The Focke-Wulf Fw 190, nicknamed ''Würger'' ("
Shrike") is a German single-seat, single-engine
fighter aircraft designed by
Kurt Tank
Kurt Waldemar Tank (24 February 1898 – 5 June 1983) was a German aeronautical engineer and test pilot who led the design department at Focke-Wulf from 1931 to 1945. He was responsible for the creation of several important Luftwaffe aircraft o ...
at
Focke-Wulf in the late 1930s and widely used during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
. Along with its well-known counterpart, the
Messerschmitt Bf 109, the Fw 190 became the backbone of the (Fighter Force) of the . The twin-row
BMW 801
The BMW 801 was a powerful German air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS ...
radial engine
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ...
that powered most operational versions enabled the Fw 190 to lift larger loads than the Bf 109, allowing its use as a
day fighter A day fighter is a fighter aircraft equipped only to fight during the day. More specifically, it refers to a multi-purpose aircraft that does not include equipment for fighting at night (such as a radar and specialized avionics), although it is some ...
,
fighter-bomber,
ground-attack aircraft and to a lesser degree,
night fighter
A night fighter (also known as all-weather fighter or all-weather interceptor for a period of time after the Second World War) is a fighter aircraft adapted for use at night or in other times of bad visibility. Night fighters began to be used i ...
.
The Fw 190A started flying operationally over France in August 1941 and quickly proved superior in all but turn radius to the
Spitfire Mk. V, the main front-line fighter of the
Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
(RAF), particularly at low and medium altitudes. The 190 maintained superiority over
Allied fighters until the introduction of the improved
Spitfire Mk. IX. In November/December 1942, the Fw 190 made its air combat debut on the
Eastern Front, finding much success in fighter wings and specialised ground attack units ( – Battle Wings or Strike Wings) from October 1943.
The Fw 190A series' performance decreased at high altitudes (usually 6,000 m (20,000 ft) and above), which reduced its effectiveness as a high-altitude interceptor. From the Fw 190's inception, there had been ongoing efforts to address this with a
turbosupercharged
In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pro ...
BMW 801 in the B model, the much longer-nosed C model with efforts to also turbocharge its chosen
Daimler-Benz DB 603
The Daimler-Benz DB 603 was a German aircraft engine used during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled 12-cylinder inverted V12 enlargement of the DB 601, which was in itself a development of the DB 600. Production of the DB 603 commenced in ...
inverted V12 powerplant, and the similarly long-nosed D model with the
Junkers Jumo 213
The Junkers Jumo 213 was a World War II-era V-12 liquid-cooled aircraft engine, a development of Junkers Motoren's earlier design, the Jumo 211. The design added two features, a pressurized cooling system that required considerably less coolin ...
. Problems with the turbocharger installations on the -B and -C subtypes meant only the D model entered service in September 1944. These high-altitude developments eventually led to the
Focke-Wulf Ta 152
The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 is a World War II German high-altitude fighter- interceptor designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf.
The Ta 152 was a development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft. It was intended to be made in at least three ver ...
, which was capable of extreme speeds at medium to high altitudes ( at ). While these "long nose" 190 variants and the Ta 152 derivative especially gave the Germans parity with Allied opponents, they arrived too late to affect the outcome of the war.
The Fw 190 was well-liked by its pilots. Some of the Luftwaffe's most successful
fighter aces claimed many of their kills while flying it, including
Otto Kittel
Otto Kittel (21 February 1917 – 14 or 16 February 1945) was a German fighter pilot during World War II. He flew 583 combat missions on the Eastern Front, claiming 267 aerial victories, making him the fourth highest scoring ace in aviat ...
,
Walter Nowotny
Walter Nowotny (7 December 1920 – 8 November 1944) was an Austrian-born fighter ace of the Luftwaffe in World War II. He is credited with 258 aerial victories—that is, 258 aerial combat encounters resulting in ...
and
Erich Rudorffer
Erich Rudorffer (1 November 1917 – 8 April 2016) was a German ''Luftwaffe'' fighter ace who was one of a handful who served with the ''Luftwaffe'' through the whole of World War II. He was the 7th most successful fighter pilot in the history ...
. The Fw 190 had greater firepower than the Bf 109 and, at low to medium altitude, superior manoeuvrability, in the
opinion of German pilots who flew both fighters. It was regarded as one of the best fighter planes of World War II.
Early development
Genesis
Between 1934 and 1935 the
German Ministry of Aviation (RLM) ran a contest to produce a modern fighter for the rearming
Luftwaffe
The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German ''Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabtei ...
.
Kurt Tank
Kurt Waldemar Tank (24 February 1898 – 5 June 1983) was a German aeronautical engineer and test pilot who led the design department at Focke-Wulf from 1931 to 1945. He was responsible for the creation of several important Luftwaffe aircraft o ...
entered the parasol-winged
Fw 159 into the contest, against the
Arado Ar 80
The Arado Ar 80 was a pre-World War II fighter aircraft, designed by Arado Flugzeugwerke to compete for the ''Luftwaffe''s first major fighter contract. The Ar 80 was uninspiring in terms of performance and also suffered a number of failures. T ...
,
Heinkel He 112
The Heinkel He 112 is a German fighter aircraft designed by Walter and Siegfried Günter. It was one of four aircraft designed to compete for the 1933 fighter contract of the ''Luftwaffe'', in which it came second behind the Messerschmitt Bf 1 ...
and
Messerschmitt Bf 109. The Fw 159 was hopelessly outclassed and was soon eliminated from the competition along with the Ar 80. The He 112 and Bf 109 were generally similar in design but the 109's lightweight construction gave it a performance edge the 112 was never able to match. On March 12, 1936, the 109 was declared the winner.
Even before the Bf 109 had entered squadron service, in autumn 1937 the RLM sent out a new tender asking various designers for a new fighter to fight alongside the Bf 109, as
Walter Günther had done with his firm's follow-on to the unsuccessful
He 100 and
He 112
The Heinkel He 112 is a German fighter aircraft designed by Walter and Siegfried Günter. It was one of four aircraft designed to compete for the 1933 fighter contract of the ''Luftwaffe'', in which it came second behind the Messerschmitt Bf ...
. Although the Bf 109 was an extremely competitive fighter, the Ministry was worried that future foreign designs might outclass it, and wanted to have new aircraft under development to meet these possible challenges. Tank responded with a number of designs, most powered by a liquid-cooled inline engine.
However, it was not until a design was presented using the air-cooled, 14-cylinder
BMW 139
radial engine
The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is ...
that the Ministry of Aviation's interest was aroused. As this design used a radial engine, it would not compete with the inline-powered Bf 109 for engines, when there were already too few
Daimler-Benz DB 601
The Daimler-Benz DB 601 was a German aircraft engine built during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled inverted V12, and powered the Messerschmitt Bf 109, Messerschmitt Bf 110, and many others. Approximately 19,000 601's were produced befo ...
s to go around. This was not the case for competing designs like the
Heinkel He 100
The Heinkel He 100 was a German pre-World War II fighter aircraft design from Heinkel. Although it proved to be one of the fastest fighter aircraft in the world at the time of its development, the design was not ordered into series production. ...
or twin-engined
Focke-Wulf Fw 187
The Focke-Wulf Fw 187 ''Falke'' ("Falcon") was a German aircraft developed in the late 1930s. It was conceived by Kurt Tank as a twin-engine, high-performance fighter, but the ''Luftwaffe'' saw no role for the design, perceiving it as intermediat ...
, where production would compete with the 109 and
Messerschmitt Bf 110
The Messerschmitt Bf 110, often known unofficially as the Me 110,Because it was built before ''Bayerische Flugzeugwerke'' became Messerschmitt AG in July 1938, the Bf 110 was never officially given the designation Me 110. is a twin-engine (Des ...
for engine supplies. After the war, Tank denied a rumour that he had to "fight a battle" with the Ministry to convince them of the radial engine's merits.
