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The Eastern Zhou (; zh, c=, p=Dōngzhōu, w=Tung1-chou1, t= ; 771–256 BC) was a royal dynasty of China and the second half of the
Zhou dynasty The Zhou dynasty ( ; Old Chinese ( B&S): *''tiw'') was a royal dynasty of China that followed the Shang dynasty. Having lasted 789 years, the Zhou dynasty was the longest dynastic regime in Chinese history. The military control of China by th ...
. It was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn and the
Warring States The Warring States period () was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest ...
.


History

In 770 BCE, the capital of the Zhou Kingdom was moved from Haojing (Chang'an County in Xi'an City) to Luoyi (known today as Luoyang, Henan Province). This brought about the beginning of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (as opposed to
Western Zhou The Western Zhou ( zh, c=, p=Xīzhōu; c. 1045 BC – 771 BC) was a royal dynasty of China and the first half of the Zhou dynasty. It began when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and ended when the Quanrong n ...
dynasty), so named due to Luoyi being situated to the east of Haojing. Over 25 kings reigned over the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, lasting 515 years in all. With the death of
King You of Zhou King You of Zhou (; 795–771 BC), personal name Ji Gongsheng, was the twelfth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the last of Western Zhou Dynasty. He reigned from 781 to 771 BC. History In 780 BC, a major earthquake hit Guanzhong. A sooths ...
, the last king of the Western Zhou Dynasty, ascended Crown Prince
Yijiu King Ping of Zhou (; died 720 BC), personal name Ji Yijiu, was the thirteenth king of the Zhou dynasty and the first of the Eastern Zhou dynasty. Sima Qian. '' Records of the Grand Historian'', "Zhou Dynasty Annals". History He was the son of ...
was proclaimed the new king by the nobles from the states of Zheng, Lü, Qin and the Marquess of Shen. He was
King Ping of Zhou King Ping of Zhou (; died 720 BC), personal name Ji Yijiu, was the thirteenth king of the Zhou dynasty and the first of the Eastern Zhou dynasty.Sima Qian. ''Records of the Grand Historian'', "Zhou Dynasty Annals". History He was the son of Kin ...
. In the second year of his reign, he moved the capital east to Luoyi as
Quanrong The Quanrong () or Dog Rong were an ethnic group, classified by the ancient Chinese as " Qiang", active in the northwestern part of China during and after the Zhou dynasty (1046–221 BCE). Their language or languages are considered to have been me ...
invaded Haojing, indicating the end of the Western Zhou dynasty. The first half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, from approximately 771 to 476 BCE, was called the
Spring and Autumn period The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 770 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives fr ...
, during which more and more dukes and marquesses obtained regional autonomy, defying the king's court in Luoyi, and waging wars amongst themselves. The second half of the Eastern Zhou dynasty, from 475 to 221 BCE, was called the
Warring States period The Warring States period () was an era in History of China#Ancient China, ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded ...
, during which the King of Zhou gradually lost his power and ruled merely as a figurehead. After moving the capital east, the Zhou royal family fell into a state of decline. Also, King Ping's popularity fell as rumors went that he had killed his father. With vassals becoming increasingly powerful, strengthening their position through defeating other rival states, and increasing invasion from neighboring countries, the king of Zhou was not able to master the country. Constantly, he would have to turn to the powerful vassals for help. The most important vassals (known later as the twelve vassals) came together in regular conferences where they decided important matters, such as military expeditions against foreign groups or against offending nobles. During these conferences one vassal ruler was sometimes declared
hegemon Hegemony (, , ) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states. In Ancient Greece (8th BC – AD 6th ), hegemony denoted the politico-military dominance of the ''hegemon'' city-state over other city-states. ...
. Chancellor Guan Zhong of Qi initiated a policy "Revere the king, expel the barbarians" (, see
Sonnō jōi was a '' yojijukugo'' (four-character compound) phrase used as the rallying cry and slogan of a political movement in Japan in the 1850s and 1860s during the Bakumatsu period. Based on Neo-Confucianism and Japanese nativism, the movement s ...
). Adopting and adhering to it, Duke Huan of Qi assembled the vassals to strike down the threat of barbarians from the country. During the Warring States period, many of the leaders of the vassals’ clamoring for kingship further limited the Zhou royal family's influence. In 635 BCE, the Chaos of Prince Dai took place. King Xiang of Zhou turned to Duke Wen of Jin for help, who killed Prince Dai and was rewarded with rule over Henei and Yangfan. In 632 BCE, King Xiang of Zhou was forced by Duke Wen of Jin to attend the conference of vassals in Jiantu. In 606 BCE, King Zhuang of Chu inquired for the first time regarding the "weight of the cauldrons" (問鼎之輕重) only to be rebuffed by the Zhou minister Wangsun Man (王孫滿). Asking such a question was at that time a direct challenge to the power of the reigning dynasty. At the time of King Nan of Zhou, the kings of Zhou had lost almost all political and military power, as even their remaining crown land was split into two states or factions, led by rival feudal lords: West Zhou, where the capital Wangcheng was located, and East Zhou, centered at Chengzhou and Kung. King Nan of Zhou managed to preserve his weakened dynasty through diplomacy and conspiracies for fifty-nine years until his deposition and death by Qin in 256 BCE. Seven years later, West Zhou was conquered by Qin.


