Erwin Panofsky
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Erwin Panofsky (March 30, 1892 in
Hannover Hanover (; german: Hannover ; nds, Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany ...
– March 14, 1968 in
Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township, both of whi ...
) was a German-Jewish art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the
Nazi regime Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
. Panofsky's work represents a high point in the modern academic study of iconography, which he used in hugely influentialShone, Richard and Stonard, John-Paul, eds. ''The Books that Shaped Art History'', chapter 7. London: Thames & Hudson, 2013. works like his "little book" ''Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art'' and his masterpiece, '' Early Netherlandish Painting''. Many of his works are still in print, including ''Studies in Iconology: Humanist Themes in the Art of the Renaissance'' (1939), ''Meaning in the Visual Arts'' (1955), and his 1943 study ''The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer''. Panofsky's ideas were also highly influential in intellectual history in general,Chartier, Roger. ''Cultural History'', pp. 23–24 (from "Intellectual History and the History of ''Mentalités''"). Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988 particularly in his use of historical ideas to interpret artworks and vice versa.


Biography

Panofsky was born in
Hannover Hanover (; german: Hannover ; nds, Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony. Its 535,932 (2021) inhabitants make it the 13th-largest city in Germany as well as the fourth-largest city in Northern Germany ...
to a wealthy Jewish Silesian mining family. He grew up in Berlin, receiving his
Abitur ''Abitur'' (), often shortened colloquially to ''Abi'', is a qualification granted at the end of secondary education in Germany. It is conferred on students who pass their final exams at the end of ISCED 3, usually after twelve or thirteen year ...
in 1910 at the Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium. In 1910–14 he studied law, philosophy, philology, and art history in Freiburg, Munich, and Berlin, where he heard lectures by the art historian Margarete Bieber, who was filling in for
Georg Loeschcke Georg Loeschcke (28 June 1852 – 26 November 1915) was a German archaeologist born in Penig, Saxony. He studied archaeology under Johannes Overbeck at Leipzig, afterwards continuing his education at the University of Bonn, where he was a stude ...
. While Panofsky was taking courses at
Freiburg University The University of Freiburg (colloquially german: Uni Freiburg), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (german: Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg), is a public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemb ...
, a slightly older student,
Kurt Badt Kurt Badt (3 March 1890 in Berlin − 22 November 1973 in Überlingen) was a German art historian. Life and work The son of a Berlin banker, Badt studied art history and philosophy first at the universities of Berlin and Munich and then in Frei ...
, took him to hear a lecture by the founder of the art history department,
Wilhelm Vöge Wilhelm Vöge (16 February 1868 – 30 December 1952) was a German art historian, the discoverer of the Reichenau School of painting and one of the most important medievalists of the early 20th century. Whitney Stoddard called him the "f ...
, under whom he wrote his dissertation in 1914. His topic, Dürer's artistic theory ''Dürers Kunsttheorie: vornehmlich in ihrem Verhaltnis zur Kunsttheorie der Italiener'' was published the following year in Berlin as ''Die Theoretische Kunstlehre Albrecht Dürers''. Because of a horse-riding accident, Panofsky was exempted from military service during World War I, using the time to attend the seminars of the medievalist
Adolph Goldschmidt Adolph Goldschmidt (15 January 1863 – 5 January 1944) was a Jewish German art historian. He taught at University of Berlin from 1892 to 1903, and University of Halle from 1904 to 1912. Biography He was born on 15 January 1863 in Hamburg, Ge ...
in Berlin. Panofsky's academic career in art history took him to the University of Berlin, University of Munich, and finally to
University of Hamburg The University of Hamburg (german: link=no, Universität Hamburg, also referred to as UHH) is a public research university in Hamburg, Germany. It was founded on 28 March 1919 by combining the previous General Lecture System ('' Allgemeines Vor ...
, where he taught from 1920 to 1933. It was during this period that his first major writings on art history began to appear. A significant early work was ''Idea: Ein Beitrag zur Begriffsgeschichte der älteren Kunstheorie'' (1924; translated into English as ''Idea: A Concept in Art Theory''), based on the ideas of
Ernst Cassirer Ernst Alfred Cassirer ( , ; July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, he initially followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science. Aft ...
. Panofsky first came to the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
in 1931 to teach at
New York University New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded by a group of New Yorkers led by then-Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin. In 1832, the ...
. Although initially allowed to spend alternate terms in
Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...
and
New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
, after the Nazis came to power in Germany his appointment in Hamburg was terminated because he was Jewish, and he remained permanently in the United States with his art historian wife (since 1916), Dorothea "Dora" Mosse (1885–1965). He and his wife became part of the
Kahler-Kreis Kahler-Kreis (Kahler Circle) refers to the circle, lasting from 1939 to the early 1970s, of intellectual friends of Erich Kahler and his second wife, Alice (Lili or Lilly) Loewy Kahler. This group, named the "Kahler-Kreis" by Charles Greenleaf Bell ...
. By 1934 Panofsky was teaching concurrently at
