Frankenia thymifolia

''Frankenia'' (sea heath) is the only genus in the Frankeniaceae family of flowering plants. Other genera have been recognized within the family, such as ''Anthobryum'', ''Hypericopsis'' and ''Niederleinia'', but molecular phylogenetic studies have consistently shown that they all belong inside ''Frankenia''. ''Frankenia'' comprises about 70–80 species of shrubs, subshrubs and herbaceous plants, adapted to saline and dry environments throughout temperate and subtropical regions. A few species are in cultivation as ornamental plants.

Description

''Frankenia'' species are salt tolerant (halophytic) or drought tolerant (xerophytic) shrubs, subshrubs or herbaceous plants. They have opposite, simple leaves, generally small and somewhat heather-like, and often with salt-excreting glands in sunken pits. Their flowers are small, either solitary or borne in various kinds of cyme. Each flower has four to seven sepals, joined at the base into a tube, and four to seven overlapping petals, narrowed at the base. The stamens are often arranged in two whorls of three each. The ovary is made up of one to four carpels (usually three). The fruit is a capsule, enclosed in the persistent sepals. The seeds have a central embryo with considerable starchy endosperm on each side.

Frankenia chilensis (8671695325).jpg, Flowers of ''Frankenia chilensis''
Frankenia ericifolia kz1.jpg, Salt glands on the leaves of ''Frankenia ericifolia''
Frankenia pauciflora - Flickr - Kevin Thiele.jpg, ''Frankenia pauciflora''

Taxonomy

The genus ''Frankenia'' was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, with three species, the first named being '' Frankenia laevis''. The genus name honours Johan Franck or Frankenius (1590–1661), a professor of botany at Uppsala, Sweden. Linnaeus initially used an artificial system to group genera (his systema sexuale). Later, he and other botanists adopted "natural" systems of classification, using orders or families. Augustin Saint-Hilaire in 1815 was the first to suggest, tentatively, that ''Frankenia'' might be the type of a new family. His suggestion was formalized in a publication edited by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1817.

At least six genera have been recognized within the family Frankeniaceae at various times. Only ''Frankenia'' is accepted . Genera that have been recognized include ''Hypericopsis'' Boiss. (not ''Hypericopsis'' Opiz which is a synonym of ''Hypericum''), ''Anthobryum'' and ''Niederleinia''. ''Hypericopsis'', with the sole species ''Hypericopsis persica'', was still accepted by Klaus Kubitzki in 2003; however a morphological study published in the same year concluded that ''Hypericopis'' belonged in ''Frankenia''. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2004 reached the same conclusion.

Phylogeny and classification

The family Frankeniaceae is placed in the order Caryophyllales in the APG IV system. A summary phylogenetic tree of the Caryophyllales shows that Frankeniaceae belongs outside the core Caryophyllales, and that its closest relationship is with the tamarisk family, Tamaricaceae.

Studies of the relationships within the genus have used a limited number of species. A cladogram for seven species suggests that Australian species may be more closely related to Eurasian and African species than to those from the Americas.

Species

, the following species were accepted by Plants of the World Online:

*''Frankenia adpressa'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia ambita'' Ostenf.
*'' Frankenia boissieri'' Reut. ex Boiss.
*'' Frankenia brachyphylla'' (Benth.) Summerh.
*'' Frankenia bracteata'' Turcz.
*'' Frankenia bucharica'' Basil.
*''Frankenia capitata'' Webb & Berthel.
*''Frankenia chevalieri'' Maire
*''Frankenia chilensis'' C.Presl ex Schult. & Schult.f.
*'' Frankenia chubutensis'' Speg.
*'' Frankenia cinerea'' A.DC.
*'' Frankenia conferta'' Diels
*''Frankenia confusa'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia connata'' Sprague
*''Frankenia cordata'' J.M.Black
*'' Frankenia corymbosa'' Desf.
*'' Frankenia crispa'' J.M.Black
*''Frankenia cupularis'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia decurrens'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia densa'' Summerh.
*''Frankenia desertorum'' Summerh.
*''Frankenia drummondii'' Benth.
*'' Frankenia eremophila'' Summerh.
*''Frankenia ericifolia'' C.Sm. ex DC.
*''Frankenia fecunda'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia fischeri'' Hicken
*''Frankenia flabellata'' Sprague
*'' Frankenia foliosa'' J.M.Black
*''Frankenia fruticosa'' J.C.Manning & Helme
*''Frankenia georgei'' Diels
*'' Frankenia glomerata'' Turcz.
*'' Frankenia gracilis'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia gypsophila'' I.M.Johnst.
*'' Frankenia hamata'' Summerh.
*''Frankenia hirsuta'' L.
*'' Frankenia hispidula'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia interioris'' Ostenf.
*''Frankenia irregularis'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia jamesii'' Torr. ex A.Gray
*''Frankenia johnstonii'' Correll
*''Frankenia juniperoides'' (Hieron.) M.N.Correa
*'' Frankenia laevis'' L.
*'' Frankenia latior'' Sprague & Summerh.
*'' Frankenia laxiflora'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia leonardorum'' Alain
*'' Frankenia magnifica'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia margaritae'' Medrano
*'' Frankenia microphylla'' Cav.
*'' Frankenia muscosa'' J.M.Black
*'' Frankenia orthotricha'' (J.M.Black) J.M.Black
*'' Frankenia pallida'' Boiss.
*''Frankenia palmeri'' S.Watson
*'' Frankenia parvula'' Turcz.
*'' Frankenia patagonica'' Speg.
*''Frankenia pauciflora'' DC.
*''Frankenia persica'' (Boiss.) Jaub. & Spach
*''Frankenia planifolia'' Sprague & Summerh.
*'' Frankenia plicata'' Melville
*''Frankenia pomonensis'' Pohnert
*''Frankenia portulacifolia'' (Roxb.) Spreng.
*'' Frankenia pseudoflabellata'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia pulverulenta'' L.
*'' Frankenia punctata'' Turcz.
*'' Frankenia repens'' (P.J.Bergius) Fourc.
*''Frankenia salina'' (Molina) I.M.Johnst.
*''Frankenia salsuginea'' Adigüzel & Aytaç
*'' Frankenia scabra'' Lindl.
*'' Frankenia serpyllifolia'' Lindl.
*''Frankenia sessilis'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia setosa'' W.Fitzg.
*'' Frankenia stuartii'' Summerh.
*''Frankenia subteres'' Summerh.
*'' Frankenia tetrapetala'' Labill.
*'' Frankenia thymifolia'' Desf.
*'' Frankenia triandra'' J.Rémy
*'' Frankenia tuvinica'' Lomon.
*'' Frankenia uncinata'' Sprague & Summerh.
*'' Frankenia vidalii'' Phil.

Distribution and habitat

''Frankenia'' has a widespread but patchy distribution throughout temperate and subtropical areas of the world, being absent from the tropics. In North America, it is found in Mexico and some western and southern states of the U.S. In South America, it also has a western and southern distribution. In Eurasia and Africa, it occurs around the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, extending northwards to Great Britain, southwards to South Sudan, and eastwards to India. It is also native to southern Africa and Australia. ''Frankenia'' species are halophytes (salt tolerant) and xerophytes (drought tolerant). They are found in coastal and arid regions.

Cultivation

A few species of ''Frankenia'' are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in rock gardens and similar situations, where they can form spreading mats. Recommended species in the United Kingdom include ''F. hirsuta'', ''F. laevis'' and ''F. thymifolia'', all with white to rose purple flowers.

References

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Caryophyllales genera