Holarctic
The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical reg ...
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of
brush-footed butterflies
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a redu ...
,
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
(see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or bands. These usually bear black spots within, which sometimes have white center spots.
This genus has found it easy to adapt to
arid
A region is arid when it severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Regions with arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most ...
and especially cold conditions. Most of its members are associated with high-altitude lands, forest clearings or high
latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north– south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body. Latitude is given as an angle that ranges from –90° at the south pole to 90° at the north pol ...
and
tundra
In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term ''tundra'' comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sámi word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mou ...
. ''Erebia'' species are frequent in the
Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Swi ...
,
Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range and the largest mountain system in North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch in straight-line distance from the northernmost part of western Canada, to New Mexico ...
Arctic
The Arctic ( or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), Danish Realm (Greenland), Finland, Iceland, N ...
regions, and the cooler parts of
Central Asia
Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...
. In fact, the North American term for these butterflies is alpines. Palearctic species are collectively known as ringlets or arguses. However, none of these terms is used exclusively for this genus.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus ''Erebia'' was erected by
Johan Wilhelm Dalman
Johan Wilhelm Dalman (November 4, 1787 in Hinseberg, Västmanland – July 11, 1828 in Stockholm) was a Swedish physician and a naturalist. He first studied at Christiansfeld in Schleswig-Holstein then at the University of Lund and the Univ ...
in 1816. As
type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...
, the
Arran brown
''Erebia ligea'', the Arran brown, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. This brown is widespread in south-eastern and northern Europe. It prefers mixed woodlands at low altitudes. It is rarely seen in open areas. Th ...
—described as ''Papilio ligea'' by
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his Nobility#Ennoblement, ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalise ...
in 1758—was chosen. This is a very complex genus with over 1300
taxa
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
, but a massive proportion of these are junior synonyms. Some of the
available name
In zoological nomenclature, an available name is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological ...
s are listed by Vladimir Lukhtanov. A fully comprehensive taxonomic checklist (i.e., without discussing synonymy and relationships) was published in 2008.
Only three years after the genus' inception, the known species were reviewed by Jacob Hübner. He established no less than five new genera for a fraction of what would eventually be named as "species" of ''Erebia''. But things hardly improved as more and more of the diversity of these butterflies came to note. In
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
, a large number of ''Erebia'' taxa was described from the
Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Swi ...
. In the 19th and early 20th century the Alps were a popular destination for butterfly collectors and specimens of Alpine butterflies were very profitable for dealers. The dealers, mostly German, not only sold specimens, but were entomologists, entomological book dealers, entomological authors and publishers. Examples are Fritz Rühl, Alexander Heyne,
Otto Staudinger
Otto Staudinger (2 May 1830 – 13 October 1900) was a German entomologist and a natural history dealer considered one of the largest in the world specialising in the collection and sale of insects to museums, scientific institutions, and in ...
,
Andreas
Andreas ( el, Ἀνδρέας) is a name usually given to males in Austria, Greece, Cyprus, Denmark, Armenia, Estonia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Finland, Flanders, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Romania, the Netherlands, and Indonesia. The name ...
and
Otto Bang-Haas
Otto Bang-Haas (20 January 1882, Dresden – 30 July 1948, Dresden) was a German entomologist and insect dealer.
His collection of microlepidoptera is in the National Museum of Denmark and of Coleoptera in the Natural History Museum of Giacomo Do ...
and, in
Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...
Émile Deyrolle
Émile Deyrolle (1838–1917) was a French naturalist and natural history dealer in Paris.
The business was originally owned by his naturalist grandfather, Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle who opened his shop in 1831 at 23, Rue de la Monnaie. Émile’s f ...
.
This, together with the then-popular, even obsessive study of variation by entomologists – examples are James William Tutt, George Wheeler,
Felix Bryk
Felix Bryk (21 January 1882, in Vienna – 13 January 1957, in Stockholm) was a Swedish anthropologist, entomologist and writer.
