Dante Gabriel Rossetti - Paolo and Francesca da Rimini (1862)

Francesca da Rimini or Francesca da Polenta (died between 1283 and 1286) was a medieval noblewoman of Ravenna, who was murdered by her husband,

Giovanni Malatesta Giovanni Malatesta (died 1304), known, from his lameness, as Gianciotto, or Giovanni, lo Sciancato, was the eldest son of Malatesta da Verucchio of Rimini. From 1275 onwards he played an active part in the Romagnole Wars and factions. He is chie ...

, upon his discovery of her affair with his brother,

Paolo Malatesta Paolo Malatesta (; – 1285), also known as il Bello ('the Beautiful'), was the third son of Malatesta da Verucchio, lord of Rimini. He is best known for the story of his affair with Francesca da Polenta, portrayed by Dante in a famous episode ...

. She was a contemporary of Dante Alighieri, who portrayed her as a character in the '' Divine Comedy''.

Life and death

Daughter of Guido I da Polenta of Ravenna, Francesca was wedded in or around 1275 to the brave, yet crippled

(also called Gianciotto or "Giovanni the Lame"), son of Malatesta da Verucchio, lord of Rimini. The marriage was a political one; Guido had been at war with the Malatesta family, and the marriage of his daughter to Giovanni was a way to secure the peace that had been negotiated between the Malatesta and the

Polenta Polenta (, ) is a dish of boiled cornmeal that was historically made from other grains. The dish comes from Italy. It may be served as a hot porridge, or it may be allowed to cool and solidify into a loaf that can be baked, fried, or grilled. ...

families. While in Rimini, she fell in love with Giovanni's younger brother,

Paolo Paolo is both a given name and a surname, the Italian form of the name Paul. Notable people with the name include: People with the given name Paolo Art *Paolo Alboni (1671–1734), Italian painter *Paolo Abbate (1884–1973), Italian-American s ...

. Though Paolo, too, was married, they managed to carry on an affair for some ten years, until Giovanni ultimately surprised them in Francesca's bedroom some time between 1283 and 1286, killing them both.

In Dante's ''Divine Comedy''

1835 Ary Scheffer - The Ghosts of Paolo and Francesca Appear to Dante and Virgil

Francesca appears as a character in Dante's '' Inferno'', the first part of the ''Divine Comedy'', where she is the first soul damned in Hell proper to be given a substantive speaking role. Francesca's testimony and condemnation is the first historical record of her, laying the foundation for her remembrance and legacy. Dante's knowledge of Francesca most likely stemmed from her nephew, Guido Novello da Polenta, who served as Dante's host in Ravenna at the end of his life. In ''Inferno'' 5, Dante and Virgil meet Francesca and her lover Paolo in the second circle of hell, reserved for the lustful. The couple are buffeted by violent winds in a similar manner that they allowed themselves to be swept away by their passions. Dante approaches Francesca and Paolo. Francesca takes ownership of telling their story while Paolo weeps in the background. She first introduces herself not by name, but by the city in which she was born; Francesca's self-association with the land implies a voluntary detachment from her personhood and a self-objectification. Dante's condemnation of Francesca stems from her complete refusal of agency. In her compelling speech to Dante, Francesca blames love as the agent of her sin. Francesca explaining that Paolo loved her first and describes how "Love, which is swiftly kindled in the noble heart, seized this one for the lovely person that was taken from me; and the manner still injures me." She depicts herself as a passive agent who succumbed to Paolo's love for her. Francesca's description of love "seizing" her implies that she views herself as a helpless victim of her circumstance. She continues that, "Love, which pardons no one loved from loving in return, seized me for his beauty so strongly that, as you see, it still does not abandon me." Here, she affirms that her reciprocation of Paolo's affection was dictated by "Love" itself, rather than a genuine love that came from within. Again, she portrays herself as a passive victim, refusing to recognize her own agency. Finally, Francesca explains that "Love led us on to one death." Francesca does not accept responsibility for the origins nor the consequences of her affair. It is also important to underscore that Francesca and Paolo's adultery was enabled by literature. Francesca and Paolo's relationship began innocently while reading a tale about

Lancelot du Lac Lancelot du Lac (French for Lancelot of the Lake), also written as Launcelot and other variants (such as early German ''Lanzelet'', early French ''Lanselos'', early Welsh ''Lanslod Lak'', Italian ''Lancillotto'', Spanish ''Lanzarote del Lago' ...

