders" was first imprinted on the masses by the unified history curriculum of French textbooks in the late 1870s.

Since the beginning of the French Third Republic, Third Republic (1871–1940), the state has not categorized people according to their alleged ethnic origins. Hence, in contrast to the United States Census, French people are not asked to define their ethnic appartenance, whichever it may be. The usage of ethnic and racial categorization is avoided to prevent any case of discrimination; the same regulations apply to religious membership data that cannot be compiled under the French Census. This classic French republican non-Essentialism, essentialist conception of nationality is officialized by the French Constitution, according to which "French" is a French nationality law, nationality, and not a specific ethnicity.

Genetics

France sits at the edge of the European peninsula and has seen waves of migration of groups that often settled owing to the presence of physical barriers preventing onward migration. This has led to language and regional cultural variegation, but the extent to which this pattern of migrations showed up in population genetics studies was unclear until the publication of a study in 2019 that used genome wide data. The study identified six different genetic clusters that could be distinguished across populations. The study concluded that the population genetic clusters correlate with linguistic and historical divisions in France and with the presence of geographic barriers such as mountains and major rivers. A population bottleneck was also identified in the fourteenth century, consistent with the timing for the Black Death in Europe.

Nationality and citizenship

French nationality has not meant automatic citizenship. Some categories of French people have been excluded, throughout the years, from full citizenship:
* Women's suffrage, Women: until the Liberation, they were deprived of the right to vote. The provisional government of the French Republic, provisional government of General Charles de Gaulle, de Gaulle accorded them this right by 21 April 1944 prescription. However, women are still under-represented in the political class. The 6 June 2000 law on parity attempted to address this question by imposing a de facto quota system for women in French politics.
* French Army, Military: for a long time, it was called "''la grande muette''" ("the great mute") in reference to its prohibition from interfering in political life. During a large part of the French Third Republic, Third Republic (1871–1940), the Army was in its majority republicanism, anti-republican (and thus counterrevolutionary). The Dreyfus Affair and the Seize Mai, 16 May 1877 crisis, which almost led to a monarchist ''coup d'état'' by Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, MacMahon, are examples of this anti-republican spirit. Therefore, they would only gain the right to vote with the 17 August 1945 prescription: the contribution of De Gaulle to the interior French Resistance reconciled the Army with the Republic. Nevertheless, militaries do not benefit from the whole of public liberties, as the 13 July 1972 law on the general statute of militaries specify.
* Young people: the July 1974 law, voted at the instigation of president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, reduced from 21 to 18 the age of majority.
* Naturalization, Naturalized foreigners: since the 9 January 1973 law, foreigners who have acquired French nationality do not have to wait five years after their naturalization to be able to vote anymore.
* French colonial empires, Inhabitants of the colonies: the 7 May 1946 law meant that soldiers from the "Empire" (such as the ''tirailleurs'') killed during

World War I

and World War II were not citizens.
* The special case of European Union citizen, foreign citizens of an EU member state who, even if not French, are allowed to vote in French local elections if living in France, and may turn to any French consular or diplomatic mission if there is no such representations of their own country.

France was one of the first countries to implement denaturalization laws. Philosopher Giorgio Agamben has pointed out this fact that the 1915 French law which permitted denaturalization with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy" origins was one of the first example of such legislation, which Nazi Germany later implemented with the 1935 Nuremberg Laws.

Furthermore, some authors who have insisted on the "crisis of the nation-state" allege that nationality and citizenship are becoming separate concepts. They show as example "international", "Supranational union, supranational citizenship" or "world citizenship" (membership to international nongovernmental organizations such as Amnesty International or Greenpeace). This would indicate a path toward a "postnational citizenship".

Beside this, modern citizenship is linked to civic participation (also called positive freedom), which implies voting, Demonstration (people), demonstrations, petitions, activism, etc. Therefore, social exclusion may lead to deprivation of citizenship. This has led various authors (Philippe Van Parijs, Jean-Marc Ferry, Alain Caillé, André Gorz) to theorize a guaranteed minimum income which would impede exclusion from citizenship.

