Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel or Froebel (; 21 April 1782 – 21 June 1852) was a German
pedagogue
Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken a ...
, a student of
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (, ; 12 January 1746 – 17 February 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his approach.
He founded several educational institutions both in German- and French-speaking r ...
, who laid the foundation for modern education based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. He created the concept of the ''
kindergarten
Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th cent ...
'' and coined the word, which soon entered the English language as well. He also developed the educational toys known as
Froebel gifts
The Froebel gifts (german: Fröbelgaben) are educational play materials for young children, originally designed by Friedrich Fröbel for the first kindergarten at Bad Blankenburg. Playing with Froebel gifts, singing, dancing, and growing plants we ...
.
Biography
![Fröbelhaus](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Fr%C3%B6belhaus.jpg)
Friedrich Fröbel was born at
Oberweißbach
Oberweißbach (or Oberweissbach, ) is a town and a former municipality in the district of Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the town Schwarzatal.Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was a small historic state in present-day Thuringia, Germany, with its capital at Rudolstadt.
History
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was established in 1599 in the course of a resettlement of Schwarzburg dynasty lands. Since t ...
in
Thuringia
Thuringia (; german: Thüringen ), officially the Free State of Thuringia ( ), is a state of central Germany, covering , the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states. It has a population of about 2.1 million.
Erfurt is the capital and larg ...
. A cousin of his was the mother of
Henriette Schrader-Breymann
Henriette may refer to:
*Princess Henriette of France
*Henriette of Cleves
*Henriette Willemina Crommelin (1870-1957), Dutch labor leader and temperance reformer
*Henriette Dibon (1902–1989), French poet and short story writer.
*Henriette Hansen ...
, and Henriette became a student of his.
Fröbel's father, Johann Jacob Fröbel, who died in 1802, was the pastor of the orthodox
Lutheran
Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched th ...
(alt-lutherisch) parish there. Fröbel's mother's name was Jacobine Eleonore Friederike (born Hoffmann). The church and Lutheran Christian faith were pillars in Fröbel's own early education.
Oberweißbach was a wealthy village in the Thuringian Forest and had been known centuries long for its natural herb remedies, tinctures, bitters, soaps and salves. Families had their own inherited areas of the forest where herbs and roots were grown and harvested. Each family prepared, bottled, and produced their individual products which were taken throughout Europe on trade routes passed from father to son, who were affectionately called ''Buckelapotheker'' or "Rucksack Pharmacists". They adorned the church with art acquired from their travels, many pieces of which can still be seen in the renovated structure. The pulpit from which Fröbel heard his father preach is the largest in all Europe and can accommodate a pastor and 12 people, a direct reference to Christ's apostles.
Shortly after Fröbel's birth, his mother's health began to fail. She died when he was nine months old, profoundly influencing his life. In 1792, Fröbel went to live in the small town of
Stadt-Ilm with his uncle, a gentle and affectionate man. At the age of 15 Fröbel, who loved nature, became the apprentice to a forester. In 1799, he decided to leave his apprenticeship and study
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
and
botany
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
in
Jena
Jena () is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia. Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a popu ...
. From 1802 to 1805, he worked as a
land surveyor
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is c ...
.
On 11 September 1818, Fröbel wed Wilhelmine Henriette Hoffmeister (b. 1780) in
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
. The union was childless. Wilhelmine died in 1839, and Fröbel married again in 1851. His second wife was Louise Levin.
Career
![Unterhaus keilhau](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Unterhaus_keilhau.jpg)
Throughout his career, Fröbel would move between his interests in nature and in education.
He began as an educator in 1805 at the ''Musterschule'' (a secondary school) in
Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , "Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on its na ...
, where he learned about
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (, ; 12 January 1746 – 17 February 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified Romanticism in his approach.
He founded several educational institutions both in German- and French-speaking r ...
's ideas. He later worked with Pestalozzi in Switzerland, where his ideas further developed. From 1806, Fröbel was the live-in teacher for a Frankfurt noble family's three sons. He lived with the three children from 1808 to 1810 at Pestalozzi's institute in
Yverdon-les-Bains
Yverdon-les-Bains () (called Eburodunum and Ebredunum during the Roman era) is a municipality in the district of Jura-Nord vaudois of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is the seat of the district. The population of Yverdon-les-Bains, , wa ...
in Switzerland.
In 1811, Fröbel once again went back to school in
Göttingen
Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...
and Berlin, eventually leaving without earning a certificate. He became a teacher at the ''Plamannsche Schule'' in Berlin, a
boarding school
A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction. The word "boarding" is used in the sense of "room and board", i.e. lodging and meals. As they have existed for many centuries, and now exten ...
for boys, and at that time also a pedagogical and patriotic centre.