. Francesca tells Dante that she "was kissed by so great a lover, he, who will never be separated from me, kissed my mouth, all trembling. Galeotto was the book and he who wrote it: that day we read there no further." Again, Francesca refers to herself as a passive object and assigns agency to literature that ''she'' reads. Ironically, if Paolo and Francesca would have finished reading, they would have learned that Guinivere and Lancelot's adultery eventually destroys

King Arthur King Arthur ( cy, Brenin Arthur, kw, Arthur Gernow, br, Roue Arzhur) is a legendary king of Britain, and a central figure in the medieval literary tradition known as the Matter of Britain. In the earliest traditions, Arthur appears as a ...

's kingdom. Dante's literary portrayal of Francesca allows her to become a relevant example for moral agency. Dante portrays Francesca compassionately and assigns her a commanding and persuasive voice. Francesca is "never actively interrupted by any authoritative male voice, be it the pilgrim's, the narrator's or, importantly, her lover's, who is silently present at the scene of the testimony." Additionally, Francesca's persuasive power derives from her language, which echoes that of love poetry, especially from Dante's early poems. In this way, Francesca becomes a reflection of Dante himself. At the end of Francesca's testimony, Dante faints and "fell as a dead body falls." The pilgrim's symbolic death parallels Francesca's submission to her desires. Francesca becomes an "avatar of a persona that had been Dante's own." Learning from Francesca's faults allows the pilgrim to rectify his own relationship with literature. Though Dante condemns Francesca, his compassionate literary portrayal gives her a dignity and a historical significance that she was deprived of in real life. In other words, her historical legacy transcends her literary condemnation. File:Johann Heinrich Füssli - Dante Observing the Soaring Souls of Paolo and Francesca.jpg, Henry Fuseli: ''Dante Observing the Soaring Souls of Paolo and Francesca'', pen and ink, c. 1800 File:Joseph Anton Koch - Dante and Virgil in the Second Circle in Hell.tif, Joseph Anton Koch: ''Dante and Virgil in the Second Circle in Hell'', pen, ink and watercolor on paper, 1823 File:Inf. 06 Giuseppe Frascheri, Dante e Virgilio incontrano Paolo e Francesca, 1846.jpg, Giuseppe Fraschieri: ''Dante e Virgilio incontrano Paolo e Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1846 (Civica Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Savona) File:Joseph Noel Paton - Dante Meditating.jpg, Joseph Noel Paton: ''Dante Meditating the Episode of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta'', oil on canvas, 1852 (

Bury Art Museum Bury Art Museum and Sculpture Centre, formerly known as Bury Museum and Art Gallery, is a public museum, archives, and art gallery in the town of Bury, Greater Manchester, northern England, owned by Bury Council. Built in 1901, the Museum's buil ...

) File:Dore Gustave Francesca and Paolo da Rimini Canto 5 73-75.jpg, Gustave Doré: ''The Souls of Paolo and Francesca'', etching, 1857 File:Gustave Doré - Paolo and Francesca da Rimini.jpg, Gustave Doré: ''The Souls of Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1863 File:Watts-Paolo and Francesca.jpg, George Frederic Watts: ''Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1875 ( Watts Gallery, Surrey) File:Inf. 06 Mosè Bianchi, Paolo e Francesca, 1877c.jpg, Mosè Bianchi: ''Paolo and Francesca'', watercolor and gold on paper, c. 1877 ( Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan) File:Henri Martin-Paolo Malatesta.jpg, Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin: ''Paolo Malatesta et Francesca da Rimini aux enfers'', oil on canvas, 1883 (Musée des beaux-arts, Carcassonne) File:Paolo et Francesca ou couple damné - Auguste Rodin (B 1153-bis-n).jpg,

Auguste Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a uniqu ...