Design concepts
At the time, the use of radial engines in land-based fighters was relatively rare in Europe, as it was believed that their large frontal area would cause too much drag on something as small as a fighter. Tank was not convinced of this, having witnessed the successful use of radial engines by the
U.S. Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage o ...
, and felt a properly streamlined installation would eliminate this problem.
The hottest points on any air-cooled engine are the cylinder heads, located around the circumference of a radial engine. In order to provide sufficient air to cool the engine, airflow had to be maximized at this outer edge. This was normally accomplished by leaving the majority of the front face of the engine open to the air, causing considerable
drag. During the late 1920s,
NACA
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets ...
led the development of a dramatic improvement by placing an
airfoil-shaped ring around the outside of the cylinder heads (the
NACA cowling
The NACA cowling is a type of aerodynamic fairing used to streamline radial engines installed on airplanes. It was developed by Fred Weick of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1927. It was a major advance in aerodynamic ...
). The shaping accelerated the air as it entered the front of the cowl, increasing the total airflow, and allowing the opening in front of the engine to be made smaller.
Tank introduced a further refinement to this basic concept. He suggested placing most of the airflow components on the propeller, in the form of an oversized
propeller spinner whose outside diameter was the same as the engine. The cowl around the engine proper was greatly simplified, essentially a basic cylinder. Air entered through a small hole at the centre of the spinner and was directed through ductwork in the spinner so it was blowing rearward along the cylinder heads. To provide enough airflow, an internal cone was placed in the centre of the hole, over the propeller hub, which was intended to compress the airflow and allow a smaller opening to be used. In theory, the tight-fitting cowling also provided some
thrust due to the compression and heating of air as it flowed through the cowling.
As to the rest of the design philosophy, Tank wanted something more than an aircraft built only for speed. He outlined the reasoning:
![Focke-Wulf Fw-190-F8 White1 parts tail KAM 11Aug2010 (14980839611)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Focke-Wulf_Fw-190-F8_White1_parts_tail_KAM_11Aug2010_%2814980839611%29.jpg)
In contrast to the complex, failure-prone fuselage-mounted main gear legs of the earlier Fw 159, one of the main features of the Fw 190 was its wide-tracked, inwards-retracting landing gear. They were designed to withstand a sink rate of , double the strength factor usually required. Hydraulic wheel brakes were used. The wide-track undercarriage produced better ground handling characteristics, and the Fw 190 suffered fewer ground accidents than the Bf 109. (The Bf 109's narrow-track, outwards-retracting landing gear hinged on its wing root structure to help lower weight, but this led to inherent weakness and many failures and ground loops.) The Fw 190's retractable tail gear used a cable, anchored to the "elbow" at the midpoint of the starboard maingear's transverse retraction arms, which ran aftwards within the fuselage to the vertical fin to operate the tailwheel retraction function. The tailwheel's retraction mechanical design possessed a set of pulleys to guide the aforementioned cable to the top of the tailwheel's
oleo strut
An oleo strut is a pneumatic air–oil hydraulic shock absorber used on the landing gear of most large aircraft and many smaller ones. This design cushions the impacts of landing and damps out vertical oscillations.
It is undesirable for an airp ...
, pulling it upwards along a diagonal track within the fin, into the lower fuselage; this mechanism was accessible through a prominently visible triangular-shaped hinged panel, on the left side in the fin's side sheetmetal covering. On some versions of the Fw 190 an extended tailwheel oleo strut could be fitted for larger-sized loads (such as bombs or even a torpedo) beneath the fuselage.
Most aircraft of the era used cables and pulleys to operate their controls. The cables tended to stretch, resulting in the sensations of "give" and "play" that made the controls less crisp and responsive, and required constant maintenance to correct. For the new design, the team replaced the cables with rigid pushrods and bearings to eliminate this problem. Another innovation was making the controls as light as possible. The maximum resistance of the ailerons was limited to , as the average man's wrist could not exert a greater force. The
empennage
The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third e ...
(tail assembly) featured relatively small and well-balanced horizontal and vertical surfaces.
The design team also attempted to minimize changes in the aircraft's trim at varying speeds, thus reducing the pilot's workload. They were so successful in this regard that they found in-flight-adjustable aileron and rudder trim tabs were not necessary. Small, fixed tabs were fitted to control surfaces and adjusted for proper balance during initial test flights. Only the elevator trim needed to be adjusted in flight (a feature common to all aircraft). This was accomplished by tilting the entire horizontal
tailplane
A tailplane, also known as a horizontal stabiliser, is a small lifting surface located on the tail (empennage) behind the main lifting surfaces of a fixed-wing aircraft as well as other non-fixed-wing aircraft such as helicopters and gyropla ...
with an electric motor, with an angle of incidence ranging from −3° to +5°.
Another aspect of the new design was the extensive use of electrically powered equipment instead of the hydraulic systems used by most aircraft manufacturers of the time. On the first two prototypes, the main landing gear was hydraulic. Starting with the third prototype, the undercarriage was operated by push buttons controlling electric motors in the wings, and was kept in position by electric up and down-locks. The armament was also loaded and fired electrically. Tank believed that service use would prove that electrically powered systems were more reliable and more rugged than hydraulics, electric lines being much less prone to damage from enemy fire.
Like the Bf 109, the Fw 190 featured a fairly small wing planform with relatively high
wing loading
In aerodynamics, wing loading is the total mass of an aircraft or flying animal divided by the area of its wing. The stalling speed of an aircraft in straight, level flight is partly determined by its wing loading. An aircraft or animal with a ...
. This presents a trade-off in performance. An aircraft with a smaller wing suffers less
drag under most flight conditions and therefore flies faster and may have better range. However, it also means the aircraft has a higher
stalling speed making it less maneuverable, and also reduces performance in the thinner air at higher altitudes. The wings spanned and had an area of . The wing was designed using the NACA 23015.3 airfoil at the root and the NACA 23009 airfoil at the tip.
Earlier aircraft designs generally featured canopies consisting of small plates of
perspex
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) belongs to a group of materials called engineering plastics. It is a transparent thermoplastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite ...
(also known as Plexiglas) in a metal "greenhouse" framework, with the top of the canopy even with the rear fuselage; this was true of the
IJNAS
The was the air arm of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). The organization was responsible for the operation of naval aircraft and the conduct of aerial warfare in the Pacific War.
The Japanese military acquired their first aircraft in 1910 a ...
Mitsubishi A6M Zero
The Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" is a long-range carrier-based fighter aircraft formerly manufactured by Mitsubishi Aircraft Company, a part of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and was operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy from 1940 to 1945. The A6M w ...
, whose otherwise "all-around view" canopy was still heavily framed. This design considerably limited visibility, especially to the rear. The introduction of
vacuum forming
Vacuum forming is a simplified version of thermoforming, where a sheet of plastic (in various forms HIPS (High impact polystyrene) for low impact products, or for Bathroom shower trays ABS, and exterior vehicle parts HDPE, plus various other ty ...
led to the creation of the "
bubble canopy
A bubble canopy is an aircraft canopy constructed without bracing, for the purpose of providing a wider unobstructed field of view to the pilot, often providing 360° all-round visibility.
The designs of bubble canopies can drastically vary; s ...
" which was largely self-supporting, and could be mounted over the cockpit, offering greatly improved all-round visibility. Tank's design for the Fw 190 used a canopy with a frame that ran around the perimeter, with only a short, centerline seam along the top, running rearward from the radio antenna fitting where the three-panel windscreen and the forward edge of the canopy met, just in front of the pilot.
The eventual choice of the
BMW 801
The BMW 801 was a powerful German air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS ...