Politics

This period marked a big turn in Chinese history, as the dominant toolmaking material became iron by the end of the period. The Eastern Zhou period was believed to be the beginning of the Iron Age in China. There was a considerable development in
agriculture Agriculture or farming is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people ...
with a consecutive increase in population. There were constantly fights between vassals to scramble for lands or other resources. People started using copper coins. Education was made universal for civilians. The boundaries between the nobility and the civilians subsided. A revolutionary transformation of the society was taking place, to which the patriarchal clan system made by the Zhou Dynasty could no longer adapt. 黄仁宇:《中国大历史》


Kings

*
King Ping of Zhou King Ping of Zhou (; died 720 BC), personal name Ji Yijiu, was the thirteenth king of the Zhou dynasty and the first of the Eastern Zhou dynasty.Sima Qian. ''Records of the Grand Historian'', "Zhou Dynasty Annals". History He was the son of Kin ...
— Ji Yijiu (772 BCE–720 BCE) *
King Xie of Zhou King Xie of Zhou (died 750 BCE) claimed sovereignty during the final stages of the Chinese Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE). After King You of Zhou replaced the then Queen Shen with his concubine Bao Si, whilst at the same time substituting Yi ...
— Ji Yuchen (770 BCE–760 BCE or 771 BCE–750 BCE) *
King Huan of Zhou King Huan of Zhou (; died 697 BC), personal name Jī Lín (姬林), was the fourteenth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the second of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770–256 BC). King Huan’s father was King Ping's son, Crown Prince Xiefu ...
— Ji Lin (719 BCE–697 BCE) * King Zhuang of Zhou — Ji Tuo (696 BCE–682 BCE) * King Xi of Zhou — Ji Huqi (681 BCE–677 BCE) *
King Hui of Zhou King Hui of Zhou (), personal name Ji Lang, was the seventeenth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the fifth of Eastern Zhou.''Records of the Grand Historian'' by Sima Qian Family Queens: * Queen Chen () * Queen Hui of Zhou, of the Gui clan of ...
— Ji Lang (676 BCE–652 BCE) * King Xiang of Zhou — Ji Zheng (651 BCE–619 BCE) * King Qing of Zhou — Ji Renchen (618 BCE–613 BCE) *
King Kuang of Zhou King Kuang of Zhou (), personal name Jī Bān, was the twentieth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the eighth of the Eastern Zhou. King Kuang's father was King Qing of Zhou. Kuang was succeeded by his brother King Ding of Zhou.''Records of th ...
— Ji Ban (612 BCE–607 BCE) *
King Ding of Zhou King Ding of Zhou (), personal name Ji Yu, was the twenty-first king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the ninth of Eastern Zhou. He was a son of King Qing of Zhou and brother of King Kuang of Zhou. He sent an official named Wangsun Man to prese ...
— Ji Yu (606 BCE–586 BCE) *
King Jian of Zhou King Jian of Zhou (), personal name Ji Yi, was the twenty-second king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the tenth of the Eastern Zhou. Family Sons: * Prince Xiexin (; d. 545 BC), ruled as King Ling of Zhou from 571 to 545 BC * A son (d. 545 BC) who ...
— Ji Yi (585 BCE–572 BCE) *
King Ling of Zhou King Ling of Zhou (), personal name Ji Xiexin, was the twenty-third king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the eleventh of Eastern Zhou. He died in 545 BC. In the twenty-first year of his reign, Confucius was born. His successor was his son Kin ...
— Ji Xiexin (571 BCE–545 BCE) * King Jing of Zhou — Ji Gui (544 BCE–520 BCE) *
King Dao of Zhou King Dao of Zhou (; died 520 BC), personal name Ji Meng, was the twenty-fifth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the thirteenth of Eastern Zhou. His given name was Měng. Dao succeeded his father, King Jĭng of Zhou. After a reign of less ...
— Ji Meng (520 BCE) * King Jing of Zhou — Ji Gai (519 BCE–477 BCE) *
King Yuan of Zhou King Yuan of Zhou (,) personal name Ji Ren, was the twenty-seventh king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the fifteenth of Eastern Zhou.'' Records of the Grand Historian'' by Sima Qian He ruled from 476 BC to 469 BC. He was succeeded by his son, P ...
— Ji Ren (476 BCE–469 BCE) * King Zhending of Zhou — Ji Jie (468 BCE–441 BCE) *
King Ai of Zhou King Ai of Zhou () personal name Ji Quji, was the twenty-ninth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the seventeenth of Eastern Zhou. He was the eldest son of King Zhending of Zhou. He succeeded his father in 441 BC, but was killed by his you ...
— Ji Quji (441 BCE) * King Si of Zhou — Ji Shu (441 BCE) * King Kao of Zhou — Ji Wei (440 BCE–426 BCE) * King Weilie of Zhou — Ji Wu (425 BCE–402 BCE) * King An of Zhou — Ji Jiao (401 BCE–376 BCE) *
King Lie of Zhou King Lie of Zhou (), personal name Ji Xi, was the thirty-fourth king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty and the twenty-second of Eastern Zhou. He reigned from 375 BC to his death in 369 BC. His father was King An of Zhou. Ancestry See also * Family ...
— Ji Xi (375 BCE–369 BCE) * King Xian of Zhou — Ji Bian (368 BCE–321 BCE) * King Shenjing of Zhou — Ji Ding (320 BCE–315 BCE) *
King Nan of Zhou King Nan of Zhou (Ji Yan; ?–256 BC), less commonly known as King Yin of Zhou, was the 37th and last king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty, the son of King Shenjing of Zhou and grandson of King Xian of Zhou. He was king from 314 BC until his deat ...
— Ji Yan (314 BCE–256 BCE)