: ''Paolo et Francesca'', or ''Couple damné'' ( Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon) File:Eugène Deully - Dante et Virgile aux Enfers.jpg, Eugène Deully: ''Dante et Virgile aux Enfers'', 1897 File:Amelia Bauerle - Paolo and Francesca.jpg,

Amelia Bauerle Amalie Mathilde Bauerle (12 November 1873 – 4 March 1916), known as Amelia Bauerle, was a British painter, illustrator and etcher. She also used the name Amelia Matilda Bowerley. Life Bauerle was born in the Bayswater area of London, the ...

: ''Paolo and Francesca'', 1902 File:Umberto Boccioni - Il sogno (Paolo e Francesca).jpg, Umberto Boccioni: ''Il sogno'', or ''Paolo e Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1909 (Galleria Civica d'Arte Moderna,

Ferrara Ferrara (, ; egl, Fràra ) is a city and ''comune'' in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital of the Province of Ferrara. it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream ...

) File:Gaetano Previati - Paolo e Francesca (1909).jpg, Gaetano Previati: ''Paolo e Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1909 File:John Riley Wilmer - Paolo and Francesca.jpg, John Riley Wilmer: ''Paolo and Francesca'', watercolor, gouache and ink, 1930

Reception and legacy

Giovanni Boccaccio

In the years following Dante's portrayal of Francesca, legends about Francesca began to appear. Chief among them was one put forth by poet

Giovanni Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Born in the town of Certaldo, he became so well known as a writer that he was somet ...

in his commentary on the ''Divine Comedy'', '' Esposizioni sopra la Comedia di Dante.'' Boccaccio stated that Francesca had been tricked into marrying Giovanni through the use of Paolo as a proxy. Guido, fearing that Francesca would never agree to marry the crippled Giovanni, had supposedly sent for the much more handsome Paolo in Giovanni's stead. It wasn't until the morning after the wedding that Francesca discovered the deception. This version of events, however, is very likely a fabrication. It would have been nearly impossible for Francesca not to know who both Giovanni and Paolo were, and that Paolo was already married, given the dealings the brothers had had with Ravenna and Francesca's family. Also, Boccaccio was born in 1313, some 27 years after Francesca's death, and while many Dante commentators after Boccaccio echoed his version of events, none before him had mentioned anything similar.

Modern reception

In the 19th century, the story of Paolo and Francesca inspired numerous theatrical, operatic, and symphonic adaptations.

Related works

Poetry

* Leigh Hunt, ''The Story of Rimini'' (1816)

Theatre and opera

* Silvio Pellico, ''Francesca da Rimini'', tragedy (1818) * Feliciano Strepponi, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in two acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Padua 1823) *

Luigi Carlini is a fictional character featured in video games and related media released by Nintendo. Created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto, Luigi is portrayed as the younger fraternal twin brother and sidekick of Mario, Nintendo's masc ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in two acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Naples 1825) *

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, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera (Madrid 1831) * Pietro Generali, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera, libretto by Paolo Pola (Venice 1828) *

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, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in two acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Lucca 1829) *

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, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in two acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Livorno 1832) * Giuseppe Tamburini, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in three acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Rimini 1835) * Francesco Morlacchi, ''

Francesca da Rimini Francesca da Rimini or Francesca da Polenta (died between 1283 and 1286) was a medieval noblewoman of Ravenna, who was murdered by her husband, Giovanni Malatesta, upon his discovery of her affair with his brother, Paolo Malatesta. She was a co ...

'', opera (composed for Venice 1836, but unperformed) * Emanuele Borgatta, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in three acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Genoa 1837) * Gioacchino Maglioni, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera (Genoa 1840) *

Eugen Nordal Eugen is a masculine given name which may refer to: * Archduke Eugen of Austria (1863–1954), last Habsburg Grandmaster of the Teutonic Order from 1894 to 1923 * Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke (1865–1947), Swedish painter, art collector, and p ...