14-cylinder radial over the more troublesome BMW 139 also brought with it a BMW-designed cowling "system" which integrated the radiator used to cool the motor oil. An annular, ring-shaped oil cooler core was built into the BMW-provided forward cowl, just behind the fan. The outer portion of the oil cooler's core was in contact with the main cowling's sheet metal. Comprising the BMW-designed forward cowl, in front of the oil cooler was a ring of metal with a C-shaped cross-section, with the outer lip lying just outside the rim of the cowl, and the inner side on the inside of the oil cooler core. Together, the metal ring and cowling formed an S-shaped duct with the oil cooler's core contained between them. Airflow past the gap between the cowl and outer lip of the metal ring produced a vacuum effect that pulled air from the front of the engine forward across the oil cooler core to provide cooling for the 801's motor oil. The rate of cooling airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring to open or close the gap. The reasons for this complex system were threefold. One was to reduce any extra aerodynamic drag of the oil radiator, in this case largely eliminating it by placing it within the same cowling as the engine. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the radiator to aid in warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the radiator behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The disadvantage to this design was that the radiator was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed.
''Wilde Sau''
From mid-1943, Fw 190s were also used as
night fighter
A night fighter (also known as all-weather fighter or all-weather interceptor for a period of time after the Second World War) is a fighter aircraft adapted for use at night or in other times of bad visibility. Night fighters began to be used i ...
s against the growing
RAF Bomber Command offensive. In mid-1943, one of the earliest participants in the single-engine, ground controlled, night-fighting experiments was the ''Nachtjagdkommando Fw 190'' (Night Fighter Command Fw 190), operated by IV. ''Gruppe'' (4 Group), ''
Jagdgeschwader 3
''Jagdgeschwader'' 3 (JG 3) "Udet" was a ''Luftwaffe'' fighter wing of World War II. The ''Geschwader'' operated on all the German fronts in the European Theatre of World War II. It was named after Ernst Udet, an important figure in the devel ...
'', (Fighter Wing 3, or JG 3). The main ''Nachtgeschwader'' (Night Fighter Wings) were keen to adopt a new fighter type as their twin-engine fighters were too slow for combat against increasing numbers of
de Havilland Mosquito night fighters and bombers.
Nachtjagdgeschwader 1
1 (NJG 1) was a German night fighter-wing of World War II. NJG 1 was formed on 22 June 1940 and comprised four (groups). NJG 1 was created as an air defence unit for the Defence of the Reich campaign; an aerial war waged by the ...
(NJG 1) and
NJG 3
''Nachtjagdgeschwader'' 3 (NJG 3) was a Luftwaffe night fighter-wing of World War II. NJG 3 was formed on 29 September 1941 in Stade from Stab./Zerstörergeschwader 26.
Commanding officers
''Geschwaderkommodore''
*Major Johann Schalk, 29 March ...
kept a pair of Fw 190s on standby to supplement the
Messerschmitt Bf 110
The Messerschmitt Bf 110, often known unofficially as the Me 110,Because it was built before ''Bayerische Flugzeugwerke'' became Messerschmitt AG in July 1938, the Bf 110 was never officially given the designation Me 110. is a twin-engine (Des ...
and
Junkers Ju 88
The Junkers Ju 88 is a German World War II ''Luftwaffe'' twin-engined multirole combat aircraft. Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works (JFM) designed the plane in the mid-1930s as a so-called '' Schnellbomber'' ("fast bomber") that would be too fast ...
. The considerable performance advantage of the Fw 190 over the other two types was more than offset by the difficulties of operating at night. Few, if any, aerial successes can be attributed to these operational tests.
One of the first purpose built units to use Fw 190s in this role was ''Stab/Versuchskommando Herrmann'', a unit specifically set up in April 1943 by Major
Hajo Herrmann
Hans-Joachim "Hajo" Herrmann (1 August 1913 – 5 November 2010) was a World War II Luftwaffe pilot and officer and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.
After the war Hermann became a Nazi activist and l ...
. Herrmann's unit used standard A-4s and A-5s borrowed from day fighter units to intercept bombers over or near the targeted city, using searchlights and other visual aids to help them find their quarry. The first use of
"Window" by the RAF during the
Battle of Hamburg in July 1943, rendered the standard nightfighter
''Himmelbett'' procedures useless and brought urgency to the development of Herrmann's ''
Wilde Sau (Wild Boar)'' technique, pending the development of new nightfighting strategies. Instead of restricting the Fw 190s to ground control interception protocols, the Fw 190s were given a free hand to over-fly bombed areas to see if they could locate bombers using the ground fires below. These tactics became an integral part of the nightfighter operations until May 1944.
St/V Herrmann was expanded to become
''Jagdgeschwader'' 300 (JG 300, or Fighter Wing 300),
JG 301
''Jagdgeschwader'' 301 (JG 301) was a Luftwaffe fighter-wing of World War II. The order to form JG 301 was issued on 26 September 1943 and formed on 1 October 1943 in Neubiberg with ''Stab'' and three ''Gruppen'' (groups) as a "Wilde Sau" (wild ...
and JG 302. All three units initially continued borrowing their aircraft from day fighter units. The day fighter units began to protest at the numbers of their aircraft which were being written off because of the hazards of night operations; the numbers soared with the onset of winter, with pilots often being forced to bail-out through being unable to find an airfield at which to land safely. Crash landings were also frequent. Eventually all three ''Wilde Sau'' units received their own aircraft, which were often modified with exhaust dampers and blind-flying radio equipment. Another unit was ''
Nachtjagdgruppe 10'' (''NJGr 10''), which used Fw 190 A-4/R11s through to A-8/R11s; Fw 190s modified to carry FuG (
''Funkgerät'')
217 or FuG 218 radar mid-VHF band equipment.
The ''Sturmböcke''
![Fw 190 A8 Moritz](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Fw_190_A8_Moritz.jpg)
The appearance of
United States Army Air Forces
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
heavy bombers caused a problem for the German fighter force. The
B-17 Flying Fortress in particular was especially durable, and the armament of the Bf 109 and Fw 190 were not adequate for bomber-destroyer operations. The B-17's eventual deployment in
combat box
The combat box was a tactical formation used by heavy (strategic) bombers of the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. The combat box was also referred to as a "staggered formation". Its defensive purpose was in massing the firepower of the b ...
formations provided formidable massed firepower from a hundred or more
Browning AN/M2 .50 caliber machine guns. In addition, the ''Luftwaffe''s original solution of ''Zerstörer'' twin-engine
Messerschmitt Bf 110
The Messerschmitt Bf 110, often known unofficially as the Me 110,Because it was built before ''Bayerische Flugzeugwerke'' became Messerschmitt AG in July 1938, the Bf 110 was never officially given the designation Me 110. is a twin-engine (Des ...
G
bomber destroyer
Bomber destroyers were World War II interceptor aircraft intended to destroy enemy bomber aircraft. Bomber destroyers were typically larger and heavier than general interceptors, designed to mount more powerful armament, and often having twin en ...
s, while effective against unescorted Allied bomber formations, lacked maneuverability and were eviscerated by the USAAF's fighter escorts in late 1943 and early 1944.
Two of the former ''Wilde Sau'' single-engined night fighter wings were reconstituted for their use, such as
''Jagdgeschwader'' 300 (JG 300—300th Fighter Wing) and
JG 301
''Jagdgeschwader'' 301 (JG 301) was a Luftwaffe fighter-wing of World War II. The order to form JG 301 was issued on 26 September 1943 and formed on 1 October 1943 in Neubiberg with ''Stab'' and three ''Gruppen'' (groups) as a "Wilde Sau" (wild ...
. These units consisted of Sturmböcke. However,
JG 3
''Jagdgeschwader'' 3 (JG 3) "Udet" was a '' Luftwaffe'' fighter wing of World War II. The ''Geschwader'' operated on all the German fronts in the European Theatre of World War II. It was named after Ernst Udet, an important figure in the dev ...
also had a special ''gruppe'' (group) of Sturmböcke.