Multiculturalism versus universalism

In France, the conception of citizenship teeters between Moral universalism, universalism and multiculturalism. French citizenship has been defined for a long time by three factors: integration, individualism, individual adherence, and the primacy of the soil (''jus soli''). Political integration (which includes but is not limited to racial integration) is based on voluntary policies which aims at creating a common identity, and the interiorization by each individual of a common cultural and historic legacy. Since in France, the state preceded the nation, voluntary policies have taken an important place in the creation of this common cultural identity.

On the other hand, the interiorization of a common legacy is a slow process, which B. Villalba compares to acculturation. According to him, "integration is therefore the result of a double will: the nation's will to create a common culture for all members of the nation, and the communities' will living in the nation to recognize the legitimacy of this common culture". Villalba warns against confusing recent processes of integration (related to the so-called "second generation immigrants", who are subject to discrimination), with older processes which have made modern France. Villalba thus shows that any democratic nation characterize itself by its project of transcending all forms of particular memberships (whether biological – or seen as such, ethnic, historic, economic, social, religious or cultural). The citizen thus emancipates himself from the particularisms of identity which characterize himself to attain a more "universal" dimension. He is a citizen, before being a member of a community or of a social class

Therefore, according to Villalba, "a democratic nation is, by definition, multicultural as it gathers various populations, which differs by their regional origins (Auvergnats, Bretons, Corsicans or Lorrains...), their national origins (immigrant, son or grandson of an immigrant), or religious origins (Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims, Agnostics or Atheists...)."

Ernest Renan's ''What is a Nation?'' (1882)

Ernest Renan

described this republican conception in his famous 11 March 1882 conference at the Sorbonne, ''Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?'' ("What is a Nation?"). According to him, to belong to a

nation

is a subjectivity, subjective act which always has to be repeated, as it is not assured by objectivity (philosophy), objective criteria. A nation-state is not composed of a single homogeneous ethnic group (a community), but of a variety of individuals willing to live together.

Renan's non-essentialist definition, which forms the basis of the French Republic, is diametrically opposed to the German people, German ethnic conception of a nation, first formulated by Fichte. The German conception is usually qualified in France as an "exclusive" view of nationality, as it includes only the members of the corresponding ethnic group, while the Republican conception thinks itself as universalist, following the Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment's ideals officialized by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. While Ernest Renan's arguments were also concerned by the debate about the disputed

Alsace-Lorraine

region, he said that not only one referendum had to be made in order to ask the opinions of the Alsatian people, but also a "daily referendum" should be made concerning all those citizens wanting to live in the French nation-state. This ''plébiscite de tous les jours'' ('everyday plebiscite') might be compared to a social contract or even to the classic definition of consciousness as an act which repeats itself endlessly.

Henceforth, contrary to the German definition of a nation based on objective criteria, such as Race (classification of human beings), race or ethnic group, which may be defined by the existence of a common language, among other criteria, the people of France is defined as all the people living in the French nation-state and willing to do so, i.e. by its citizenship. This definition of the French nation-state contradicts the doxa, common opinion, which holds that the concept of the French people identifies with one particular ethnic group. This contradiction explains the seeming paradox encountered when attempting to identify a "French ethnic group": the French conception of the nation is radically opposed to (and was thought in opposition to) the German conception of the ''Volk'' ("ethnic group").

This universalist conception of citizenship and of the nation has influenced the French model of colonialism, colonization. While the British empire preferred an indirect rule system, which did not mix the colonized people with the colonists, the French Republic theoretically chose an integration system and considered parts of its French colonial empires, colonial empire as France itself and its population as French people. The ruthless French rule in Algeria, conquest of Algeria thus led to the integration of the territory as a Département of the French territory.

This ideal also led to the ironic sentence which opened up history textbooks in France as in its colonies: "Our ancestors the Gauls...". However, this universal ideal, rooted in the 1789 French Revolution ("bringing liberty to the people"), suffered from the racism that impregnated colonialism. Thus, in Algeria, the Adolphe Crémieux, Crémieux decrees at the end of the 19th century gave French citizenship to north African Jews, while Muslims were regulated by the 1881 Indigenous Code. Liberal author Alexis de Tocqueville, Tocqueville himself considered that the British model was better adapted than the French one and did not balk before the cruelties of Thomas Robert Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, General Bugeaud's conquest. He went as far as advocating racial segregation there.