(pseudonym of Johann Arnold-Gruber), ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera after Paolo Pola (Linz 1840; performed posthumously) *

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, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in four acts (Genoa 1840; unperformed) *

Francesco Cannetti Francesco, the Italian (and original) version of the personal name "Francis", is the most common given name among males in Italy. Notable persons with that name include: People with the given name Francesco * Francesco I (disambiguation), sev ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera, libretto by Felice Romani (Vicenza 1843) *

Vincenzo Sassaroli Vincenzo is an Italian male given name, derived from the Latin name Vincentius (the verb ''vincere'' means to win or to conquer). Notable people with the name include: Art *Vincenzo Amato (born 1966), Italian actor and sculptor *Vincenzo Bella ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera, libretto by Felice Romani (Catania 1846) *

George Henry Boker George Henry Boker (October 6, 1823 – January 2, 1890) was an American poet, playwright, and diplomat. Early years and education Boker was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was Charles S. Boker, a wealthy banker, whose financi ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', play (1853) *

Giovanni Franchini Giovanni may refer to: * Giovanni (name), an Italian male given name and surname * Giovanni (meteorology), a Web interface for users to analyze NASA's gridded data * ''Don Giovanni'', a 1787 opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, based on the legend of ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in three acts, libretto by Felice Romani (Lisbon 1857) * Jan Neruda, ''Francesca di Rimini'', play (1860) *

Giuseppe Marcarini Giuseppe is the Italian form of the given name Joseph, from Latin Iōsēphus from Ancient Greek Ἰωσήφ (Iōsḗph), from Hebrew יוסף. It is the most common name in Italy and is unique (97%) to it. The feminine form of the name is Gius ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera, libretto by Benvenuti (Piacenza 1870) *

Hermann Goetz Hermann Gustav Goetz (7 December 1840 – 3 December 1876) was a German composer who spent much of his career in Switzerland. He is best known for his 1872 opera ''Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung'', based on Shakespeare's '' The Taming of the Shrew ...

, ''Francesca von Rimini'', opera in three acts, libretto by the composer (Mannheim 1877; overture and act III completed by

Ernst Frank Ernst is both a surname and a given name, the German, Dutch, and Scandinavian form of Ernest. Notable people with the name include: Surname * Adolf Ernst (1832–1899) German botanist known by the author abbreviation "Ernst" * Anton Ernst (1975- ...

) *

Antonio Cagnoni Antonio Cagnoni (8 February 1828 – 30 April 1896) was an Italian composer. Primarily known for his twenty operas, his work is characterized by his use of leitmotifs and moderately dissonant harmonies. In addition to writing music for the sta ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in four acts, libretto by

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(Turin 1878) * Gabriele D'Annunzio, ''

'', tragedy (1901; written for D'Annunzio's mistress,

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) * Ambroise Thomas, ''

Françoise de Rimini ''Françoise de Rimini'' ( Francesca da Rimini) is an opera in four acts with a prologue and an epilogue. The last opera composed by Ambroise Thomas, it sets a French libretto by Michel Carré and Jules Barbier which is based on an episode from D ...

'', opera (Paris 1882) *

Antonio Scontrino Antonio Scontrino (17 May 1850, Trapani – 7 January 1922, Florence) was an Italian composer. Scontrino studied at the Palermo Conservatory from 1861 and 1870 and later in Munich. He began performing as a double bassist in 1891. In 1898, he bec ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', "tragedia" (in fact an opera) in five acts, libretto after D'Annunzio (Rome 1901) *

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, ''

Paolo and Francesca Francesca da Rimini or Francesca da Polenta (died between 1283 and 1286) was a medieval noblewoman of Ravenna, who was murdered by her husband, Giovanni Malatesta, upon his discovery of her affair with his brother, Paolo Malatesta. She was a co ...