The Fw 190, designed as a rugged interceptor capable of withstanding considerable combat damage and delivering a potent 'punch' from its stable gun platform, was considered ideal for
anti-bomber operations. Focke-Wulf redesigned parts of the wing structure to accommodate larger armament. The Fw 190 A-6 was the first sub-variant to undergo this change. Its standard armament was increased from four
MG 151
The MG 151 (MG 151/15) was a German 15 mm aircraft-mounted autocannon produced by Waffenfabrik Mauser during World War II. Its 20mm variant, the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, was widely used on German Luftwaffe fighters, night fighters, ...
/20s to two of them with four more in two underwing cannon pods. The aircraft was designated A-6/R1 (
Rüstsatz
''Rüstsätze'' were field modification kits produced for the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War. They were packaged in kit form, usually direct from the aircraft manufacturer, and allowed for field modifications of various German aircra ...
; or field conversion model). The first aircraft were delivered on 20 November 1943. Brief trials saw the twin cannon replaced by the
MK 108
The MK 108 (German: ''Maschinenkanone''—"machine cannon") was a 30 mm caliber autocannon manufactured in Germany during World War II by Rheinmetall‑Borsig for use in aircraft.
The cannon saw widespread use as an anti-bomber weapon during t ...
30mm autocannon in the outer wing, which then became the A-6/R2. The cannons were blowback-operated, had electric ignition, and were belt fed. The 30mm MK 108 was simple to make and its construction was economical; the majority of its components consisted of just pressed sheet metal stampings. In the A-6/R4, the
GM-1
{{unreferenced, date=September 2008
GM-1 (''Göring Mischung'' 1) was a system for injecting nitrous oxide (laughing gas) into aircraft engines that was used by the ''Luftwaffe'' in World War II. This increased the amount of oxygen in the fuel mi ...
(nitrous oxide) Boost was added for the BMW 801 engine to increase performance at high altitude. For protection, of armoured glass was added to the canopy. The A-6/R6 was fitted with twin heavy calibre ''
Werfer-Granate 21
The ''Werfer-Granate 21'' rocket launcher, also known as the BR 21 (the "BR" standing for ''Bordrakete'') in official Luftwaffe manuals, was a weapon used by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and was the first on-board rocket placed into ...
'' (BR 21) unguided, air-to-air rockets, fired from single underwing tubular launchers (one per wing panel). The increased modifications, in particular heavy firepower, made the Fw 190 a potent bomber-killer. The A-7 evolved in November 1943. Two synchronized 13mm (.51 caliber)
MG 131
The MG 131 (shortened from German: ''Maschinengewehr'' 131, or "Machine gun 131") was a German 13 mm caliber machine gun developed in 1938 by Rheinmetall-Borsig and produced from 1940 to 1945. The MG 131 was designed for use at fixed, flexible ...
machine guns replaced the twin cowl-mount synchronized 7.92mm (.318 cal) MG 17 machine guns. The A-7/R variants could carry two 30mm MK 108s as well as BR 21 rockets. This increased its potency as a ''Pulk-Zerstörer'' (Bomber Formation Destroyer). The A-8/R2 was the most numerous Sturmbock aircraft, some 900 were built by Fiesler at
Kassel with 30mm MK 108s installed in their outer wing panel mounts.
While formidable bomber-killers, the armour and substantial up-gunning with heavier calibre firepower meant the Fw 190 was now cumbersome to maneuver. Vulnerable to Allied fighters, they had to be escorted by Bf 109s. When the ''Sturmgruppe'' was able to work as intended, the effects were devastating. With their engines and cockpits heavily armored, the Fw 190 As attacked from astern and gun camera films show that these attacks were often pressed to within 100 yds (90 m).
Willy Unger of 11.(''Sturm'')/JG 3 (11 ''Staffel'' (Squadron) of ''Sturmgruppe'' (Storm group) JG 3) made the following comments:
Richard Franz commented:
The number of heavy bombers destroyed by the Fw 190 is impossible to estimate. However, below is a list of the top scoring ''Sturmbock'' pilots:
Variants
First prototypes (BMW 139)
;Fw 190 V1:(civil registration D-OPZE), powered by a
BMW 139 14-cylinder two-row radial engine. D-OPZE first flew on 1 June 1939.
;Fw 190 V2: Designated with the alphabetic ID code of ''FL+OZ'' (later RM+CB) the V2 first flew on October 31, 1939, and was equipped from the outset with the new spinner and cooling fan. It was armed with one
MG 17 machine gun and one synchronized
MG 131 machine gun
The MG 131 (shortened from German: ''Maschinengewehr'' 131, or "Machine gun 131") was a German 13 mm caliber machine gun developed in 1938 by Rheinmetall-Borsig and produced from 1940 to 1945. The MG 131 was designed for use at fixed, flexible ...
in each wing root.
;Fw 190 V3:Abandoned
;Fw 190 V4:Abandoned
Later prototypes (BMW 801)
;Fw 190 V5:Fitted with the larger, more powerful 14-cylinder two-row
BMW 801
The BMW 801 was a powerful German air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS ...
radial engine. This engine introduced a pioneering example of an
engine management system called the (command-device) designed by BMW, who also designed the 801's forward cowling with its integral oil cooling system: the functioned in effect as an electro-mechanical computer which set mixture, propeller pitch (for the
constant-speed propeller
In aeronautics, a variable-pitch propeller is a type of propeller (airscrew) with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. A controllable-pitch propeller is one where the pitch is controlled manually by the p ...
), boost, and
magneto
A magneto is an electrical generator that uses permanent magnets to produce periodic pulses of alternating current. Unlike a dynamo, a magneto does not contain a commutator to produce direct current. It is categorized as a form of alternator, ...
timing.
;Fw 190 V5k: ( – small surface) The smaller span initial variant re-designated after the longer span wing was fitted. The V5 first flew in the early spring of 1940. The weight increase with all of the modifications was substantial, about , leading to higher
wing loading
In aerodynamics, wing loading is the total mass of an aircraft or flying animal divided by the area of its wing. The stalling speed of an aircraft in straight, level flight is partly determined by its wing loading. An aircraft or animal with a ...
and a deterioration in handling. Plans were made to create a new wing with more area to address these issues.
;Fw 190 V5g: ( – large surface) In August 1940 a collision with a ground vehicle damaged the V5 and it was sent back to the factory for major repairs. This was an opportune time to rebuild it with a new wing which was less tapered in plan than the original design, extending the leading and trailing edges outward to increase the area. The new wing had an area of , and now spanned . After conversion, the aircraft was called the ''V5g'' for (large surface). Although it was slower than when fitted with the small wing, ''V5g'' was much more manoeuvrable and had a faster climb rate. This new wing platform was to be used for all major production versions of the Fw 190.
Fw 190 A
![FW190 A0 Seite](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-0_profile_line_drawing.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-0: The pre-production Fw 190 A-0 series was ordered in November 1940, a total of 28 being completed. Because they were built before the new wing design was fully tested and approved, the first nine A-0s retained the original small wings. All were armed with six
MG 17 machine guns – four
synchronised weapons, two in the forward fuselage and one in each wing root, supplemented by a free-firing MG 17 in each wing, outboard of the propeller disc.<
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-619-2664-07, Focke-Wulf Fw 190](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-619-2664-07%2C_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-1: The Fw 190 A-1 was in production from June 1941. It was powered by the BMW 801 C-1 engine, rated at for take-off. Armament included two fuselage-mounted MG 17s and two wing root-mounted MG 17s (with all four MG 17s synchronized to fire through the propeller arc) and two outboard wing-mounted 20 mm
MG FF/Ms.
![Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-3 profile line drawing](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A-3_profile_line_drawing.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-2:The introduction of the BMW 801 C-2 resulted in the Fw 190 A-2 model, first introduced in October 1941. The A-2 wing weaponry was updated, with the two wing root-mounted MG 17s being replaced by 20 mm
MG 151/20E cannon.
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-361-2193-25, Flugzeug Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-361-2193-25%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_A.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-3: The Fw 190 A-3 was equipped with the BMW 801 D-2 engine, which increased power to at takeoff. The A-3 retained the same weaponry as the A-2.