In entomological circles, Bryk is best known as a lepidopterist; in anthropological history, for his studies in East ...
and
Brisbane Charles Somerville Warren
Brisbane Charles Somerville Warren (1887, Fermoy - 1979) was an Irish entomologist who specialised in Palaearctic Lepidoptera.
Warren lived in Ireland, England, Germany and Switzerland. After 1934 he settled permanently in Folkestone. Between 19 ...
– led to very many names being applied to what may be or much more likely may not be
biological species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sex ...
or subspecies. A further problem is the use of the term "
variety
Variety may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats
* Variety (radio)
* Variety show, in theater and television
Films
* ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont
* ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
". Authors of that time used this for an individual variant, a group of individuals morphologically but not otherwise related, seasonal forms, temperature-related forms, or geographic races; it was later usually taken to mean the last subspecies though this is often suspected to have been premature.
Eventually, it became common to arrange supposed species and subspecies to "species groups" (not superspecies, but an informal
phenetic
In biology, phenetics ( el, phainein – to appear) , also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary re ...
arrangement) as pioneered by B.C.S. Warren, and attempt to resolve their true nature by and by. As molecular phylogenetic studies add to the available data, it is becoming clear that most "varieties" that have at least been commonly considered subspecies in the latter 20th century are indeed lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition. Another result of recent research is confirmation of the theory that this genus contains many glacial
relict
A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon.
Biology
A relict (or relic) is an organism that at an earlier time was abundant in a large area but now occurs at only one or a few small areas.
Geology and geomorphology
In geology, a r ...
taxa, e.g., in the brassy ringlet group ('' E. tyndarus'' and similar species).Albre ''et al.'' (2008)
The number of currently recognized ''Erebia'' species is given variously around 90-100, as developments happen so fast that it is hard for authors to remain up to date regarding the newest changes.
Species list
As of early 2008, the following good species and some rather distinct subspecies are listed:Brower (2006), Albre et al. (2008), and see Savela (2008) for more sources
* '' Erebia aethiopella'' (Hoffmannsegg, 1806) – false Mnestra ringlet
* '' Erebia aethiops'' (Esper, 1777) – Scotch argus
* '' Erebia ajanensis'' Ménétriés, 1857
* '' Erebia alberganus'' (Prunner, 1798) – almond ringlet or almond-eyed ringlet
* '' Erebia alcmena'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1891
* '' Erebia alini'' (Bang-Haas, 1937) (disputed)
* '' Erebia anyuica'' Kurenzov, 1966 – scree alpine
* '' Erebia arctica'' R.Poppius, 1906
* '' Erebia atramentaria'' O.Bang-Haas, 1927
* ''
Erebia calcaria
''Erebia calcaria'', or Lorkovic's brassy ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Alps. The species inhabits southern exposed slopes with alpine grassland interspersed with rocks. Screes without vegetation or only a ...
Erebia callias
''Erebia callias'', the Colorado alpine, is a member of the Satyridae subfamily of the Nymphalidae butterflies. It is found in alpine areas of Wyoming and Colorado in the U.S. Rocky Mountains as well as various mountain ranges in eastern Asia.
...
Erebia disa
The Arctic ringlet or Disa alpine (''Erebia disa'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It is associated with wet muskeg and bogs in subarctic and Arctic climates, and is often found near the tree-line. The larva overw ...
Erebia euryale
''Erebia euryale'', the large ringlet, is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae.
Subspecies
Subspecies include:Erebia fasciata'' Butler, 1868 – banded alpine
* '' Erebia flavofasciata'' Heyne, 1895 – yellow-banded ringlet
* '' Erebia fletcheri'' Elwes, 1899
* ''
Erebia gorge
The silky ringlet (''Erebia gorge'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-altitude butterfly found on screes in the Alps, Pyrenees, central Italy and the Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as ...