'', play (1902) * Francis Marion Crawford, ''Francesca da Rimini'', play in five acts (1902) * Marcel Schwob, ''

'', play, translation of Crawford (given with music by Gabriel Pierné Paris 1902, Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt) * Eduard Nápravník, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in four acts (St. Petersburg 1902) *

Sergei Rachmaninoff Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff; in Russian pre-revolutionary script. (28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, virtuoso pianist, and conductor. Rachmaninoff is widely considered one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a composer, one o ...

, ''

'', opera in one act (two tableaux) with a prologue and an epilogue, libretto by

Modest Tchaikovsky Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky (russian: Моде́ст Ильи́ч Чайко́вский; –) was a Russian dramatist, opera librettist and translator. Early life Modest Ilyich was born in Alapayevsk, Verkhotursky Uyezd, Perm Governorate, the ...

(Moscow 1906) *

Luigi Mancinelli Luigi Mancinelli (; 5 February 1848 – 2 February 1921) was an Italian conductor, cellist and composer. His early career was in Italy, where he established a reputation in Perugia and then Bologna. After 1886 he worked mostly in other countr ...

, ''Paolo e Francesca'', opera in one act (1907)''Paolo e Francesca''
opera by

, booklet (synopsis, libretto), 2004 recording

Naxos Records Naxos comprises numerous companies, divisions, imprints, and labels specializing in classical music but also audiobooks and other genres. The premier label is Naxos Records which focuses on classical music. Naxos Musical Group encompasses about 1 ...

* Emil Ábrányi, ''Paolo és Francesca'', opera in three acts, libretto after Dante by Emil Ábrányi, Sr. (Budapest 1912) * Franco Leoni, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera in three tableaux, based on Crawford's play (Paris 1914,

Opéra-Comique The Opéra-Comique is a Paris opera company which was founded around 1714 by some of the popular theatres of the Parisian fairs. In 1762 the company was merged with – and for a time took the name of – its chief rival, the Comédie-Italienne ...

) *

Primo Riccitelli Primo Riccitelli (9 August 1875 – 27 March 1941), was an Italian composer. One of six children, he was born in the village of Cognoli, Campli in the Abruzzo region of Italy. His father, Giuseppe, was a small landowner and his mother, Maria M ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', opera * Riccardo Zandonai, ''

'', opera in four acts, libretto by

Tito Ricordi Tito may refer to: People Mononyms *Josip Broz Tito (1892–1980), commonly known mononymously as Tito, Yugoslav communist revolutionary and statesman *Roberto Arias (1918–1989), aka Tito, Panamanian international lawyer, diplomat, and journal ...

, based on D'Annunzio (Turin 1914) * Nino Berrini, ''Francesca da Rimini'', play (1924) Rachmaninov Francesca da Rimini

Music

* Gioachino Rossini, "Farò come colui che piange e dice", aria (musical setting of ''Inferno'', Canto 5, lines 126ff., 1848) * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, ''Francesca da Rimini'', symphonic poem (1876) * Arthur Foote, Symphonic Prologue ''Francesca da Rimini'', Op. 24 (1890) *

Antonio Bazzini Antonio Bazzini (11 March 181810 February 1897) was an Italian violinist, composer and teacher. As a composer, his most enduring work is his chamber music, which earned him a central place in the Italian instrumental renaissance of the 19th cent ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', Symphonic Poem, Op. 77 (Berlin 1890) * Pierre Maurice, ''Francesca da Rimini'', Symphonic Poem, Op. 6 (1899) *

Paul von Klenau Paul August von Klenau (11 February 1883 in Copenhagen – 31 August 1946 in Copenhagen) was a Danish-born composer who worked primarily in Germany and Austria. Biography Klenau was born in Copenhagen, where he studied under Otto Malling. Already a ...

, ''Francesca da Rimini'', Symphonic Poem (1913, revised 1919) *

Olga Gorelli Olga Gorelli, (June 14, 1920 Bologna, Italy, died February 18, 2006) was well known for her musical talents as a composer and pianist. Life and career Olga Gorelli, maiden name Gratch, immigrated to the United States in 1937 with her family and s ...