:;Fw 190 A-3/ 1 (/U1): (W.Nr 130 270) was the first 190 to have the engine mount extended by , which would be standardized on the later production A-5 model.
:;Fw 190 A-3/U2: The A-3/U2 (W.Nr 130386) had RZ 65 rocket launcher racks under the wings with three rockets per wing. There were also a small number of U7 aircraft tested as high-altitude fighters armed with only two 20 mm MG 151 cannon, but with reduced overall weight.
:;Fw 190 A-3/U3: The A-3/U3 was the first of the (
), using an ETC-501 centre-line bomb rack able to carry up to of bombs or, with horizontal stabilising bars, one standard Luftwaffe drop tank. The U3 retained the fuselage-mounted MG 17s and the wing-mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannon, with the outer MG FF being removed.
:;Fw 190 A-3/U4: The A-3/U4 was a
reconnaissance
In military operations, reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, terrain, and other activities.
Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops (skirmisher ...
version with two RB 12.5 cameras in the rear fuselage and a EK 16 gun camera or a
Robot II
The Robot II was a mechanical 135 film camera by Robot introduced in 1938.
It was a slightly larger camera than the Robot I, with some significant improvements but still using the basic mechanism. Among the standard objectives were 3 cm Z ...
miniature camera in the leading edge of the port wing root. Armament was similar to the U3, however, and the ETC 501 was usually fitted with the standardized Luftwaffe drop tank.
;Fw 190 A-3a: (a= – foreign) In autumn 1942, 72 new aircraft were delivered to Turkey in an effort to keep that country friendly to the
Axis powers
The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were ...
. These were designated Fw 190 A-3a, designation for export models and delivered between October 1942 and March 1943.
![Focke-Wulf Fw 190 050602-F-1234P-005](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-4: Introduced in July 1942, the A-4 was equipped with the same engine and basic armament as the A-3.
:;Fw 190 A-4/ 6 (/R6): Some A-4s were fitted with a pair of under-wing
21 (BR 21) rocket mortars, and were designated Fw 190 A-4/R6.
:;Fw 190 A-4/U1: The A-4/U1 was outfitted with an ETC 501 rack under the fuselage. All armament except the MG 151 cannon was removed.
:;Fw 190 A-4/U3: The A-4/U3 was very similar to the U1, and later served as the prototype for the Fw 190 F-1 assault fighter.
:;Fw 190 A-4/U4: The A-4/U4 was a reconnaissance fighter, with two Rb 12.4 cameras in the rear fuselage and an EK 16 or Robot II gun camera. The U4 was equipped with fuselage-mounted MG 17s and 20 mm MG 151 cannon.
:;Fw 190 A-4/U7: The A-4/U7 was a high-altitude fighter, easily identified by the compressor air intakes on either side of the cowling.
Adolf Galland flew a U7 in the spring of 1943.
:;Fw 190 A-4/U8: The A-4/U8 was the (, long-range fighter-bomber), adding twin standard Luftwaffe drop tanks, one under each wing, on VTr-Ju 87 racks with duralumin fairings produced by Weserflug, and a centreline bomb rack. The outer wing-mounted 20 mm MG FF/M cannon and the cowling-mounted MG 17 were removed to save weight. The A-4/U8 was the precursor of the Fw 190 G-1.
:;Fw 190 A-4/R1: The A-4/R1, was fitted with a FuG 16ZY radio set with a Morane "whip" aerial fitted under the port wing. These aircraft, called or Fighter Formation Leaders, could be tracked and directed from the ground via special R/T equipment called
Y- (Y-Control). More frequent use of this equipment was made from the A-5 onwards.
![Focke-Wulf Fw 190 (15083338499)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_%2815083338499%29.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-5: The A-5 was developed after it was determined that the Fw 190 could easily carry more ordnance. The D-2 engine was moved forward another as had been tried out earlier on the service test A-3/U1 aircraft, moving the
centre of gravity
In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the balance point) is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero. This is the point to which a force ma ...
forward to allow more weight to be carried aft.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U2: The A-5/U2 was designed as a night and featured anti-reflective fittings and exhaust flame dampers. A centre-line ETC 501 rack typically held a bomb, and wing-mounted racks mounted drop tanks. A EK16 gun camera, as well as landing lights, were fitted to the wing leading edge. The U2 was armed with only two 20 mm MG 151 cannon.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U3: The A-5/U3 was a ''Jabo'' fighter fitted with ETC 501s for drop tanks and bombs; it too featured only two MG 151s for armament.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U4: The A-5/U4 was a "recon" fighter with two RB 12.5 cameras and all armament of the basic A-5 with the exception of the MG FF cannon.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U8: The A-5/U8 was another outfitted with SC-250 centreline-mounted bombs, under-wing 300-litre drop tanks and only two MG 151s; it later became the Fw 190 G-2.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U9: Test installation of the A-7 modifications.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U12: A special U12 was created for bomber attack, outfitted with the standard MG 17 and 20 mm MG 151 but replacing the outer wing 20 mm MG-FF cannon with two underwing gun pods containing two 20 mm MG 151/20 each, for a total of two machine guns and six cannon.
:;Fw 190 A-5/U14: Was able to carry a torpedo (Stkz TD+SI White 871).
:;Fw 190 A-5/R11: The A-5/R11 was a night fighter conversion fitted with
FuG 217 (Neptune) radar equipment with arrays of
three dipole antenna elements vertically mounted fore and aft of the cockpit and above and below the wings. Flame-dampening boxes were fitted over the exhaust exits. A total of 1,752 A-5s were built from November 1942 to June 1943.
;Fw 190 A-6: The A-6 was developed to address shortcomings found in previous "A" models when attacking U.S. heavy bombers. A structurally redesigned and lighter wing was introduced and the normal armament was increased to two MG 17 fuselage machine guns and four 20 mm MG 151/20E wing root and outer wing cannon with larger ammunition boxes.
;Fw 190 A-7: The A-7 entered production in November 1943, equipped with the BMW 801 D-2 engine, again producing and two fuselage-mounted MG 131s, replacing the MG 17s.
![Fw 190 A-8](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Fw_190_A-8.jpg)
;Fw 190 A-8: The A-8 entered production in February 1944, powered either by the standard BMW 801 D-2 or the 801Q (also known as 801TU). The 801Q/TU, with the "T" signifying a
unitized powerplant installation, was a standard 801D with improved, thicker armour on the BMW-designed front annular cowling, which
still incorporated the BMW-designed oil cooler, upgraded from on earlier models to . Changes introduced in the Fw 190 A-8 also included the C3-injection emergency boost system to the fighter variant of the Fw 190 A (a similar system with less power had been fitted to some earlier variants of the 190 A), raising power to for 10 minutes. The 10 minute emergency power may be used up to three times per mission with a 10 minute cooldown in "combat power" between each 10 minute use of emergency power.
![Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-674-7772-13A, Flugzeug Focke-Wulf Fw 190, Bewaffnung](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-674-7772-13A%2C_Flugzeug_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190%2C_Bewaffnung.jpg)
:;Fw 190 A-8/R2: The A-8/R2 replaced the outer wing 20 mm cannon with a
MK 108 cannon
The MK 108 (German: ''Maschinenkanone''—"machine cannon") was a 30 mm caliber autocannon manufactured in Germany during World War II by Rheinmetall‑Borsig for use in aircraft.
The cannon saw widespread use as an anti-bomber weapon during the ...
.
:;Fw 190 A-8/R4: The A-8/R4 featured GM1 nitrous boost to the standard BMW 801 D/Q engine. GM1 (nitrous oxide) injection increased power for short amounts of time, up to 10 minutes at a time. A 20 minute supply was usually carried.
:;Fw 190 A-8/R8: The A-8/R8 was similar to the A-8/R2, but fitted with heavy armour including canopy and windscreen armour and cockpit armour.
;Fw 190 A-9: First built in September 1944, the Fw 190 A-9 was fitted with the new
BMW 801S rated at ; the more powerful
801F-1 was still under development, and not yet available.