During his service in the
Lützow Free Corps
Lützow Free Corps ( ) was a volunteer force of the Prussian army during the Napoleonic Wars. It was named after its commander, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow. The Corpsmen were also widely known as the “''Lützower Jäger''“ or “''Schwarz ...
in 1813 and 1814 – when he was involved in two military campaigns against
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...
– Fröbel befriended Wilhelm Middendorf, a theologian and fellow pedagogue, and Heinrich Langethal, also a pedagogue.
After
Waterloo and the
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (, ) of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon B ...
Fröbel found himself a civilian once again, and became an assistant at the Museum of Mineralogy under
Christian Samuel Weiss
Christian Samuel Weiss (26 February 1780 – 1 October 1856) was a German mineralogist born in Leipzig.
Following graduation, he worked as a physics instructor in Leipzig from 1803 until 1808. and in the meantime, conducted geological studies of ...
during 1814–1816,
studying and cataloging mineral crystals.
He became fascinated with their structure, and later would write: "I continually proved to be true what had long been a presentiment with me, namely, that even in these so-called lifeless stones and fragments of rock, torn from their original bed, there lay germs of transforming, developing energy and activity. Amidst the diversity of forms around me, I recognised under all kinds of various modifications one law of development...And thereafter, my rocks and crystals served me as a mirror wherein I might descry mankind, and man’s development and history...Geology and crystallography not only opened up for me a higher circle of knowledge and insight, but also showed me a higher goal for my inquiry, my speculation, and my endeavour. Nature and man now seemed to me mutually to explain each other, through all their numberless various stages of development."
In 1816, he was offered a professorship in Stockholm, but he turned it down and instead founded the ''Allgemeine Deutsche Erziehungsanstalt'' (German General Education Institute) in
Griesheim near
Arnstadt in Thuringia. A year later, he moved the school to Keilhau near
Rudolstadt
Rudolstadt is a town in the German federal state Thuringia, with the Thuringian Forest to the southwest, and to Jena and Weimar to the north.
The former capital of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the town is built along the River Saale inside a wide v ...
. In 1831, work would be continued there by the other cofounders Wilhelm Middendorf and Heinrich Langethal.
In 1820, Fröbel published the first of his five Keilhau pamphlets, ''An unser deutsches Volk'' ("To Our German People"). The other four were published between then and 1823.
In 1826 he published his main written work, ''Die Menschenerziehung'' ("The Education of Man") and founded the weekly publication ''Die erziehenden Familien'' ("The Educating Families"). In 1828 and 1829 he pursued plans for a people's education institute (''Volkserziehungsanstalt'') in Helba (nowadays a constituent community of
Meiningen
Meiningen () is a town in the southern part of the state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located in the region of Franconia and has a population of around 25,000 (2021). ), but they were never realized.
From 1831 to 1836, Fröbel once again lived in Switzerland. In 1831 he founded an educational institute in Wartensee (
Lucerne
Lucerne ( , ; High Alemannic German, High Alemannic: ''Lozärn'') or Luzern ()Other languages: gsw, Lozärn, label=Lucerne German; it, Lucerna ; rm, Lucerna . is a city in central Switzerland, in the Languages of Switzerland, German-speaking po ...
). In 1833 he moved this to
Willisau
Willisau is a municipality in the district of Willisau in the Lucerne canton of Switzerland. It was formed on 1 January 2006 from the municipalities of Willisau Land (W. Country) and Willisau Stadt (W. Town).[orphanage
An orphanage is a Residential education, residential institution, total institution or group home, devoted to the Childcare, care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parent ...]
in
Burgdorf (
Berne
german: Berner(in)french: Bernois(e) it, bernese
, neighboring_municipalities = Bremgarten bei Bern, Frauenkappelen, Ittigen, Kirchlindach, Köniz, Mühleberg, Muri bei Bern, Neuenegg, Ostermundigen, Wohlen bei Bern, Zollikofen
, website ...
), where he also published the magazine ''Grundzüge der Menschenerziehung'' (Features of Human Education). In 1836 appeared his work ''Erneuerung des Lebens erfordert das neue Jahr 1836'' (The New Year 1836 Calls For the Renewal of Life).
He returned to Germany, dedicated himself almost exclusively to preschool child education and began manufacturing playing materials in Bad Blankenburg. In 1837 he founded a ''care, playing and activity institute for small children'' in Bad Blankenburg. From 1838 to 1840 he also published the magazine ''Ein Sonntagsblatt für Gleichgesinnte'' (A Sunday Paper for the Like-Minded).
In 1840 he coined the word
kindergarten
Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th cent ...
for the Play and Activity Institute he had founded in 1837 at
Bad Blankenburg
Bad Blankenburg () is a spa town in the district of Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 6 km southwest of Rudolstadt, and 37 km southeast of Erfurt. It is most famous for being the location of the first kinderga ...
for young children, together with Wilhelm Middendorf and Heinrich Langethal. These two men were Fröbel's most faithful colleagues when his ideas were also transplanted to Keilhau near Rudolstadt.
He designed the educational play materials known as
Froebel Gifts
The Froebel gifts (german: Fröbelgaben) are educational play materials for young children, originally designed by Friedrich Fröbel for the first kindergarten at Bad Blankenburg. Playing with Froebel gifts, singing, dancing, and growing plants we ...
, or ''Fröbelgaben'', which included geometric building blocks and pattern activity blocks. A book entitled ''Inventing Kindergarten'', by Norman Brosterman, examines the influence of Friedrich Fröbel on
Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements o ...
and
modern art
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the tradi ...
.
Friedrich Fröbel's great insight was to recognise the importance of the activity of the child in
learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, value (personal and cultural), values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machine learning, machines ...
. He introduced the concept of "free work" (''Freiarbeit'') into
pedagogy
Pedagogy (), most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken ...
and established the "game" as the typical form that life took in childhood, and also the game's educational worth. Activities in the first kindergarten included
singing
Singing is the act of creating musical sounds with the voice. A person who sings is called a singer, artist or vocalist (in jazz and/or popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or without ...
,
dancing
Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its reperto ...
,
gardening
Gardening is the practice of growing and cultivating plants as part of horticulture. In gardens, ornamental plants are often grown for their flowers, foliage, or overall appearance; useful plants, such as root vegetables, leaf vegetables, fruits ...
, and self-directed play with the Froebel Gifts. Fröbel intended, with his ''
Mutter- und Koselieder'' – a songbook that he published – to introduce the young child into the adult world.
These ideas about childhood development and education were introduced to academic and royal circles through the tireless efforts of his greatest proponent, the Baroness (Freiherrin)
Bertha Marie von Marenholtz-Bülow. Through her Fröbel made the acquaintance of the Royal House of the Netherlands, various Thuringian dukes and duchesses, including the Romanov wife of the Grand Duke von Sachsen-Weimar. Baroness von Marenholtz-Bülow, Duke von Meiningen and Fröbel gathered donations to support art education for children in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of
Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as treat ...
. The Duke of Meiningen granted the use of his hunting lodge, called Marienthal (Vale of Mary) in the resort town of
Bad Liebenstein for Fröbel to train the first women as Kindergarten teachers ''(Kindergärtnerinnen)''.
After suppressing the
German revolutions of 1848–49
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
, the Prussian government continued a crackdown on new ideas, banning kindergartens in 1851.
This dismayed Fröbel, who died on 21 June 1852 in Marienthal, now a constituent community of
Schweina. His grave can still be found in the cemetery at Schweina, where his widow, who died in
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
, was also buried on 10 January 1900.
Legacy
![Fröbelturm](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Fr%C3%B6belturm.jpg)
Fröbel’s idea of the kindergarten had found appeal, but its spread in Germany was thwarted by the
Prussia
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...
n government, whose education ministry banned it in a ''Kindergartenverbot'' edict on 7 August 1851 as "atheistic and demagogic" for its alleged "destructive tendencies in the areas of religion and politics". Other German states followed suit.
The reason for the ban, however, may have been a confusion of names. Fröbel's nephew Karl Fröbel had written and published ''Weibliche Hochschulen und Kindergärten'' ("Female Colleges and Kindergartens"), which apparently met with some disapproval. To quote
Karl August Varnhagen von Ense
Karl August Varnhagen von Ense (21 February 1785 in Düsseldorf – 10 October 1858 in Berlin) was a German biographer, diplomat and soldier.
Life and career
He was born in Düsseldorf, the younger brother of Rosa Maria Varnhagen, a noted poet, ...
, "The stupid minister (Karl Otto) von Raumer has decreed a ban on kindergartens, basing himself on a book by Karl Fröbel. He is confusing Friedrich and Karl Fröbel."
The sudden ban caused a diaspora of teachers from Germany, spreading their ideas to other countries.
Fröbel's student
Margarethe Schurz
Margarethe Meyer-Schurz (born Margarethe Meyer; also called Margaretha Meyer-Schurz or just Margarethe Schurz; 27 August 1833 – 15 March 1876) was a German-American woman who opened the first German-language kindergarten in the United States at ...
founded the first kindergarten in the United States at
Watertown, Wisconsin
Watertown is a city in Dodge and Jefferson counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Most of the city's population is in Jefferson County. Division Street, several blocks north of downtown, marks the county line. The population of Watertown was 2 ...
in 1856; instruction was in the German language, to serve the immigrant community there. She inspired
Elizabeth Peabody
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (May 16, 1804January 3, 1894) was an American educator who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States. Long before most educators, Peabody embraced the premise that children's play has intrinsic de ...
, who went on to found the first English-language kindergarten in the United States, in
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
in 1860. The German émigré
Adolph Douai
Karl Daniel Adolf Douai (1819 – 1888), known to his peers as "Adolf", was a German Texan teacher as well as a socialist and abolitionist newspaper editor. Douai was driven from Texas in 1856 due to his published opposition of slavery, living out ...
had also founded a kindergarten in Boston in 1859, but had to close it after only a year. By 1866, however, he was founding others in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
.
From the mid to late nineteenth century, many missionary women from Western countries disseminated Froebel’s theory of kindergarten education across Japan. The prominent American missionary and Froebelian Annie L. Howe (1852-1943) was particularly influential through the establishment of her Glory Kindergarten teacher training school. Howe developed curricula specifically for Japanese students and trained hundreds of Japanese women to use Froebelian methods in kindergarten education.
The pedagogue
August Köhler
August Karl Johann Valentin Köhler (4 March 1866 – 12 March 1948) was a German professor and early staff member of Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany. He is best known for his development of the microscopy technique of Köhler illumination, an imp ...
was the initiator and cofounder in 1863 of the ''Deutscher Fröbelverein'' (German Fröbel Association), first for Thuringia, out of which grew the ''Allgemeiner Fröbelverein'' (General Fröbel Association) in 1872, and a year later the ''Deutscher Fröbelverband'' (German Fröbel Federation). Köhler critically analyzed and evaluated Fröbel theory, adopted fundamental notions into his own kindergarten pedagogy and expanded on these, developing an independent "Köhler Kindergarten Pedagogy". He first trained kindergarten teachers in
Gotha
Gotha () is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000. The city is the capital of the district of Gotha and was also a residence of the Ernestine Wettins from 1640 until the ...
in 1857. In the beginning, Köhler had thought to engage male educators exclusively, but far too few applied.
Thekla Naveau founded in October 1853 the first kindergarten in
Sondershausen and on 1 April 1867 the first kindergarten after the Prussian ban was lifted in
Nordhausen Nordhausen may refer to:
* Nordhausen (district), a district in Thuringia, Germany
** Nordhausen, Thuringia, a city in the district
**Nordhausen station, the railway station in the city
* Nordhouse, a commune in Alsace (German: Nordhausen)
* Narost ...
. Angelika Hartmann founded in 1864 the first kindergarten after Fröbel’s model in
Köthen, Anhalt. In 1908 and 1911, kindergarten teacher training was recognized in Germany through state regulatory laws.
Since then, there are many kindergartens in Germany named after Fröbel that continue his method. Many have sprung from parental or other private initiatives. The biggest Fröbel association, ''Fröbel e.V.'', today runs more than 100 kindergartens and other early childhood institutions throughout the country through the ''Fröbel-Gruppe''.
Committed to Fröbel's legacy is also the ''Neuer Thüringer Fröbelverein'' (NTFV; New Thuringian Fröbel Association), and in particular to protecting the legacy's business receipts. As well, the Association runs a school museum and the Fröbel Archive in Keilhau. Furthermore, it engages itself in Fröbel institutions worldwide (United States, United Kingdom, Japan). Through this network, the NTFV further continues one of the most prominent lines of modern pedagogy from the authentic "Fröbel town" of Keilhau. The Fröbel Diploma, now conferred by the Fröbel Academy in Nordhausen, can also be traced back to the NTFV. All this ensures that Fröbel’s ideas will live on into the future.
In 1892 followers of Fröbel established a college of teacher education in South West London to continue his traditions.
Froebel College
Froebel College is one of the four constituent colleges of the University of Roehampton.
History
The college was founded as a women's teacher training college in 1892 by followers of Friedrich Fröbel
Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel or Froe ...
is now a constituent college of
Roehampton University
The University of Roehampton, London, formerly Roehampton Institute of Higher Education, is a public university in the United Kingdom, situated on three major sites in Roehampton, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. Roehampton was formerly an e ...
and is home to the university's department of education. The University of Roehampton Library is also home to the Froebel Archive for Childhood Studies, a collection of books, archives, photographs, objects and multi-media materials, centring on Friedrich Fröbel’s educational legacy, early years and elementary education. The Demonstration School, originally located at Colet Court, Kensington, has evolved into
Ibstock Place School
Ibstock Place School is an independent co-educational day school for pupils aged 4–18 located in Roehampton, southwest London. It was founded as the Froebel Demonstration School, owing to its affiliation with the Froebel Institute and the d ...
, Roehampton.
Today the
Pestalozzi-Fröbel-Haus in Berlin continues to train nursery school teachers.
[Pestalozzi Froebel Haus]
, retrieved 2 August 2015
There is a National Kindergarten Day in the United States on his birthday, April 21.
Cultural influence
Fröbel's building forms and movement games are forerunners of
abstract art
Abstract art uses visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th ...
as well as a source of inspiration to the
Bauhaus
The Staatliches Bauhaus (), commonly known as the Bauhaus (), was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts.Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 200 ...
movement.
[Frederick M. Logan, ''Kindergarten and Bauhaus'', College Art Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Autumn, 1950), pp. 36–43] In Fröbel’s honour,
Walter Gropius
Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969) was a German-American architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in conne ...
designed the ''Friedrich Fröbel Haus''. Many modernist architects were exposed as children to Fröbel's ideas about geometry, including Frank Lloyd Wright,
Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 188727 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier ( , , ), was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now regarded as modern architecture. He was ...
, and
Buckminster Fuller
Richard Buckminster Fuller (; July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, writer, designer, inventor, philosopher, and futurist. He styled his name as R. Buckminster Fuller in his writings, publishing more t ...
.
Works
![2010-05 terborg froebelhuuske](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/2010-05_terborg_froebelhuuske.JPG)
(Selected from those of his time at Keilhau)
* ''An unser deutsches Volk'' (''To Our German People''). Erfurt 1820.
* ''Durchgreifende, dem deutschen Charakter erschöpfend genügende Erziehung ist das Grund- und Quellbedürfnis des deutschen Volkes''. Erfurt 1821.
* ''Die Grundsätze, der Zweck und das innere Leben der allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau bei Rudolstadt''. Rudolstadt 1821.
* ''Die allgemeine deutsche Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau betreffend'' (''Concerning the General German Educational Institution in Keilhau''). Rudolstadt 1822.
* ''Über deutsche Erziehung überhaupt und über das allgemeine Deutsche der Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau insbesondere''. Rudolstadt 1822.
* ''Fortgesetzte Nachricht von der allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt in Keilhau''. Rudolstadt 1823.
* ''Die Menschenerziehung, die Erziehungs-, Unterrichts- und Lehrkunst, angestrebt in der allgemeinen deutschen Erziehungsanstalt zu Keilhau''. Erster Band. Keilhau-Leipzig 1826.
* ''Die erziehenden Familien. Wochenblatt für Selbstbildung und die Bildung Anderer''. Keilhau-Leipzig 1826.
References
Further reading
* Berger, Manfred: ''150 Jahre Kindergarten. Ein Brief an Friedrich Fröbel.'' Frankfurt 1990
* Berger, Manfred: ''Frauen in der Geschichte des Kindergartens. Ein Handbuch''. Frankfurt 1995
* Fröbel, Friedrich (1900) ''The Student's Froebel: adapted from "Die Erziehung der Menschheit" of F. Froebel'', by
William H. Herford. 2 vols. London: Isbister, 1900–01. pt. 1. Theory of education – pt. 2. Practice of education (Substantially a translation of Froebel's work, with editorial comments and annotations)
* Hebenstreit, Sigurd: ''Friedrich Fröbel – Menschenbild, Kindergartenpädagogik, Spielförderung.'' Jena 2003.
* Heiland, Helmut: ''Die Konzeption des Sachunterrichts bei Fröbel (1782–1852).'' In: Kaiser, A./Pech, D. (Hrsg.): ''Geschichte und historische Konzeptionen des Sachunterrichts.'' Baltmannsweiler 2004, pp. 69–72
* Heiland, Helmut: ''Friedrich Fröbel in Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten.'' Reinbek 1982
* Heiland, Helmut: ''Die Schulpädagogik Friedrich Fröbel.'' 1993
* Wollons, Roberta. L., (Ed). Kindergartens and cultures : the global diffusion of an idea. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2000
External links
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Froebel Education Centre – Demonstration School for The Froebel InstituteFriedrich Fröbel websiteFriedrich Fröbel: His life and influence on educationFriedrich Fröbel’s letters*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frobel, Friedrich Wilhelm August
1782 births
1852 deaths
People from Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
German Lutherans
German educational theorists
19th-century educational theorists
19th-century Lutherans