, ''Paolo e Francesca'', guitar duo from the album ''Hausmusik. 20th Century Chamber Music for the Home'' (2000) * Mediæval Bæbes, "The Circle of the Lustful" from '' The Rose'' album (2002)

Film

* '' Paolo e Francesca'', 1950 film by Raffaello Matarazzo

Art

* Joseph Anton Koch, ''Paolo and Francesca Surprised by Gianciotto'', watercolor (1805; Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen) *

Marie-Philippe Coupin de la Couperie Marie-Philippe Coupin de la Couperie (1773, Sèvres - 1851, Versailles (city), Versailles) was a French painter of the Troubadour style. He was a friend of the painter Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson. Among his patrons were Joséphine de B ...

, ''The Tragic Love of Francesca da Rimini'', oil on canvas (1812; Napoleonmuseum, Arenberg) * Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, ''

'', oil on canvas (1819;Musée des Beaux-Arts, Angers, France) *

Ary Scheffer Ary Scheffer (10 February 179515 June 1858) was a Dutch-French Romantic painter. He was known mostly for his works based on literature, with paintings based on the works of Dante, Goethe, and Lord Byron, as well as religious subjects. He was als ...

, '' Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil'', oil on canvas (1835; Wallace Collection, London; an 1855 version is in the Louvre, Paris), and there are other versions * Gustave Doré, ''Francesca da Rimini'', several illustrations to Dante's ''Inferno'' (1857) * Dante Gabriel Rossetti, ''

Paolo and Francesca da Rimini ''Paolo and Francesca da Rimini'' is a watercolour by British artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti, painted in 1855 and now in Tate Britain. History Rossetti's real name was Charles Gabriel Dante Rossetti, but his admiration for the great ...

'' (1862) * Alexandre Cabanel, ''The Death of Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta'', oil on canvas (1870;

Musée d'Orsay The Musée d'Orsay ( , , ) ( en, Orsay Museum) is a museum in Paris, France, on the Left Bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art ...

, Paris) * George Frederic Watts, ''Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas (between 1872 and 1884; private collection) *

, '' The Kiss'', marble sculpture (1888; Musée Rodin, Paris) File:Lux Musée national antonio canova paolo et francesca de rimini.JPG,

Antonio Canova Antonio Canova (; 1 November 1757 – 13 October 1822) was an Italian Neoclassical sculptor, famous for his marble sculptures. Often regarded as the greatest of the Neoclassical artists,. his sculpture was inspired by the Baroque and the cl ...

: ''Paolo et Francesca da Rimini'' ( National Museum of History and Art, Luxembourg) File:William Dyce - Francesca da Rimini - Google Art Project.jpg, William Dyce: ''Francesca da Rimini'', oil on canvas, 1837 ( Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh) File:Anselm Feuerbach - Paolo und Francesca - Kunsthalle Mannheim.jpg, Anselm Feuerbach: ''Paolo und Francesca'', study, 1864 ( Kunsthalle Mannheim) File:Anselm Feuerbach - Paolo und Francesca (drawing).jpg, Anselm Feuerbach: ''Paolo und Francesca'', sketch, 1864 File:Feuerbach Paolo und Francesca.jpg, Anselm Feuerbach: ''Paolo und Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1864 (

Schackgalerie The Schackgalerie is a museum in Munich. It is one of the noted galleries in this city. The museum is under supervision of the Bavarian State Picture Collection. Collection In 1855, Adolf Friedrich von Schack settled in Munich and became a member ...

, Munich) File:Amos Cassioli - Paolo e Francesca.jpg,

Amos Cassioli Amos Cassiòli (10 August 1832 – 17 December 1891) was an Italian painter, of battle scenes, historical canvases and portraits. He worked in a Purismo style. Biography Cassioli was born in Asciano. After studying at the Sienese Academy of Fin ...

: ''Paolo e Francesca'' or ''Il Bacio'', 1870 File:Charles Edward Hallé - Paolo and Francesca 01.jpg, Charles Edward Hallé: ''Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas File:Wiesiołowski - Francesca i Paolo 1885.jpg, Ludwik Wiesiołowski: ''Francesca i Paolo'', oil on canvas, 1885 File:Rodin TheKiss 20050609.JPG,

Rodin François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a uniqu ...

's '' The Kiss'' (1888; Musée Rodin, Paris) was originally titled ''Francesca da Rimini'' File:Arnold Böcklin - Paolo und Francesca.jpg,

Arnold Böcklin Arnold Böcklin (16 October 182716 January 1901) was a Swiss symbolist painter. Biography He was born in Basel. His father, Christian Frederick Böcklin (b. 1802), was descended from an old family of Schaffhausen, and engaged in the silk tra ...

: ''Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1893 (Museum Oskar Reinhart, Winterthur) File:Frank Dicksee - Paolo and Francesca.jpg, Frank Dicksee: ''Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1894 File:Joseph Anton Koch - Paolo da Malatesta and Francesca da Rimini surprised by Gianciotto Malatesta.tif, Joseph Anton Koch: ''Paolo da Malatesta and Francesca da Rimini surprised by Gianciotto Malatesta'', pen, ink and watercolor on paper, 1805 ( Thorvaldsen Museum) File:Bartolomeo Pinelli - La Franceschina di Rimini.jpg, Bartolomeo Pinelli: ''La Franceschina di Rimini'', c. 1809 ( Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen) File:FrancescaCoupin.jpg,

: ''The Tragic Love of Francesca da Rimini'', 1812 (Napoleonmuseum, Arenenberg,

Constance Constance may refer to: Places *Konstanz, Germany, sometimes written as Constance in English *Constance Bay, Ottawa, Canada * Constance, Kentucky * Constance, Minnesota * Constance (Portugal) * Mount Constance, Washington State People * Consta ...

) File:Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres.jpg, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: ''Gianciotto Discovers Paolo and Francesca'', oil on canvas, 1819 ( Musée Bonnat,

Bayonne Bayonne (; eu, Baiona ; oc, label= Gascon, Baiona ; es, Bayona) is a city in Southwestern France near the Spanish border. It is a commune and one of two subprefectures in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine re ...

) File:Eugène Delacroix - Paolo et Francesca.jpg, Eugène Delacroix: ''Paolo et Francesca'', watercolor, 1825 File:Alfred Elmore - Paolo and Francisca.jpg,

Alfred Elmore Alfred Elmore (1815–1881) was a British history and genre painter. Life Alfred Elmore was born in Clonakilty, Ireland, the son of John Richard Elmore, a surgeon who retired from the British Army to Clonakilty. His family moved to London, ...

: ''Paolo and Francisca'', brush drawing
( British Museum) File:Gustave Doré - The Inferno, Canto 5-2.jpg, Gustave Doré: Illustration of ''Inferno'', Canto 5 (lines 134–135), 1857 File:Francisca de Rímini (Museo del Prado).jpg, Francisco Díaz Carreño: ''Francisca de Rímini'', oil on canvas, 1866 ( Prado, Madrid) File:Alexandre cabanel, morte di francesca da rimini e paolo malatesta, 1870.JPG, Alexandre Cabanel: ''Mort de Francesca de Rimini et de Paolo Malatesta'', c. 1870
(

, Paris) File:Gaetano Previati - Paolo e Francesca (1887 ca.).jpg, Gaetano Previati: ''Paolo e Francesca'', or ''Morte di Paolo e Francesca'', oil on canvas, c. 1887 ( Accademia Carrara di Belle Arti di Bergamo)

Notes

References

General references

* Mason, A. E. W. (1935). ''Sir George Alexander & The St. James' Theatre''. Reissued 1969, New York: Benjamin Blom. *

External links

''World of Dante''
multimedia website that includes gallery of images of the Paolo and Francesca episode

includes images of related artworks
''The Story of Rimini''
Google Books edition of Leigh Hunt's poem * Website of th

at the Centro Internazionale di Studi Francesca da Rimini, Los Angeles (includin

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rimini, Francesca da 1255 births 1285 deaths 13th-century Italian nobility 13th-century Italian women Assassinated Italian people Assassinated nobility Da Polenta family Characters in the Divine Comedy