This paradoxical tension between the universalist conception of the French nation and the racist attitudes intermingled into colonization is most obvious in Ernest Renan himself, who went as far as advocating a kind of eugenics. In a 26 June 1856 letter to Arthur de Gobineau, author of ''An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races'' (1853–55) and one of the first theoreticians of "scientific racism", he wrote:

You have written a remarkable book here, full of vigour and originality of mind, only it's written to be little understood in France or rather it's written to be misunderstood here. The French mind turns little to ethnographic considerations: France has little belief in race, [...]

The fact of race is huge originally; but it's been continually losing its importance, and sometimes, as in France, it happens to disappear completely. Does that mean total decadence? Yes, certainly from the standpoint of the stability of institutions, the originality of character, a certain nobility that I hold to be the most important factor in the conjunction of human affairs. But also what compensations! No doubt if the noble elements mixed in the blood of a people happened to disappear completely, then there would be a demeaning equality, like that of some Eastern states and in some respects China. But it is in fact a very small amount of noble blood put into the circulation of a people that is enough to ennoble them, at least as to historical effects; this is how France, a nation so completely fallen into commonness, in practice plays on the world stage the role of a gentleman. Setting aside the quite inferior races whose intermingling with the great races would only poison the human species, I see in the future a homogeneous humanity.

''Jus soli'' and ''jus sanguinis''

During the ''Ancien Régime'' (before the 1789 French revolution), ''jus soli'' (or "right of territory") was predominant. Feudal law recognized personal allegiance to the Monarch, sovereign, but the subjects of the sovereign were defined by their birthland. According to the 3 September 1791 Constitution, those who are born in France from a foreign father and have fixed their residency in France, or those who, after being born in a foreign country from a French father, have come to France and have sworn their civil oath, become French citizens. Because of the war, distrust toward foreigners led to the obligation on the part of this last category to swear a civil oath in order to gain French nationality.

However, the Napoleonic Code would insist on ''jus sanguinis'' ("right of blood"). Paternity (law), Paternity, against Napoléon Bonaparte's wish, became the principal criterion of nationality, and therefore broke for the first time with the ancient tradition of ''jus soli'', by breaking any residency condition toward children born abroad from French parents. However, according to Patrick Weil, it was not "ethnically motivated" but "only meant that family links transmitted by the pater familias had become more important than subjecthood".

With the 7 February 1851 law, voted during the French Second Republic, Second Republic (1848–1852), "double ''jus soli''" was introduced in French legislation, combining birth origin with paternity. Thus, it gave French nationality to the child of a foreigner, if both are born in France, except if the year following his coming of age he reclaims a foreign nationality (thus prohibiting dual nationality). This 1851 law was in part passed because of

conscription

concerns. This system more or less remained the same until the 1993 reform of the Nationality Code, created by 9 January 1973 law.

The 1993 reform, which defines the French Nationality law, Nationality law, is deemed controversial by some. It commits young people born in France to foreign parents to solicit French nationality between the ages of 16 and 21. This has been criticized, some arguing that the principle of equality before the law was not complied with, since French nationality was no longer given automatically at birth, as in the classic "double ''jus soli''" law, but was to be requested when approaching adulthood. Henceforth, children born in France from French parents were differentiated from children born in France from foreign parents, creating a hiatus between these two categories.

The 1993 reform was prepared by the Charles Pasqua, Pasqua laws. The first Pasqua law, in 1986, restricts residence conditions in France and facilitates Deportation, expulsions. With this 1986 law, a child born in France from foreign parents can only acquire French nationality if he or she demonstrates his or her will to do so, at age 16, by proving that he or she has been schooled in France and has a sufficient command of the French language. This new policy is symbolized by the expulsion of 101 Malians by charter airlines, charter.

The second Pasqua law on "immigration control" makes regularisation of illegal aliens more difficult and, in general, residence conditions for foreigners much harder. Charles Pasqua, who said on 11 May 1987: "Some have reproached me of having used a plane, but, if necessary, I will use trains", declared to ''Le Monde'' on 2 June 1993: "France has been a country of immigration, it doesn't want to be one anymore. Our aim, taking into account the difficulties of the economic situation, is to tend toward 'zero immigration' ("''immigration zéro''")".

Therefore, modern French nationality law combines four factors: paternality or 'right of blood', birth origin, residency and the will expressed by a foreigner, or a person born in France to foreign parents, to become French.

European citizenship

The 1992 Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of Citizenship of the European Union, European citizenship, which comes in addition to national citizenships.

Citizenship of foreigners

By definition, a "alien (law), foreigner" is someone who does not have French nationality. Therefore, it is ''not'' a synonym of "immigration, immigrant", as a foreigner may be born in France. On the other hand, a Frenchman born abroad may be considered an immigrant (e.g. former prime minister Dominique de Villepin who lived the majority of his life abroad). In most of the cases, however, a foreigner is an immigrant, and vice versa. They either benefit from legal sojourn in France, which, after a residency of ten years, makes it possible to ask for naturalisation. If they do not, they are considered "alien (law), illegal aliens". Some argue that this privation of nationality and citizenship does not square with their contribution to the national economic efforts, and thus to economic growth.

In any cases, rights of foreigners in France have improved over the last half-century:
* 1946: right to elect trade union representative (but not to be elected as a representative)
* 1968: right to become a trade-union delegate
* 1972: right to sit in works council and to be a delegate of the workers at the condition of "knowing how to read and write French"
* 1975: additional condition: "to be able to express oneself in French"; they may vote at ''prud'hommes elections'' ("industrial tribunal elections") but may not be elected; foreigners may also have administrative or leadership positions in tradeunions but under various conditions
* 1982: those conditions are suppressed, only the function of ''conseiller prud'hommal'' is reserved to those who have acquired French nationality. They may be elected in workers' representation functions (Auroux laws). They also may become administrators in public structures such as Social security banks (''caisses de sécurité sociale''), OPAC (which administers HLMs), Ophlm...
* 1992: for European Union citizens, right to vote at the European elections, first exercised during the 1994 European Parliament election, 1994 European elections, and at municipal elections (first exercised during the 2001 municipal elections).

Statistics

The INSEE does not collect data about language, religion, or ethnicity – on the principle of the secular and unitary nature of the French Republic.

Nevertheless, there are some sources dealing with just such distinctions:

*The CIA World Factbook defines the ethnic groups of France as being "Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, and Basque minorities. Overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian". Its definition is reproduced on several Web sites collecting or reporting demographic data.
*The U.S. Department of State goes into further detail: "Since prehistoric times, France has been a crossroads of trade, travel, and invasion. Three basic Ethnic groups in Europe, European ethnic stocks – Celtic, Latin, and Teutonic (Frankish) – have blended over the centuries to make up its present population. . . . Traditionally, France has had a high level of immigration. . . . In 2004, there were over 6 million Muslims, largely of North African descent, living in France. France is home to both the largest Muslim and Jewish populations in Europe."Background Notes: France
– U.S. Department of State
*The Encyclopædia Britannica says that "the French are strongly conscious of belonging to a single nation, but they hardly constitute a unified ethnic group by any scientific gauge", and it mentions as part of the population of France the Basques, the

Celts

(called Gauls by Romans), and the Germanic peoples, Germanic (Teutonic) peoples (including the Norsemen or Vikings). France also became "in the 19th and especially in the 20th century, the prime recipient of foreign immigration into Europe. . . ."

It is said by some that France adheres to the ideal of a single, homogeneous national culture, supported by the absence of hyphenated identities and by avoidance of the very term "ethnicity" in French discourse.

Immigration

As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics INSEE estimated that 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants and 6.5 million direct descendants of immigrants (born in France with at least one immigrant parent) lived in France representing a total of 11.8 million and 19% of the total population in metropolitan France (62.1 million in 2008). Among them, about 5.5 million are of European origin and 4 million of North African origin.Être né en France d'un parent immigré
Insee Première, n°1287, mars 2010, Catherine Borrel et Bertrand Lhommeau, InseeRépartition des immigrés par pays de naissance 2008
Insee, October 2011

Populations with French ancestry

Between 1848 and 1939, 1 million people with French passports emigrated to other countries. The main communities of French ancestry in the New World are found in the United States, Canada and Argentina while sizeable groups are also found in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Australia.