New York University New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded by a group of New Yorkers led by then-Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin. In 1832, the ...
and
Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest ins ...
, and in 1935 he was invited to join the faculty of the new
Institute for Advanced Study The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholar ...
in
Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township, both of whi ...
, where he remained for the rest of his career. In 1999, "Panofsky Lane", named in his honor, was created in the institute's faculty housing complex. Panofsky was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
, the
British Academy The British Academy is the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. It was established in 1902 and received its royal charter in the same year. It is now a fellowship of more than 1,000 leading scholars span ...
and a number of other national academies. In 1954 he became foreign member of the
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( nl, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, abbreviated: KNAW) is an organization dedicated to the advancement of science and literature in the Netherlands. The academy is housed ...
. In 1962 he received the
Haskins Medal The Haskins Medal is an annual medal awarded by the Medieval Academy of America. It is awarded for the production of a distinguished book in the field of medieval studies. Award The Haskins Medal is awarded by a committee of three; a chairman, and ...
of The
Medieval Academy of America The Medieval Academy of America (MAA; spelled Mediaeval until c. 1980) is the largest organization in the United States promoting the field of medieval studies. It was founded in 1925 and is based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The academy publishes ...
. In 1947–1948 Panofsky was the Charles Eliot Norton professor at
Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
; the lectures later became '' Early Netherlandish Painting''. Panofsky became particularly well known for his studies of symbols and iconography in art. First in a 1934 article, then in his ''Early Netherlandish Painting'' (1953), Panofsky was the first to interpret
Jan van Eyck Jan van Eyck ( , ; – July 9, 1441) was a painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting, and one of the most significant representatives of Early Northern Renaissance art. Ac ...
's ''
Arnolfini Portrait ''The Arnolfini Portrait'' (or ''The Arnolfini Wedding'', ''The Arnolfini Marriage'', the ''Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife'', or other titles) is a 1434 oil painting on oak panel by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck. It fo ...
'' (1934) as not only a depiction of a wedding ceremony, but also a visual contract testifying to the act of marriage. Panofsky identifies a plethora of hidden symbols that all point to the sacrament of marriage. In recent years, this conclusion has been challenged, but Panofsky's work with what he called "hidden" or "disguised" symbolism is still very much influential in the study and understanding of
Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance was the Renaissance that occurred in Europe north of the Alps. From the last years of the 15th century, its Renaissance spread around Europe. Called the Northern Renaissance because it occurred north of the Italian Renais ...
art. Similarly, in his monograph on Dürer, Panofsky gives lengthy "symbolic" analyses of the prints '' Knight, Death, and the Devil'' and '' Melancolia I'', the former based on
Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (; ; English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus;''Erasmus'' was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae. ''Desiderius'' was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The ''Roterodamus'' wa ...
's ''
Handbook of a Christian Knight The ''Handbook of a Christian Knight'' ( lat, Enchiridion militis Christiani), sometimes translated as ''The Manual of a Christian Knight'' or ''The Handbook of the Christian Soldier'', is a work written by Dutch scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam in ...
''. Panofsky was known to be a friend with physicists
Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics fo ...
and
Albert Einstein Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory ...
. His younger son, Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky, became a renowned physicist who specialized in particle accelerators. His elder son, Hans A. Panofsky, was "an atmospheric scientist who taught at Pennsylvania State University for 30 years and who was credited with several advances in the study of meteorology". As Wolfgang Panofsky related, his father used to call his sons "meine beiden Klempner" ("my two plumbers"). William S. Heckscher was a student, fellow emigre, and close friend. In 1973 he was succeeded at Princeton by
Irving Lavin Irving Lavin (14 December 1927 – 3 February 2019) was an art historian of Late Antique, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modern painting, sculpture, and architecture. His wide-ranging contributions centered primarily on the correlation be ...
. Erwin Panofsky has been recognized as both a "highly distinguished" professor at the
Institute for Advanced Study The Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the United States, is an independent center for theoretical research and intellectual inquiry. It has served as the academic home of internationally preeminent scholar ...
,
Princeton, New Jersey Princeton is a municipality with a borough form of government in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was established on January 1, 2013, through the consolidation of the Borough of Princeton and Princeton Township, both of whi ...
, and in Jeffrey Chipps' biography of the subject as "the most influential art historian of the twentieth century”. In 1999, the new "Panofsky Lane", in that Institute's faculty housing complex, was named in his honor.