'' (Esper, 1805) – silky ringlet
* ''
Erebia gorgone
The Gavarnie ringlet (''Erebia gorgone'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae.Erebia graucasica
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or ban ...
Erebia haberhaueri
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or ban ...
Erebia jeniseiensis
''Erebia jeniseiensis '' is a butterfly
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspi ...
Erebia kefersteini
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family (biology), family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also #Taxonomy and systematics, below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange o ...
Erebia lefebvrei
''Erebia lefebvrei'', or Lefèbvre's ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyridae of the family Nymphalidae. This brown is found in France.828
__NOTOC__
Year 828 ( DCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Siege of Syracuse: The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat ...
Gunder Gunder is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Given name:
*Andre Gunder Frank (1929–2005), German-American economic historian and sociologist
*Gunder Anton Johannesen Jahren (1858–1933), the Norwegian Minister ...
849
__NOTOC__
Year 849 (Roman numerals, DCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Summer – Battle of Ostia: A Saracen Arab fleet from Sardi ...
Erebia brimo
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family (biology), family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also #Taxonomy and systematics, below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange o ...
Erebia melampus
''Erebia melampus'', the lesser mountain ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae.
Distribution and habitat
This European endemic species occurs in the Alps from the Maritime Alps to eastern Austria (France, Germa ...
'' (Fuessli, 1775) – lesser mountain ringlet
* ''
Erebia melancholica
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family (biology), family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also #Taxonomy and systematics, below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange o ...
'' Herrich-Schäffer,
846
__NOTOC__
Year 846 ( DCCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgarians violate the peace treaty ...
Erebia meolans
The Piedmont ringlet (''Erebia meolans'') is a member of the family Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilio ...
828
__NOTOC__
Year 828 ( DCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Siege of Syracuse: The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat ...
851
__NOTOC__
Year 851 ( DCCCLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Asia
* Bagrat II Bagratuni, Armenian prince and leader of a rebellion against the Abbasi ...
Erebia pandrose
''Erebia pandrose'', the dewy ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae . It is found from the Arctic areas of northern Europe, the Pyrenees, Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Carpathian Mountains, Kola Peninsula ...
'' (Borkhausen, 1788) – dewy ringlet
* ''
Erebia pawlowskii
''Erebia pawloskii'', the yellow-dotted alpine, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America in northern British Columbia, Yukon, and Alaska. It is also found in the Sayan Mountains, and from no ...
'' Ménétriés, 1859 – yellow-dotted alpine or Theano alpineBrock, Jim P. and K. Kaufman (2003). ''Kaufman Field Guide to Butterflies of North America.'' New York, NY:Houghton Mifflin.
* ''
Erebia pharte
''Erebia pharte'', the blind ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is an Alpine butterfly.
Distribution
The species is found in France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland.
Descrip ...
Erebia pronoe
The water ringlet (''Erebia pronoe'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It is a high altitude (mainly between 900 and 2,800 meters) butterfly found in the Alps, Bavaria, Styria, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Bulgaria.
...
Erebia rondoui
''Erebia rondoui'', the Pyrenees brassy ringlet, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in France and Spain,Erebia rossii'' (Curtis, 1835) – Arctic–alpine or Ross's alpine
* '' Erebia rurigena'' (disputed)
* ''
Erebia sachaensis
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or ban ...
'' Dubatolov, 1992
* ''
Erebia scipio
The Larche ringlet (''Erebia scipio'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-mountain butterfly found in the Alps of France and Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the ...
Erebia tianschanica
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange or more rarely yellowish wing blotches or ban ...
'' Heyne,
894
__NOTOC__
Year 894 ( DCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and ...
Erebia turanica
''Erebia'' is a Holarctic genus of brush-footed butterflies, family (biology), family Nymphalidae. Most of the about 90–100 species (see also #Taxonomy and systematics, below) are dark brown or black in color, with reddish-brown to orange o ...
894
__NOTOC__
Year 894 ( DCCCXCIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Stylianos Zaoutzes, leading minister and ...
File:Erebia1Seitz.jpg, First of the three ''Erebia'' plates in the 1915 ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'', edited by
Adalbert Seitz
Friedrich Joseph Adalbert Seitz, (24 February 1860 in Mainz – 5 March 1938 in Darmstadt) was a German physician and entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. He was a director of the Frankfurt zoo from 1893 to 1908 and is best known for e ...
. This work was published near the height of taxonomic confusion about these butterflies.
File:Erebia3Seitz.jpg, Another ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'' plate, showing larger species.
File:Erebia2Seitz.jpg, Third ''Macrolepidoptera of the World'' plate, of the 31 named
taxa
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
depicted, probably less than 10 are actual species.
Erebia euryale
''Erebia euryale'', the large ringlet, is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae.
Subspecies
Subspecies include:Erebia euryale
''Erebia euryale'', the large ringlet, is a species of butterfly belonging to the family Nymphalidae.
Subspecies
Subspecies include:Erebia aethiops''
Image: Erebia aethiops (2).jpg, '' Erebia aethiops''
Image: Erebia aethiops.underside.male.jpg, '' Erebia aethiops'' underside ♂
Image: Erebia aethiops.underside.female.jpg, '' Erebia aethiops'' underside ♀
Image: Erebia medusa.1.jpg, '' Erebia medusa'' ♂
Image: Erebia medusa1.jpg, '' Erebia medusa''
Image: Woodland Ringlet (14598413335).jpg, '' Erebia medusa'' ♀
Image: Erebianeoridas.JPG, '' Erebia neoridas''
Image: Erebia meolans.jpg, ''
Erebia meolans
The Piedmont ringlet (''Erebia meolans'') is a member of the family Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilio ...
''
Image: Erebia meolans M 1.jpg, ''
Erebia meolans
The Piedmont ringlet (''Erebia meolans'') is a member of the family Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilio ...
Erebia pronoe
The water ringlet (''Erebia pronoe'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It is a high altitude (mainly between 900 and 2,800 meters) butterfly found in the Alps, Bavaria, Styria, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Bulgaria.
...
''
Image: Erebia pronoe.underside female.jpg, ''
Erebia pronoe
The water ringlet (''Erebia pronoe'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It is a high altitude (mainly between 900 and 2,800 meters) butterfly found in the Alps, Bavaria, Styria, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Bulgaria.
...
Erebia pandrose
''Erebia pandrose'', the dewy ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae . It is found from the Arctic areas of northern Europe, the Pyrenees, Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Carpathian Mountains, Kola Peninsula ...
''
Image: Erebia pandrose.underside.jpg, ''
Erebia pandrose
''Erebia pandrose'', the dewy ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae . It is found from the Arctic areas of northern Europe, the Pyrenees, Alps, the Apennine Mountains, the Carpathian Mountains, Kola Peninsula ...
Erebia gorge
The silky ringlet (''Erebia gorge'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-altitude butterfly found on screes in the Alps, Pyrenees, central Italy and the Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as ...
''
Image: Erebia gorge.triopes.jpg, ''
Erebia gorge
The silky ringlet (''Erebia gorge'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-altitude butterfly found on screes in the Alps, Pyrenees, central Italy and the Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as ...
'' f. ''triopes''
Image: Erebia gorge.erynis.jpg, ''
Erebia gorge
The silky ringlet (''Erebia gorge'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-altitude butterfly found on screes in the Alps, Pyrenees, central Italy and the Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as ...
'' f. ''erynis''
Image: Erebia gorge.jpg, ''
Erebia gorge
The silky ringlet (''Erebia gorge'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae. It is a high-altitude butterfly found on screes in the Alps, Pyrenees, central Italy and the Balkans
The Balkans ( ), also known as ...
Erebia pharte
''Erebia pharte'', the blind ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is an Alpine butterfly.
Distribution
The species is found in France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland.
Descrip ...
''
Image: Erebia pharte.underside.jpg, ''
Erebia pharte
''Erebia pharte'', the blind ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is an Alpine butterfly.
Distribution
The species is found in France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland.
Descrip ...
'' underside
Image: Erebia melampus.jpg, ''
Erebia melampus
''Erebia melampus'', the lesser mountain ringlet, is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae.
Distribution and habitat
This European endemic species occurs in the Alps from the Maritime Alps to eastern Austria (France, Germa ...
Erebia gorgone
The Gavarnie ringlet (''Erebia gorgone'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of the family Nymphalidae.Erebia disa
The Arctic ringlet or Disa alpine (''Erebia disa'') is a member of the subfamily Satyrinae of family Nymphalidae. It is associated with wet muskeg and bogs in subarctic and Arctic climates, and is often found near the tree-line. The larva overw ...
* Other Lepidoptera genera with excessive named taxa:
** ''
Agrias
''Agrias'' is a genus of Neotropical charaxine nymphalid butterflies found in South and Central America.
The German lepidopterist Hans Fruhstorfer wrote:
"In this magnificent tropical genus, upon which nature seems to have showered all her abu ...
''
** ''
Parnassius
''Parnassius'' is a genus of northern circumpolar and montane (alpine and Himalayan) butterflies usually known as Apollos or snow Apollos. They can vary in colour and form significantly based on their altitude. They also show an adaptation to h ...
''
** ''
Prepona
''Prepona'' is a genus of Neotropical charaxine butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. They are strong fliers in tropical forests where they feed on fermenting fruits and animal dung. The underside of the wings is pale greyish or brownish, while ...
''
** ''
Morpho
The morpho butterflies comprise many species of Neotropical butterfly under the genus ''Morpho''. This genus includes more than 29 accepted species and 147 accepted subspecies, found mostly in South America, Mexico, and Central America. ''Morph ...
''
*
Species concept
The species problem is the set of questions that arises when biologists attempt to define what a species is. Such a definition is called a species concept; there are at least 26 recognized species concepts. A species concept that works well for se ...
Footnotes
References
* (2008). Molecular phylogeny of the ''Erebia tyndarus'' (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) species group combining CoxII and ND5 mitochondrial genes: A case study of a recent radiation. '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 47(1): 196–210. (HTML abstract)
* (2006).
Tree of Life Web Project
The Tree of Life Web Project is an Internet project providing information about the diversity and phylogeny of life on Earth.
This collaborative peer reviewed project began in 1995, and is written by biologists from around the world. The site ...
''Erebia'' Version of November 28, 2006. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
* 819everal new genera for ''Erebia'' In: ''Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge'' 'sic''.html"_;"title="sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html"_;"title="'sic">'sic''(Vol.4):_62-64.
*__[2008.html" ;"title="sic">'sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''(Vol.4): 62-64.
* [2008">sic">'sic''.html" ;"title="sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''">sic.html" ;"title="'sic">'sic''(Vol.4): 62-64.
* [2008 Palaearctic Butterfly Checklist Nymphalidae: Satyrinae Version of February 4, 2008. Retrieved August 11, 2008.
* (2008). Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' Version of march 15, 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
* (2008). A checklist of the satyrine genus Erebia (Lepidoptera) (1758–2006). ''Zootaxa'' 1900: 1-109 PDF contents, abstract and first page text * (1936). ''Monograph of the genus'' Erebia. British Museum of Natural History, London.
Former U.S.S.R. Erebia photographs, accurate text.
Kulfan pdf ''Erebia'' fauna of the
Tatras
The Tatra Mountains (), Tatras, or Tatra (''Tatry'' either in Slovak () or in Polish () - ''plurale tantum''), are a series of mountains within the Western Carpathians that form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They are the high ...