;Fw 190 A-10: Late in the war, the A-10 was fitted with larger wings for better maneuverability at higher altitudes, which could have allowed additional calibre, long-barreled
MK 103 cannon
The Rheinmetall-Borsig MK 103 ("MK" - '' Maschinenkanone'') was a German 30 mm caliber autocannon that was mounted in German combat aircraft during World War II. Intended to be a dual purpose weapon for anti-tank and air-to-air fighting, it was de ...
to be fitted.
A total of 13,291 Fw 190 A-model aircraft were produced.
A-6, A-7, and A-8 were modified for
Sturmböcke bomber-destroyer operations.
High-altitude developments
![Fw 190 C V18 Seite](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Fw_190_C_V18_Seite.JPG)
Tank started looking at ways to address the altitude performance problem early in the program. In 1941, he proposed a number of versions featuring new powerplants, and he suggested using
turbocharger
In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger (often called a turbo) is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to pro ...
s in place of superchargers. Three such installations were outlined
;Fw 190 V12: (an A-0) would be outfitted with many of the elements which eventually led to the B series.
;Fw 190 V13: (W.Nr. 0036) first C-series prototype
;Fw 190 V15: (W.Nr. 0036) second C-series prototype
;Fw 190 V16: (W.Nr. 0036) third C-series prototype
;Fw 190 V18: (W.Nr. 0036) fourth C-series prototype
;Fw 190 B-0: With a turbocharged BMW 801
;Fw 190 B-1: This aircraft was similar to the B-0, but had slightly different armament. In its initial layout, the B-1 was to be fitted with four MG 17s and two 20 mm MG-FFs. One was fitted with two MG 17s, two 20 mm MG 151s and two 20 mm MG-FFs. After the completion of W.Nr. 811, no further Fw 190 B models were ordered.
;Fw 190 C: With a turbocharged
Daimler-Benz DB 603
The Daimler-Benz DB 603 was a German aircraft engine used during World War II. It was a liquid-cooled 12-cylinder inverted V12 enlargement of the DB 601, which was in itself a development of the DB 600. Production of the DB 603 commenced in ...
, the tail of the aircraft had to be lengthened in order to maintain the desired
centre of gravity
In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the balance point) is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero. This is the point to which a force ma ...
. Four additional prototypes based on the V18/U1 followed:
V29, V30, V32 and V33.
;Fw 190 D: The Fw 190 D (nicknamed ''Dora''; or Long-Nose Dora () was intended as the high-altitude performance version of the A-series.
;Fw 190 D-0: The first D-0 prototype was completed in October 1942 with a supercharged
Junkers Jumo 213
The Junkers Jumo 213 was a World War II-era V-12 liquid-cooled aircraft engine, a development of Junkers Motoren's earlier design, the Jumo 211. The design added two features, a pressurized cooling system that required considerably less coolin ...
including a
pressurized cockpit and other features making them more suitable for high-altitude work.
![FW190-D9](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/FW190-D9.jpg)
;Fw 190 D-1: Initial production
;Fw 190 D-2: Initial production
;Fw 190 D-9: The D-9 series was rarely used against heavy-bomber raids, as the circumstances of the war in late 1944 meant that fighter-versus-fighter combat and ground attack missions took priority. This model was the basis for the follow-on
Focke-Wulf Ta 152
The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 is a World War II German high-altitude fighter- interceptor designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf.
The Ta 152 was a development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft. It was intended to be made in at least three ver ...
aircraft.
;Fw 190 D-11: Fitted with the up-rated Jumo 213F series engine similar to the Jumo 213E used in the
Ta-152
The Focke-Wulf Ta 152 is a World War II German high-altitude fighter- interceptor designed by Kurt Tank and produced by Focke-Wulf.
The Ta 152 was a development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 aircraft. It was intended to be made in at least three ...
H series but minus the intercooler. Two MK 108 cannons were installed in the outer wings to complement the 20 mm MG 151s in the inboard positions.
![Fw 190D-12](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Fw_190D-12.jpg)
;Fw 190 D-12: Similar to the D-11, but featured the MK 108 cannon in a ''Motorkanone'' installation firing through the propeller hub.
;Fw 190 D-13: The D-13 would be fitted with a 20 mm MG 151/20 motor cannon.
Ground attack versions (BMW 801)
;Fw 190 F: The Fw 190F configuration was originally tested in a Fw 190 A-0/U4, starting in May 1942, fitted with centre-line and wing-mounted bomb racks.
;Fw 190 F-1: Renamed A-4/U3s of which 18 were built
;Fw 190 F-2: Renamed A-5/U3s, of which 270 were built according to Focke-Wulf production logs and Ministry of Aviation acceptance reports.
;Fw 190 F-3: Developed under the designation Fw 190 A-5/U17, which was outfitted with a centreline mounted ETC 501 bomb rack. The Fw 190 F-3/R1 had two additional ETC 50 bomb racks under each wing. The F-3 could carry a 66-Imp gal (300 liter) drop tank. A total of 432 Fw 190 F-3s were built.
;Fw 190 F-4 to F-7: designations used for projects.
![FW 190 F](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/FW_190_F.jpg)
;Fw 190 F-8: Based on the A-8 Fighter, having a slightly modified injector on the compressor which allowed for increased performance at lower altitudes for several minutes. Armament of the Fw 190 F-8 was two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon in the wing roots and two MG 131 machine guns above the engine. It was outfitted with an ETC 501 Bomb rack as centerline mount and four ETC 50 bomb racks as underwing mounts.
:;Fw 190 F-8/U1 : long range , fitted with underwing V.Mtt-Schloß shackles to hold two of the Luftwaffe's standardized drop tanks. ETC 503 bomb racks were also fitted, allowing the Fw 190 F-8/U1 to carry one SC 250 bomb under each wing and one SC 250 bomb on the centreline.
:;Fw 190 F-8/U2 : prototype torpedo bomber, fitted with an ETC 503 bomb rack under each wing and a centre-line mounted ETC 504. The U2 was also equipped with the TSA 2 A weapons sighting system that improved the U2's ability to attack seaborne targets with a BT 700.
:;Fw 190 F-8/U3 : heavy torpedo bomber was outfitted with an ETC 502, which allowed it to carry one BT-1400 heavy torpedo (). Owing to the size of the torpedo, the U3's tail gear needed to be lengthened. The U3 also was fitted with the 2,000 PS BMW 801S engine, and the tail from the Ta 152.
:;Fw 190 F-8/U4 : created as a night bomber, was equipped with flame dampers on the exhaust and various electrical systems such as the FuG 101 radio altimeter, the PKS 12 automatic pilot, and the TSA 2 A sighting system. The U4 was fitted with only two MG 151/20 cannon as fixed armament.
:;Fw 190 F-8/R3 : project with two underwing mounted 30mm MK 103 cannon.
;Fw 190 F-9: based on the Fw 190 A-9, equipped with a new bulged canopy as fitted to late-build F-8s and A-8s, and four ETC 50 or ETC 70 bomb racks under the wings. According to Ministry of Aviation acceptance reports, 147 F-9s were built in January 1945, and perhaps several hundred more from February to May 1945. (Data for these months is missing and probably lost.)
![German Military Aircraft 1939-1945 CH16121](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/German_Military_Aircraft_1939-1945_CH16121.jpg)
;Fw 190 G: The Fw 190 G was built as a long-range attack aircraft (''Jagdbomber mit vergrösserter Reichweite'' – abbreviated ). Following the success of the Fw 190 F as a (close support, or "strike aircraft"), both the Luftwaffe and Focke-Wulf began investigating ways of extending the range of the Fw 190 F. Approximately 1,300 Fw 190 Gs of all variants were new built.
;Fw 190 G-1: The G-1 was renamed from A-4/U8 s. Initial testing found that if all but two wing root mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannons (with reduced ammunition load) were removed, the Fw 190 G-1 (as it was now called) could carry a or bomb on the centreline and up to a bomb under each wing.
;Fw 190 G-2: The G-2 was renamed from Fw 190 A-5/U8 aircraft, similar to the G-1; the underwing drop tank racks were replaced with the much simpler fittings, to allow for a number of underwing configurations.
;Fw 190 G-3: The G-3 was based on A-6 with all but the two wing root mounted MG 151 cannons removed. The new V.Fw. Trg bombracks, however, allowed the G-3 to simultaneously carry fuel tanks and bomb loads
:;Fw 190 G-3/R1 : The G-3/R1 replaced the V.Fw. Trg racks with a pair of WB 151/20 conformal cannon pods; each mounting a pair of Mauser
MG 151/20 autocannon, giving the G-3/R1 – with its existing pair of wing-root mounted, synchronized MG 151/20 autocannon, a total of six such ordnance pieces.
:;Fw 190 G-3/R5 : The G-3/R5 was similar to the R1, but the V.Fw. Trg racks were removed, and two ETC 50 racks per wing were added.
;Fw 190 G-8: The G-8 was based on the Fw 190 A-8, using the same "bubble" canopy as the F-8 and fitted with underwing ETC 503 racks that could carry either bombs or drop tanks.
:;Fw 190 G-8/R4 : The G-8/R4 kit was a planned refit for the GM 1 engine boost system, but never made it into production.
:;Fw 190 G-8/R5 : The G-8/R5 kit replaced the ETC 503 racks with two ETC 50 or 71 racks.
Trainer versions
![Fw 190 S5 Seite](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Fw_190_S5_Seite.JPG)
;Fw 190 A-5/U1: Several old Fw 190 A-5s were converted by replacing the MW 50 tank with a second cockpit. The canopy was modified, replaced with a new three-section unit that opened to the side. The rear portion of the fuselage was closed off with sheet metal.
;Fw 190 A-8/U1: A similar conversion to the A-5/U1.
;Fw 190 S-5: A-5/U1 trainers re-designated.
;Fw 190 S-8: A-8/U1 trainers re-designated. An estimated 58 Fw 190 S-5 and S-8 models were converted or built.
Combat history
The Fw 190 participated on every major combat front where the Luftwaffe operated after 1941, and did so with success in a variety of roles. The Fw 190 first tasted combat on the Western Front in August 1941, where it proved superior to the Mk V Spitfire. The Spitfire's main advantage over the Fw 190, and the Bf 109 as well, was its superior turn radius. Beyond that, the Fw 190 outperformed the Spitfire Mk. V in most areas, such as roll rate, speed, acceleration, and dive performance. The addition of the Fw 190 to the Jagdwaffe allowed the Germans to fight off RAF attacks and achieve local air superiority over German skies until the summer of 1942, when the improved Spitfire Mk. IX was introduced. In June 1942, Oberleutnant
Armin Faber of JG 2 landed his Fw 190 A-3 at a British airfield, allowing the RAF to test the Mk. IX against the 190 and learn tactics to counter it.
Production
A Focke-Wulf plant east of
Marienburg was bombed by the Eighth Air Force on 9 October 1944. In addition, one of the most important sub-contractors for the radial-engined Fw 190s was
AGO Flugzeugwerke, which from 1941 through to the end of the war produced enough Fw 190s to earn it major attention from the
USAAF
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
, with the AGO plant in
Oschersleben
Oschersleben () is a town in the Börde district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The population in 1905 was 13,271, in 2020 about 19,000.
History
On November 23, 994 Oschersleben was first mentioned in a document by the Emperor Otto III. In 1235 ...
being attacked at least five times during the war from 1943 onwards.
Surviving aircraft and modern replicas
Some 28 original Fw 190s are in museums or in the hands of private collectors around the world.
In 1997 a German company,
Flug Werk GmbH, began manufacturing new Fw 190 models as reproductions. By 2012, 20 had been produced, most flyable, a few as static display models, with airworthy examples usually powered by Chinese-manufactured
Shvetsov ASh-82
The Shvetsov ASh-82 (M-82) is a Soviet 14-cylinder, two-row, air-cooled radial aircraft engine developed from the Shvetsov M-62. The M-62 was the result of development of the M-25, which was a licensed version of the Wright R-1820 Cyclone.
De ...
twin-row, 14-cylinder radial powerplants, which have a displacement of 41.2 litres, close to the BMW 801's 41.8 litres, with the same engine cylinder arrangement and number of cylinders.
![Fw190A-5 of Flying Heritage Collection](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Fw190A-5_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg)
The nearly intact wreck of an Fw 190 A-5/U3 ( 151 227) that had crashed in a marsh in a forest near
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, Soviet Union, 1943 was located in 1989. After restoration in the US, the Fw 190 flew again (with the original BMW 801 powerplant) on 1 December 2010. Following the successful test flight, the aircraft was then trucked up to the
Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum
The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the display and preservation of rare military aircraft, tanks and other military equipment. The plan is for the museum to reopen in 2023.
On rotation in t ...
in Everett, Washington, where it was reassembled in April 2011 and returned to airworthy condition.
At least five surviving Fw 190A radial-engined aircraft are known to have been assigned to the Luftwaffe's
JG 5
Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5) was a German Luftwaffe fighter wing during World War II. It was created to operate in the far north of Europe, namely Norway, Scandinavia and northern parts of Finland, all nearest the Arctic Ocean, with ''Luftflotte'' 5 ...
wing in Herdla, Norway. More German fighter aircraft on display in museums in the 21st century
have originated from this unit than from any other Axis Powers' military aviation unit of World War II.
The
Turkish Air Force
The Turkish Air Force ( tr, ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Air Force can trace its origins back to June 1911 when it was founded by the Ottoman Empire, however, the air force as it is known to ...
retired all of its Fw 190A-3 fleet at the end of 1947 mostly because of a lack of spare parts. It is rumored that American-Turkish bilateral agreements required retiring and scrapping of all German-origin aircraft, although that requirement did not exist for any other country. According to the ''
Hürriyet Daily News'', all of the retired Fw 190s were saved from scrapping by wrapping them with protective cloths and burying them in the soil near the Aviation Supply and Maintenance Center at
Kayseri. All attempts to locate and recover the aircraft have been unsuccessful, which suggests the story is probably a hoax or myth.
Operators
![Captured Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in flight near NAS Patuxent River in 1944](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Captured_Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1944.jpg)
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Czechoslovakian Air Force (Postwar)
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French Air Force – 70 aircraft of the Fw 190 A-5/A-6 model were reassembled at a forward repair shop the Germans had hastily abandoned using the
:fr:SNCAC NC.900 designation. The aircraft were used operationally for a short period and withdrawn due to problems with the BMW 801 engine.
**
French Navy
The French Navy (french: Marine nationale, lit=National Navy), informally , is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the five military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in t ...
(Postwar)
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** ''
Luftwaffe
The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German ''Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' of the Imperial Army and the '' Marine-Fliegerabtei ...
''
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Royal Hungarian Air Force
The Hungarian Air Force ( hu, Magyar Légierő), is the air force branch of the Hungarian Defence Forces.
The task of the current Hungarian Air Force is primarily defensive purposes. The flying units of the air force are organised into a single ...
received a total of 72 Fw 190F-8s starting in November 1944. They were operated by the 102. , later 102. (102nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron, later Wing) engaging in close-support missions on the Eastern Front in 1944–45. The planes were nicknamed "Fóka" (Sea Lion), a wordplay on the German name "Focke".
*
** The
Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) or Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF; ja, 大日本帝國陸軍航空部隊, Dainippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkūbutai, lit=Greater Japan Empire Army Air Corps) was the aviation force of the Im ...
received one Fw 190A-5 for evaluation purposes.
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Spanish Air Force – The Spanish Air Force operated Fw 190A-2,3,4 among Fw 190 A-8 and Gs with volunteers of (''15ª'' , JG 51 "Mölders"
VIII. ''Fliegerkorps'', belonged in ''LuftFlotte'' 4) on the Eastern Front (from Orel during September 1942 to Bobruisk, during July 1943) and Defense of the Reich over Germany.
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Royal Romanian Air Force
The Air Force branch of the Royal Romanian forces in World War II was officially named the (ARR), or the Romanian Royal Aeronautics, though it is more commonly referred to in English histories as the (Royal Romanian Air Force, FARR), or simply ...
– Following the
23 August 1944 coup by
King Michael, which resulted in Romania leaving the
Axis powers
The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were ...
, Romania captured 22 Luftwaffe Fw 190 As and Fs. They were not used operationally. Nine serviceable Fw 190s were later confiscated by the Soviet Union.
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Soviet Air Force
The Soviet Air Forces ( rus, Военно-воздушные силы, r=Voyenno-vozdushnyye sily, VVS; literally "Military Air Forces") were one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces. The Air Forces ...
- A number of captured aircraft were trialled by the NII VVS, including Fw 190 A-4, A-5 and A-8 models, as well as the long-nose D-9.
**
Soviet Naval Aviation
Soviet Naval Aviation (AV-MF, for ''Авиация военно-морского флота'' in Russian, or ''Aviatsiya voyenno-morskogo flota'', literally "aviation of the military maritime fleet") was the naval aviation arm of the Soviet Na ...
- The Baltic Fleet Air Arm operated a number of Fw 190 D-9 models that were captured in East Prussia, including couple of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9s captured intact by the 2 Guards IAP of 322 IAD at a Focke-Wulf facility near Marienburg. Various photos exist of these machines in Marienburg in the summer of 1945, but little is known of their use.
[Gordon and Komissarov 2008, p.100.]
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**
Turkish Air Force
The Turkish Air Force ( tr, ) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The Turkish Air Force can trace its origins back to June 1911 when it was founded by the Ottoman Empire, however, the air force as it is known to ...
— Beginning in mid-1942, received 72 examples of the Fw 190 A-3a (export model of A-3, a stood for —foreign) from Germany to modernize their air force. These aircraft were basically Fw 190 A-3s, with BMW 801 D-2 engines and FuG VIIa radios and an armament fit of four MG 17s, with the option of installing two MG-FF/M cannon in the outer wing positions. The export order was completed between October 1942 and March 1943. The Fw 190 remained in Turkish service until late 1947 when they were retired due to a lack of spare parts.
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Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
–
No. 1426 (Enemy Aircraft) Flight RAF
No. 1426 (Enemy Aircraft) Flight RAF, nicknamed "the Rafwaffe", was a Royal Air Force flight formed during the Second World War to evaluate captured enemy aircraft and demonstrate their characteristics to other Allied units. Several aircraft on c ...
evaluated at least
one captured Fw 190A-3.
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United States Army Air Forces
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
and
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
– A small number of captured Fw 190As fell into American hands in Europe and North Africa, with one captured A-5 model, WkNr. 150 051, being flown for a time at the
Patuxent Naval Air Test Center by the U.S. Navy during the war years.
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**
SFR Yugoslav Air Force
The Air Force and Air Defence ( sh-Cyrl-Latn, Ратно ваздухопловство и противваздушна одбрана, Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana ; abbr. sh-Cyrl-Latn, label=none, separator=/, РВ и ПВ ...
– Postwar, one aircraft.
Specifications (Fw 190 A-8)
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
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* Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH. ''Fw 190 D-9 Flugzeug-Handbuch: Teil 8A Schußwaffenlage''. Rechlin, Germany: Erprobungsstelle der Luftwaffe Rechlin, November 1944.
* Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau GmbH. ''Fw 190 D-9 Flugzeug-Handbuch: Teil 8C Sonderwaffenlage''. Berlin: Der Chef der Technischen Luftrüstung, January 1945.
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* ''United States Air Force Museum Guidebook''. Wright-Patterson AFB,
OH: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
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Further reading
* Bowman, Martin W. ''P-51 Mustang vs Fw 190: Europe 1943–45''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. .
''A Butcher Bird's Tale: the Story of the Focke Wulf 190'' (DVD).Retrieved: 3 April 2008.
* Caldwell, Donald L. ''JG 26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe''. New York: Ivy Books, 1991. .
* Crandall, Jerry. ''Yellow 10: The Story of the Ultra-rare Fw 190 D-13''. Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Edition Ltd., 2000. .
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* Donald, David, ed. ''Warplanes of the Luftwaffe''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1994. .
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* Griehl, Manfred. ''Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Varianten: Flugzeug Profile 45''. Stengelheim, Germany: UNITEC Medienvertrieb E.K., 2008. , .
* Jackiewicz, Jacek and Robert Bock. ''Captured Butcherbirds, Vol. 1''. Warsaw, Poland: Ajaks, 2009. .
* Jackson, Robert. ''Aircraft of World War II: Development, Weaponry, Specifications''. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, 2003. .
* Jessen, Morten. ''Focke-Wulf 190: The Birth of the Butcher Bird 1939–1943.'' London: Greenhill Books, 1998. .
* Kosin, Ruediger. ''The German Fighter Since 1915– translation of Die Entwicklung der deutschen Jagdflugzeuge.'' London: Putnam, 1988. .
* Lednicer, David A. "Technical Note: A CFD Evaluation of Three Prominent World War II Fighter Aircraft." ''Aeronautical Journal'', Royal Aeronautical Society, June/July 1995.
* Lednicer, David A. "World War II Fighter Aerodynamics." ''EAA Sport Aviation'', January 1999.
* Lorant, Jean-Yves and Richard Goyat. ''JG 300 (two volumes translated by Neil Page).'' Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Editions, 2006, Vol. 1: , Vol. 2: .
* Lowe, Malcolm. ''Focke-Wulf Fw 190.'' Production Line to Front Line #5. London: Osprey, 2003. .
* Matricardi, Paolo. ''Aerei Militari: Caccia e Ricognitori'' (in Italian). Milano: Mondadori Electa, 2006. No ISBN
* Manrho, John and Ron Putz. ''Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope: The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945''. Ottringham, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2004. .
* Nowarra, Heinz J. ''The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Fighters, Bombers, Ground Attack Aircraft.'' West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publications, 1991. .
* Page, Neil. "The Sturmgruppen—Bomber Destroyers 1944." ''Scale Aircraft Modelling'', March 2001.
* Ryle, E. Brown and Malcolm Laing. ''Walk Around Number 22: Focke-Wulf Fw 190A/F.'' Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1997. .
* Spick, Mike. ''Allied Fighter Aces of World War II''. London: Greenhill Books. 1997. .
* Thompson, J. Steve with Peter C. Smith. ''Air Combat Manoeuvres''. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan, 2008. .
* Weal, John. ''Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Aces of the Russian Front''. Aircraft of the Aces No. 6. Oxford, UK: Osprey, 1998. .
* Weber, Eberhard-Dietrich and Eric Brown. "Dora-9 and the Tank Fighters". ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', No. 1, n.d., pp. 97–112.
* Winchester, Jim. "Focke-Wulf Fw 190." ''Aircraft of World War II''. London: Grange Books, 2004. .
External links
US evaluation of captured Fw 190 A-4 (PDF file)The Flying Heritage Collection's Fw 190A fires up its BMW 801 engineThe Flying Heritage Collection's Fw 190D fires up its Jumo 213 engine
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ttp://www.ipmsstockholm.org/magazine/2004/12/stuff_eng_fw190_02.htm Modeller's Guide to Focke-Wulf Fw 190 Variants, Radial Engine Versions Part II
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Fw 190
The Focke-Wulf Fw 190, nicknamed ''Würger'' ("Shrike") is a German single-seat, single-engine fighter aircraft designed by Kurt Tank at Focke-Wulf in the late 1930s and widely used during World War II. Along with its well-known counterpart, t ...
1930s German fighter aircraft
World War II fighter aircraft of Germany
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939