Canada

There are nearly seven million French speakers out of nine to ten million people of French and partial French ancestry in

Canada

. The Canadian province of Quebec (2006 census population of 7,546,131), where more than 95 percent of the people speak French as either their first, second or even third language, is the center of French life on the Western side of the Atlantic; however, French settlement began further east, in

Acadia

. Quebec is home to vibrant French-language arts, media, and learning. There are sizable French-Canadian communities scattered throughout the other provinces of Canada, particularly in Ontario, which has about 1 million people with French ancestry (400 000 who have French as their mother tongue), Manitoba, and New Brunswick, which is the only fully bilingual province and is 33 percent Acadian.

United States

The United States is home to an estimated 13 to 16 million people of French American, French descent, or 4 to 5 percent of the US population, particularly in

Louisiana

, New England and parts of the Midwest. The French community in Louisiana consists of the Louisiana Creole people, Creoles, the descendants of the French settlers who arrived when Louisiana was a French colony, and the Cajuns, the descendants of

Acadia

n refugees from the Great Upheaval. Very few creoles remain in New Orleans in present times. In New England, the vast majority of French immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries came not from France, but from over the border in Quebec, the Quebec diaspora. These French Canadians arrived to work in the timber mills and textile plants that appeared throughout the region as it industrialized. Today, nearly 25 percent of the population of New Hampshire is of French ancestry, the highest of any state.

English and Dutch colonies of pre-Revolutionary America attracted large numbers of French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution in France. In the Dutch colony of New Netherland that later became New York, northern New Jersey, and western Connecticut, these French Huguenots, nearly identical in religion to the Dutch Reformed Church, assimilated almost completely into the Dutch community. However, large it may have been at one time, it has lost all identity of its French origin, often with the translation of names (examples: ''de la Montagne'' > ''Vandenberg'' by translation; ''de Vaux'' > ''DeVos'' or ''Devoe'' by phonetic respelling). Huguenots appeared in all of the English colonies and likewise assimilated. Even though this mass settlement approached the size of the settlement of the French settlement of Quebec, it has assimilated into the English-speaking mainstream to a much greater extent than other French colonial groups and has left few traces of cultural influence. New Rochelle, New York is named after La Rochelle, France, one of the sources of Huguenot emigration to the Dutch colony; and New Paltz (village), New York, New Paltz, New York, is one of the few non-urban settlements of Huguenots that did not undergo massive recycling of buildings in the usual redevelopment of such older, larger cities as New York City or New Rochelle.

Argentina

French Argentines form the third largest ancestry group in

Argentina

, after Italian and Spanish Argentines. Most of French immigrants came to Argentina between 1871 and 1890, though considerable immigration continued until the late 1940s. At least half of these immigrants came from Southwestern France, especially from the Basque Country, Béarn (Basses-Pyrénées accounted for more than 20% of immigrants), Bigorre and Rouergue but also from Savoy and the Paris region. Today around 6.8 million Argentines have some degree of French ancestry or are of partial or wholly of French descent (up to 17% of the total population). French Argentines had a considerable influence over the country, particularly on its architectural styles and literary traditions, as well as on the scientific field. Some notable Argentines of French descent include writer Julio Cortázar, physiologist and Nobel Prize winner Bernardo Houssay or activist Alicia Moreau de Justo.
With something akin to Latin culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Argentine society.

Uruguay

French Uruguayans form the third largest ancestry group in

Uruguay

, after Italian and Spanish Uruguayans. During the first half of the 19th century,

Uruguay

received mostly French immigrants to South America. It constituted back then the second receptor of French immigrants in the New World after the

United States

. Thus, while the

United States

received 195,971 French immigrants between 1820 and 1855, 13,922 Frenchmen, most of them from the Northern Basque Country, Basque Country and Béarn, left for Uruguay between 1833 and 1842.

The majority of immigrants were coming from the Northern Basque Country, Basque Country, Béarn and Bigorre. Today, there are an estimated at 300,000 French descendants in Uruguay.

United Kingdom

French migration to the United Kingdom is a phenomenon that has occurred at various points in history. Many British people have French ancestry, and French remains the foreign language most learned by British people. Much of the UK's mediaeval aristocracy was descended from France, Franco-Normans, Norman migrants at the time of the Norman Conquest of England, and also during the Angevin Empire of the Plantagenet dynasty.

According to a study by Ancestry.com, Ancestry.co.uk, 3 million British people are of French descent. Among those are television presenters Davina McCall and Louis Theroux. There are currently an estimated 400,000 French people in the United Kingdom, most of them in London.

Costa Rica

The first French emigration in Costa Rica was a very small number to Cartago, Costa Rica, Cartago in the mid-nineteenth century. Due to World War II, a group of exiled French (mostly soldiers and families orphaned) migrated to the country.Los franco-ticos la genealogía y la paz
October 2008, .

Mexico

In

Mexico

, a sizeable population can trace its ancestry to France. After Spain, this makes France the second largest European ethnicity in the country. The bulk of French immigrants arrived in Mexico during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

From 1814 to 1955, inhabitants of Barcelonnette and the surrounding Ubaye Valley emigrated to Mexico by the dozens. Many established textile businesses between Mexico and France. At the turn of the 20th century, there were 5,000 French families from the Barcelonnette region registered with the French Consulate in Mexico. While 90% stayed in Mexico, some returned, and from 1880 to 1930, built grand mansions called ''Maisons Mexicaines'' and left a mark upon the city. Today the descendants of the Barcelonettes account for 80,000 descendants distributed around Mexico.

In the 1860s, during the Second Mexican Empire ruled by Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico—which was part of Napoleon III's scheme to create a Latin empire in the New World (indeed responsible for coining the term of "Amérique latine", "Latin America" in English)-- many French soldiers, merchants, and families set foot upon Mexican soil. Emperor Maximilian's consort, Charlotte of Belgium, Carlota of Mexico, a Belgian princess, was a granddaughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, Louis-Philippe of France.

Many Mexicans of French descent live in cities or states such as Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Monterrey, Puebla, Puebla, Puebla, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Guadalajara, and the capital, Mexico City, where French surnames such as Chairez/Chaires, Renaux, Pierres, Michel, Betancourt, Alaniz, Blanc, Ney, Jurado (Jure), Colo (Coleau), Dumas, or Moussier can be found. Today, Mexico has more than 3 million people of full and partial French descent. mainly living in the capital, Puebla, Guadalajara, Veracruz and Querétaro.

Chile

The French came to Chile in the 18th century, arriving at Concepción, Chile, Concepción as merchants, and in the mid-19th century to cultivate vines in the haciendas of the Central Valley of Chile, Central Valley, the homebase of world-famous Chilean wine. The Araucanía Region also has an important number of people of French ancestry, as the area hosted settlers arrived by the second half of the 19th century as farmers and shopkeepers. With something akin to Romance-speaking Europe, Latin culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society.

From 1840 to 1940, around 25,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Chile. 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Basses-Pyrénées (Northern Basque Country, Basque country and Béarn), Gironde, Charente-Maritime, Charente-Inférieure and Charente and regions situated between Gers and Dordogne.

Most of French immigrants settled in the country between 1875 and 1895. Between October 1882 and December 1897, 8,413 Frenchmen settled in Chile, making up 23% of immigrants (second only after Spaniards) from this period. In 1863, 1,650 French citizens were registered in Chile. At the end of the century they were almost 30,000. According to the census of 1865, out of 23,220 foreigners established in Chile, 2,483 were French, the third largest European community in the country after Germans and Englishmen. In 1875, the community reached 3,000 members, 12% of the almost 25,000 foreigners established in the country. It was estimated that 10,000 Frenchmen were living in Chile in 1912, 7% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America.

Today it is estimated that 500,000 Chileans are of French descent.

Former president of Chile, Michelle Bachelet is of French origin, as was Augusto Pinochet. A large percentage of politicians, businessmen, professionals and entertainers in the country are of French ancestry.

Brazil

It is estimated that there are 1 million to 2 million or more Brazilians of French descent today. This gives Brazil the second largest French community in South America.

From 1819 to 1940, 40,383 Frenchmen immigrated to

Brazil

. Most of them settled in the country between 1884 and 1925 (8,008 from 1819 to 1883, 25,727 from 1884 to 1925, 6,648 from 1926 to 1940). Another source estimates that around 100,000 French people immigrated to Brazil between 1850 and 1965.

The French community in Brazil numbered 592 in 1888 and 5,000 in 1915. It was estimated that 14,000 Frenchmen were living in Brazil in 1912, 9% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America, the second largest community after Argentina (100,000).

The Brazilian Imperial Family originates from the Portuguese House of Braganza and the last emperor's heir and daughter, Isabella, married Prince Gaston d'Orleans, Comte d'Eu, a member of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the Bourbons, the French Royal Family.

Guatemala

The first French immigrants were politicians such as Nicolas Raoul and Isidore Saget, Henri Terralonge and officers Aluard, Courbal, Duplessis, Gibourdel and Goudot. Later, when the Central American Federation was divided in 7 countries, Some of them settled to Costa Rica, others to Nicaragua, although the majority still remained in Guatemala. The relationships start to 1827, politicians, scientists, painters, builders, singers and some families emigrated to Guatemala. Later in a Conservative government, annihilated nearly all the relations between

France

and Guatemala, and most of French immigrants went to Costa Rica, but these relationships were again return to the late of the nineteenth century.

Latin America

Elsewhere in the Americas, French settlement took place in the 16th to 20th centuries. They can be found in

Haiti

,

Cuba

(refugees from the Haitian Revolution) and

Uruguay

. The Betancourt political families who influenced Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Puerto Rico, Bolivia and Panama have some French ancestry.

Huguenots

Large numbers of Huguenots are known to have settled in the United Kingdom (ab 50 000), Ireland (10,000), in Protestant areas of

Germany

(especially the city of Berlin) (ab 40 000), in the

Netherlands

(ab 50 000), in Huguenots in South Africa, South Africa and in North America. Many people in these countries still bear French names.

Asia

In Asia, a proportion of people with mixed French and Vietnamese descent can be found in Vietnam. Including the number of persons of pure French descent. Many are descendants of French settlers who intermarried with local Vietnamese people. Approximately 5,000 in Vietnam are of pure French descent, however, this number is disputed.Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010
Insee, septembre 2011
A small proportion of people with mixed French and Khmer descent can be found in Cambodia. These people number approximately 16,000 in Cambodia, among this number, approximately 3,000 are of pure French descent.
An unknown number with mixed French and Lao ancestry can be found throughout Laos.
A few thousand French people in India, French citizens of Indian, European or creole ethnic origins live in the former French possessions in India (mostly Pondicherry).
In addition to these Countries, small minorities can be found elsewhere in Asia; the majority of these living as expatriates.

Scandinavia

During the great power era, about 100 French families came to Sweden. They had mainly emigrated to Sweden as a result of religious oppression. These include the Bedoire, De Laval and De Flon families. Several of whom worked as merchants and craftsmen. In Stockholm, the French Lutheran congregation was formed in 1687, later dissolved in 1791, which was not really an actual congregation but rather a series of private gatherings of religious practice.

Elsewhere

Apart from French-Canadians, Québécois, Acadians, Cajuns, and Métis people, Métis, other populations with some French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the ''Caldoches'' of New Caledonia, Louisiana Creole people of the United States, the so-called ''Zoreilles'' and ''Petits-blancs'' of various List of islands in the Indian Ocean, Indian Ocean islands, as well as populations of the former French colonial empire in Africa and the West Indies.

See also

* Demographics of France
* Armenians in France
* Cagot
* Ethnic groups in Europe
* Franco-Mauritian
* French Americans
* French Australian
* French Canadians
* French Peruvian
* Peruvians in France
* French people in Madagascar
* Genetic history of Europe
* History of the Jews in France
* List of French people
* List of French people of immigrant origin
* Pied-Noir – French citizens in French Algeria

References

*
* Wieviorka, M ''L'espace du racisme'' 1991 Éditions du Seuil

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:French People
French people,
Romance peoples
Ethnic groups in France, *
Demographics of France
French society, People