Spring and Autumn period

The period's name derives from the ''
Spring and Autumn Annals The ''Spring and Autumn Annals'' () is an ancient Chinese chronicle that has been one of the core Chinese classics since ancient times. The '' Annals'' is the official chronicle of the State of Lu, and covers a 241-year period from 722 to 481 ...
'', a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BCE, which tradition associates with
Confucius Confucius ( ; zh, s=, p=Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly zh, s=, p=Kǒngzǐ, labels=no; – ) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. C ...
. During this period, the Zhou royal authority over the various feudal states started to decline, as more and more dukes and marquesses obtained de facto regional autonomy, defying the king's court in Luoyi, and waging wars amongst themselves. The gradual
partition of Jin The Partition of Jin (), the watershed between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, refers to the division of the State of Jin between rival families into the three states of Han, Zhao and Wei. As a result, the three states were o ...
, one of the most powerful states, marked the end of the Spring and Autumn period, and the beginning of the Warring States period.


Warring States period

The
Warring States period The Warring States period () was an era in History of China#Ancient China, ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded ...
was an era in ancient Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn period and concluding with the Qin wars of conquest. Those wars resulted in the annexation of all other contender states, completed with the Qin state's victory in 221 BCE. That meant that the Qin state became the first unified Chinese empire, known as the
Qin dynasty The Qin dynasty ( ; zh, c=秦朝, p=Qín cháo, w=), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( zh, c=, p=, w=Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), ...
.


References


Citations


Sources

* 許倬雲 著,鄒水傑 譯:《中國古代社會史論——春秋戰國時期的社會流動》(桂林:廣西師範大學出版社,2006). * Yang Hsien-yi and
Gladys Yang Gladys Yang (; 19 January 1919 – 18 November 1999) was a British translator of Chinese literature and the wife of another noted literary translator, Yang Xianyi. Biography She was born Gladys Margaret Tayler at the Peking Union Medical Col ...
(1974), ''Records of the Historians''. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ** Reprinted by University Press of the Pacific, 2002. Contains biographies of Confucius and Laozi. . {{DEFAULTSORT:Zhou Zhou dynasty History of China Dynasties in Chinese history History of ancient China 4th-century BC conflicts