Iconology

Panofsky was the most eminent representative of
iconology Iconology is a method of interpretation in cultural history and the history of the visual arts used by Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky and their followers that uncovers the cultural, social, and historical background of themes and subjects in the visu ...
, a method of studying the history of art created by
Aby Warburg Aby Moritz Warburg, better known as Aby Warburg, (June 13, 1866 – October 26, 1929) was a German art historian and cultural theorist who founded the Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (Library for Cultural Studies), a private library, ...
and his disciples, especially
Fritz Saxl Friedrich "Fritz" Saxl (8 January 1890, Vienna, Austria – 22 March 1948, Dulwich, London) was the art historian who was the guiding light of the Warburg Institute, especially during the long mental breakdown of its founder, Aby Warburg, whom ...
, at the
Warburg Institute The Warburg Institute is a research institution associated with the University of London in central London, England. A member of the School of Advanced Study, its focus is the study of cultural history and the role of images in culture – cros ...
in Hamburg. A personal and professional friendship linked him to
Fritz Saxl Friedrich "Fritz" Saxl (8 January 1890, Vienna, Austria – 22 March 1948, Dulwich, London) was the art historian who was the guiding light of the Warburg Institute, especially during the long mental breakdown of its founder, Aby Warburg, whom ...
in collaboration with whom he produced a large part of his work. He gave a short and precise description of his method in his article "Iconography and Iconology", published in 1939.


Style and the Film Medium

In his 1936 essay " Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures
text online
, Panofsky seeks to describe the visual symptoms endemic" to the medium of film.


Three strata of subject matter or meaning

In ''Studies in Iconology'' Panofsky details his idea of three levels of art-historical understanding:Panofsky, Erwin. ''Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance.'' New York: Harper & Row, 1972. pp. 5–9. *Primary or natural subject matter: The most basic level of understanding, this stratum consists of perception of the work's pure form. Take, for example, a painting of the
Last Supper Image:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg, 400px, alt=''The Last Supper'' by Leonardo da Vinci - Clickable Image, Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art have been undertaken by artistic masters for centuries, ...
. If we stopped at this first stratum, such a picture could only be perceived as a painting of 13 men seated at a table. This first level is the most basic understanding of a work, devoid of any added cultural knowledge. *Secondary or conventional subject matter ( iconography): This stratum goes a step further and brings to the equation cultural and iconographic knowledge. For example, a Western viewer would understand that the painting of 13 men around a table would represent the Last Supper. Similarly, a representation of a haloed man with a lion could be interpreted as a depiction of St. Mark. *Tertiary or intrinsic meaning or content (
iconology Iconology is a method of interpretation in cultural history and the history of the visual arts used by Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky and their followers that uncovers the cultural, social, and historical background of themes and subjects in the visu ...
): This level takes into account personal, technical, and cultural history into the understanding of a work. It looks at art not as an isolated incident, but as the product of a historical environment. Working in this stratum, the art historian can ask questions like “why did the artist choose to represent ''
The Last Supper Image:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg, 400px, alt=''The Last Supper'' by Leonardo da Vinci - Clickable Image, Depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art have been undertaken by artistic masters for centuries, ...
'' in this way?” or “Why was St. Mark such an important saint to the patron of this work?” Essentially, this last stratum is a synthesis; it is the art historian asking "what does it all mean?" For Panofsky, it was important to consider all three strata as one examines Renaissance art.
Irving Lavin Irving Lavin (14 December 1927 – 3 February 2019) was an art historian of Late Antique, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modern painting, sculpture, and architecture. His wide-ranging contributions centered primarily on the correlation be ...
says "it was this insistence on, and search for, meaning — especially in places where no one suspected there was any — that led Panofsky to understand art, as no previous historian had, as an intellectual endeavor on a par with the traditional liberal arts."Lavin, Irving. "Panofsky's History of Art" in ''Meaning in the Visual Arts: Views from the Outside.'' Princeton: Institute for Advanced Study, 1995. p. 6.


Manuscript of Panofsky's ''Habilitationsschrift''

In August 2012, the original manuscript of Panofsky's ''
Habilitation Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in many European countries. The candidate fulfills a university's set criteria of excellence in research, teaching and further education, usually including a ...
sschrift'' of 1920, which is entitled "Die Gestaltungsprinzipien Michelangelos, besonders in ihrem Verhältnis zu denen Raffaels" ("The Composition Principles of
Michelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known as Michelangelo (), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was insp ...
, particularly in their relation to those of
Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael (; or ; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of works by Raphael, His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of ...
"), was found by art historian Stephan Klingen in an old Nazi safe in Munich's
Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte The Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (ZI; engl. ''Central Institute for Art History''), is an independent art-historical research institute in Germany. The institute resides in the former administration building of the National Socialist party ...
. It had long been assumed that this manuscript was lost in 1943/44 in Hamburg, as this important study was never published and the art historian's widow was unable to locate it in Hamburg. It seems as if art historian
Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich Ludwig Heinrich Heydenreich (born 23 March 1903 in Leipzig; died 14 September 1978 in Munich) was a German art historian specialized in Italian Renaissance art. From 1947 to 1970, he served as director of the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte, ...
, who had studied under Panofsky, was in the possession of this manuscript from 1946 to 1970. In the
Süddeutsche Zeitung The ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'' (; ), published in Munich, Bavaria, is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany. The tone of SZ is mainly described as centre-left, liberal, social-liberal, progressive-liberal, and social-democrat. History ...
,
Willibald Sauerländer Willibald Sauerländer (29 February 1924 in Bad Waldsee, Württemberg, Germany – 18 April 2018 in Munich, Germany) was a German art historian specializing in Medieval French sculpture. From 1970 to 1989, he was director of the prestigious Ze ...
shed some light on the question of whether Heydenreich shared his recovery of the manuscript or not: "Panofsky has historically distanced himself from his early writings on Michelangelo, as he tired of the subject, and (according to Sauerländer) developed a professional conflict with Austro-Hungarian art historian
Johannes Wilde Johannes Wilde CBE (2 July 1891 – 13 September 1970) was a Hungarian art historian and teacher of art history. He later became an Austrian, and then a British, citizen. He was a noted expert on the drawings of Michelangelo. Wilde was a pione ...
, who accused Panofsky of not crediting him with ideas gleaned from a conversation they had about Michelangelo drawings. Perhaps Panofsky didn't care about the whereabouts of his lost work and Heydenreich was not malicious in keeping it a secret ... but questions still remain." In 2016 The
Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte The Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (ZI; engl. ''Central Institute for Art History''), is an independent art-historical research institute in Germany. The institute resides in the former administration building of the National Socialist party ...
in Munich founded the Panofsky-Professur (Panofsky Professorship). The first Panofsky Professors have been Victor Stoichita (2016),
Gauvin Alexander Bailey Gauvin Alexander Bailey is an American-Canadian author and art historian. He is Professor and Alfred and Isabel Bader Chair in Southern Baroque Art at Queen's University. Bailey is a correspondent étranger at the Académie des Inscriptions et ...
(2017),
Caroline van Eck Caroline Alexandra van Eck (born 22 July 1959) is a Dutch art historian and academic, specialising in the art and architecture of the early modern period. Since 2016, she has been Professor of Art History at the University of Cambridge and a Fel ...
(2018), and Olivier Bonfait (2019).


Influence on Bourdieu

His work has greatly influenced the theory of taste developed by French sociologist
Pierre Bourdieu Pierre Bourdieu (; 1 August 1930 – 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist and public intellectual. Bourdieu's contributions to the sociology of education, the theory of sociology, and sociology of aesthetics have achieved wide influence i ...
, in books such as ''The Rules of Art'' and '' Distinction''. In particular, Bourdieu first adapted his notion of habitus from Panofsky's ''Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism'', having earlier translated the work into French.


Works

* ''Idea: A Concept in Art Theory'' (1924) * ''Perspective as Symbolic Form'' (1927) * ''Studies in Iconology'' (1939) * ''The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer'' (1943) * (trans.) ''Abbot Suger on the Abbey Church of St.-Denis and its art treasures'' (1946). Based on the Norman Wait Harris lectures delivered at Northwestern university in 1938. * ''Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism'' (1951) * '' Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character'' (1953). Based on the 1947–48
Charles Eliot Norton Lectures The Charles Eliot Norton Professorship of Poetry at Harvard University was established in 1925 as an annual lectureship in "poetry in the broadest sense" and named for the university's former professor of fine arts. Distinguished creative figures ...
. * ''Meaning in the Visual Arts'' (1955) * ''Pandora's Box: the Changing Aspects of a Mythical Symbol'' (1956) (with Dora Panofsky) * ''Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art'' (1960) * ''Tomb Sculpture: Four Lectures on Its Changing Aspects from Ancient Egypt to Bernini'' (1964) * ''Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion, and Art'' (1964) (with
Raymond Klibansky Raymond Klibansky, (October 15, 1905 – August 5, 2005) was a German-Canadian historian of philosophy and art. Biography Born in Paris, to Rosa Scheidt and Hermann Klibansky, he was educated at the University of Kiel, University of Hamburg ...
and
Fritz Saxl Friedrich "Fritz" Saxl (8 January 1890, Vienna, Austria – 22 March 1948, Dulwich, London) was the art historian who was the guiding light of the Warburg Institute, especially during the long mental breakdown of its founder, Aby Warburg, whom ...
) * ''Problems in
Titian Tiziano Vecelli or Vecellio (; 27 August 1576), known in English as Titian ( ), was an Italians, Italian (Republic of Venice, Venetian) painter of the Renaissance, considered the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school (art), ...
, mostly iconographic'' (1969) * ''Three Essays on Style'' (1995; ed. Irving Lavin): "What Is Baroque?", "Style and Medium in the Motion Pictures", "The Ideological Antecedents of the Rolls-Royce Radiator". Intro. by
Irving Lavin Irving Lavin (14 December 1927 – 3 February 2019) was an art historian of Late Antique, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modern painting, sculpture, and architecture. His wide-ranging contributions centered primarily on the correlation be ...
. * * ''Carmina Latina'' (2018; ed. with introduction and short annotations by Gereon Becht-Jördens)In: Gereon Becht-Jördens (Ed.): ''Ewig die Liebe allein. Erwin Panofskys, der sich auch Pan nennt, Lateinische Gedichte gesammelt, revidiert, berichtigt und mit einigen knappen Anmerkungen versehen. Mit Einleitung in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache sowie deutschen Versübertragungen''. Königshausn & Neumann,


References

;References ;Sources *Holly, Michael Ann, ''Panofsky and the Foundations of Art History'', Ithaca, Cornell University Press, (1985) *Ferretti, Sylvia,'' Cassirer, Panofsky, Warburg: Symbol, Art, and History,'' New Haven, Yale University Press, (1989) *Lavin, Irving, editor, ''Meaning in the Visual Arts: View from the Outside. A Centennial Commemoration of Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968)'', Princeton, Institute for Advanced Study, (1995) *Panofsky, Erwin, & Lavin, Irving (Ed.), ''Three essays on style'', Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, (1995)
''Panofsky, Erwin''.
in the ''Dictionary of Art Historians'', Lee Sorensen, ed. *Wuttke, Dieter (Ed.), ''Erwin Panofsky. Korrespondenz'', Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, (2001–2011)


External links

* *

at the Smithsonian's
Archives of American Art The Archives of American Art is the largest collection of primary resources documenting the history of the visual arts in the United States. More than 20 million items of original material are housed in the Archives' research centers in Washingt ...

Rainer Donandt, "Erwin Panofsky – Ikonologe und Anwalt der Vernunft"
* Emmanuel Alloa
Could Perspective Ever Be A Symbolic Form. Revisiting Panofsky with Cassirer
in ''Journal of Aesthetics and Phenomenology'' 2.1 (2015) *
Panofsky Bibliography: The Major Works
– Compiled by
Joseph Connors Joseph James Connors (born February 5, 1945 in New York City) is an American art historian and educator, who specializes in the Italian Renaissance and Baroque architecture. Career Born in New York City, Connors was graduated from Regis Hig ...
*Daniel Sherer, “Panofsky on Architecture: Iconology and the Interpretation of Built Form,1915-1956,” History of Humanities 5, 1 (Spring 2020), 189–221; Panofsky on Architecture, Part II: Mental Habits, Disguised Symbolism, and the “Spell of Circularity," History of Humanities 5,2 (Fall, 2020), 345–66. {{DEFAULTSORT:Panofsky, Erwin 1892 births 1968 deaths Institute for Advanced Study faculty Writers from Hanover People from the Province of Hanover German art historians Jewish historians American people of German-Jewish descent University of Freiburg alumni Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni Humboldt University of Berlin alumni University of Hamburg faculty New York University faculty Princeton University faculty Harvard University faculty Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium alumni Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States People associated with the Warburg Institute German male non-fiction writers Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Scholars of Netherlandish art Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy