' is a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

work by

Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinisation of names, Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italian physician and natural history, naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first anational ...

, published in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

in 1763. As well as describing hundreds of new species, ' contained observations on the species' biology, including the first published account of

queen bee A queen bee is typically an adult, mated female (gyne) that lives in a colony or hive of honey bees. With fully developed reproductive organs, the queen is usually the mother of most, if not all, of the bees in the beehive. Queens are developed ...

s mating outside the

hive A hive may refer to a beehive, an enclosed structure in which some honey bee species live and raise their young. Hive or hives may also refer to: Arts * ''Hive'' (game), an abstract-strategy board game published in 2001 * "Hive" (song), a 201 ...

Classification

In contrast to his predecessors

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

and

Johan Christian Fabricius Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is cons ...

, who had used the structure of the

insect wing Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwin ...

and the structure of the

insect mouthparts Insects have mouthparts that may vary greatly across insect species, as they are adapted to particular modes of feeding. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts. Most specialisation of mouthparts are for piercing and sucking, and this mode o ...

, respectively, as the main means of classifying arthropods, Scopoli favoured a more holistic approach. In ', Scopoli described 1153 species of "insects" (a term which at that time included many

arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...

s), divided into seven orders: :Coleoptera (

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s and

orthopteroid Orthopteroids are insects which historically would have been included in the order Orthoptera and now may be placed in the Polyneoptera. When Carl Linnaeus started applying binomial names to animals in the 10th edition of his '' Systema Naturae'' ...

insects) – species 1–329 :Proboscidea (=

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...

) – species 330–418 :

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

– species 419–676 :

Neuroptera The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera can be grouped together with the Megaloptera and Raphidioptera in th ...

– species 677–712 :Aculeata (=

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order (biology), order of insects, comprising the sawfly, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are Par ...

) – species 713–838 :Halterata (=

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

) – species 839–1024 :Pedestria (various wingless animals, including

silverfish The silverfish (''Lepisma saccharinum'') is a species of small, primitive, wingless insect in the order Zygentoma (formerly Thysanura). Its common name derives from the insect's silvery light grey colour, combined with the fish-like appearance ...

flea Flea, the common name for the order Siphonaptera, includes 2,500 species of small flightless insects that live as external parasites of mammals and birds. Fleas live by ingesting the blood of their hosts. Adult fleas grow to about long, a ...

mite Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear evid ...

arachnid Arachnida () is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroon ...

crustacean Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group ...

s and

myriapods Myriapods () are the members of subphylum Myriapoda, containing arthropods such as millipedes and centipedes. The group contains about 13,000 species, all of them terrestrial. The fossil record of myriapods reaches back into the late Silurian, a ...

) – species 1025–1153

Taxa

The animals described in ' were found in the

Duchy of Carniola The Duchy of Carniola ( sl, Vojvodina Kranjska, german: Herzogtum Krain, hu, Krajna) was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire, established under House of Habsburg, Habsburg rule on the territory of the former East Frankish March of Carn ...

(also called the '), an area at that time under the control of the

Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

. Nowadays, it is the western part of

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

. For each species, Scopoli gave references to previously published illustrations and binomial names. Few works using

binomial nomenclature In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

had appeared by 1763; those cited by Scopoli include the

10th edition 1 (one, unit, unity) is a number representing a single or the only entity. 1 is also a numerical digit and represents a single unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of ''unit length'' is a line segment of length 1. I ...

of ' (1758) and ' (1761) by

, and ' (1761) by

Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus (4 October 1723 – 29 April 1798) was an Austrian entomologist. In his branch of natural history, the short name Poda refers to him. Poda was born and died in Vienna. He was the author of ''Insecta Musei Graecens ...

. More than half of the species listed by Scopoli in ' were described as new. They include: Oedemera nobilis02

*15. ''Scarabæus eremita'', now ''

Osmoderma eremita ''Osmoderma eremita'', the hermit beetle or Russian leather beetle, is a species of European beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Adults reach between 28 and 32 mm in length. Distribution ''Osmoderma eremita'' can be found everywhere in Europ ...

'' *65. ''Curculio piger'', now '' Cleonus piger'' *97. ''Curculio glaucus'', now '' Phyllobius glaucus'' *112. ''Attelabus lilii'', now ''

Lilioceris lilii ''Lilioceris'' is a genus of beetles in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. The genus was first scientifically described in 1912 by Edmund Reitter. ''Lilioceris'' belongs to the subfamily Criocerinae and tribe Criocerini (Latreille, 1807). Th ...

'' *124. ''Cantharis fulva'', now ''

Rhagonycha fulva ''Rhagonycha fulva'', the common red soldier beetle, also misleadingly known as the bloodsucker beetle, and popularly known in England as the hogweed bonking beetle is a species of soldier beetle (Cantharidae). Taxonomy ''Rhagonycha fulva'' was ...

'' *146. ''Cantharis nobilis'', now '' Oedemera nobilis'' *199. ''Buprestis salicina'', now '' Smaragdina salicina'' *264. '' Carabus catenulatus'' *408. ''

Aphis fabae The black bean aphid (''Aphis fabae'') is a small black insect in the genus ''Aphis'', with a broad, soft body, a member of the order Hemiptera. Other common names include blackfly, bean aphid, and beet leaf aphid. In the warmer months of the ye ...

'' *428. ''Papilio fagi'', now ''

Hipparchia fagi ''Hipparchia fagi'', the woodland grayling, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. Etymology The Latin species name ''fagi'', meaning of "beech" (=''fagus''), refers to the prevailing species of trees in the relating biotope. Subspecies * '' ...

'' *510. ''Phalaena fulminea'', now '' Catocala fulminea'' *525. ''Phalaena rubiginosa'', now '' Conistra rubiginosa'' *526. ''Phalaena clavipalpis'', now ''

Paradrina clavipalpis ''Caradrina clavipalpis'', the pale mottled willow, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was Species description, first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found in the Palearctic realm ( ...

'' *527. ''Phalaena deceptoria'', now '' Deltote deceptoria'' *532. ''Phalaena nebulata'', now '' Euchoeca nebulata'' *535. ''Phalaena fimbrialis'', now '' Thalera fimbrialis'' *537. ''Phalaena punctinalis'', now ''

Hypomecis punctinalis ''Hypomecis punctinalis'', the pale oak beauty, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. The species can be found in central and southern Europe, Asia ...

'' *540. ''Phalaena lineata'', now ''

Siona lineata ''Siona lineata'', the black-veined moth, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. Subspecies Subspecies include: * ''Siona lineata lineata'' (Scopo ...

'' *542. ''Phalaena exanthemata'', now ''

Cabera exanthemata The common wave (''Cabera exanthemata'') is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found throughout the Palearctic region and the Near East. ...

'' *545. ''Phalaena ornata'', now '' Scopula ornata'' *546. ''Phalaena sylvata'', now '' Abraxas sylvata'' *549. ''Phalaena glaucata'', now ''

Cilix glaucata ''Cilix glaucata'', the Chinese character, is a moth of the family Drepanidae. It was Species description, first described by the Italian physician and natural history, naturalist, Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. ...

'' *551. ''Phalaena chlorosata'', now '' Petrophora chlorosata'' *561. ''Phalaena moeniata'', now '' Scotopteryx moeniata'' *565. ''Phalaena aurata'', now ''

Pyrausta aurata The mint moth (''Pyrausta aurata'') is a small moth from the family Crambidae, also known by the common name ''Small Purple and Gold''. Distribution This species can be found in most of Europe and it is also widespread in North Africa and North ...

'' *567. ''Phalaena ochrata'', now '' Idaea ochrata'' *571. ''Phalaena alpinata'', now '' Glacies alpinata'' *572. ''Phalaena murinata'', now '' Minoa murinata'' *575. ''Phalaena laevigata'', now '' Idaea laevigata'' *576. ''Phalaena inquinata'', now '' Idaea inquinata'' *577. ''Phalaena tenebrata'', now ''

Panemeria tenebrata ''Panemeria tenebrata'', the small yellow underwing, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found in Europe but is missing in northern Scandin ...

'' *579. ''Phalaena despicata'', now ''

Pyrausta despicata ''Pyrausta despicata'', the straw-barred pearl, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. Description The wingspan of ''Pyrausta despicata'' can reach 14– ...

'' *580. ''Phalaena nigrata'', now '' Pyrausta nigrata'' *583. ''Phalaena podana'', now ''

Archips podana ''Archips podana'', the large fruit-tree tortrix, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found in Europe, Asia from Anatolia to Japan and is ...

'' *591. ''Phalaena rufana'', now ''

Celypha rufana ''Celypha rufana'', common name lakes marble, is a small moth species of the family Tortricidae, long known under the junior synonym ''C. rosaceana''. Synonyms Junior synonyms of this species are: * ''Argyroploce rufana'' (Scopoli, 1763) * ''Cel ...

'' *595. ''Phalaena montana'', now ''

Macrophya montana ''Macrophya montana'' is a sawfly (order (biology), order Hymenoptera, family Tenthredinidae). Distribution This common species is widespread in most of Europe and it is also present in North Africa, Turkey and Iran. Habitat It prefers forest e ...

'' *599. ''Phalaena formosana'', now '' Enarmonia formosana'' *600. ''Phalaena rivulana'', now '' Celypha rivulana'' *607. ''Phalaena anthracinalis'', now '' Euplocamus anthracinalis'' *609. ''Phalaena citrinalis'', now ''

Hypercallia citrinalis ''Hypercallia citrinalis'' is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Europe, Asia Minor, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mongolia and southern Siberia (Altai, Minusinsk, Irkutsk). The wingspan is about 19 mm.The forewings are brig ...

'' *610. ''Phalaena trabealis'', now ''

Emmelia trabealis ''Emmelia trabealis'', the spotted sulphur, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. Taxonomy The species is sometimes placed in the genus '' Acontia'' a ...

'' *612. ''Phalaena lunalis'', now ''

Zanclognatha lunalis ''Zanclognatha lunalis'', the jubilee fan-foot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It can be found across the Palearctic realm (Europe to the Rus ...

'' *614. ''Phalaena extimalis'', now '' Evergestis extimalis'' *615. ''Phalaena sericealis'', now ''

Rivula sericealis ''Rivula sericealis'', the straw dot, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found in Europe including the Iberian Peninsula and southern Fenno ...

'' *616. ''Phalaena ruralis'', now '' Pleuroptya ruralis'' *618. ''Phalaena nemoralis'', now '' Agrotera nemoralis'' *620. ''Phalaena perlella'', now ''

Crambus perlella ''Crambus perlella'' is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found in Europe and east across the Palearctic. The wingspan is 19–28 mm. The face is rather prominent. Forewings very shining whitish, often ochreous -tinged ; veins ...

'' *627. ''Phalaena craterella'', now ''

Chrysocrambus craterellus ''Chrysocrambus craterellus'' is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It was species description, first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. Subspecies *''Chrysocrambus craterellus craterellus'' (C ...

'' *628. ''Phalaena chrysonuchella'', now '' Thisanotia chrysonuchella'' *636. ''Phalaena palliatella'', now '' Eilema palliatella'' *638. ''Phalaena forficella'', now ''

Harpella forficella ''Harpella forficella'' is a species of the concealer moth family (Oecophoridae), wherein it belongs to subfamily Oecophorinae. Distribution This species can be found in most of Europe and in the Near East. Habitat These moths inhabit deciduous ...

'' *643. ''Phalaena mucronella'', now '' Ypsolopha mucronella'' *649. ''Phalaena rufimitrella'', now ''

Cauchas rufimitrella ''Cauchas rufimitrella'' is a diurnal lepidopteran from the family Adelidae, the fairy long horn moths. It is found in almost all of Europe, except Portugal, Ukraine and the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The wingspan of the moth range ...

'' *654. ''Phalaena scalella'', now '' Pseudotelphusa scalella'' *660. ''Phalaena aruncella'', now ''

Micropterix aruncella ''Micropterix aruncella'' is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae, which is distributed throughout Europe. The imago was Species description, first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1763. This species is one of the bes ...

'' *661. ''Phalaena alchimiella'', now '' Caloptilia alchimiella'' *662. ''Phalaena aureatella'', now '' Micropterix aureatella'' *673. ''Phalaena bipunctidactyla'', now ''

Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla ''Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla'', also known as the twin-spot plume is a moth of the Pterophoroidea family found in North Africa, Asia and Europe. It was first described by the Austrian physician and naturalist, Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1763. ...

'' *734. ''Tenthredo ribesii'', now ''

Nematus ribesii ''Nematus ribesii'' is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. English names include common gooseberry sawfly Bombus pascuorum ''Bombus pascuorum'', the common carder bee, is a species of bumblebee present in most of Europe in a wide variety of habitats such as meadows, pastures, waste ground, ditches and wikt:embankment, embankments, roads, and field margins, as well ...

'' *833. ''Formica vaga'', now ''

Camponotus vagus ''Camponotus vagus'' is a species of large, black, Palaearctic carpenter ant with a wide range that includes much of Europe, a large area of Asia, and part of Africa. Description ''Camponotus vagus'' is a relatively distinctive species that is ...

'' *870. ''Musca maculata'', now '' Graphomya maculata'' *876. ''Musca tuguriorum'', now '' Phaonia tuguriorum'' *880. ''Musca angelicae'', now '' Phaonia angelicae'' *954. ''Conops pertinax'', now '' Eristalis pertinax'' *962. ''Conops cuprea'', now '' Ferdinandea cuprea'' *967. ''Conops aeneus'', now ''

Eristalinus aeneus ''Eristalinus aeneus'' (Scopoli, 1763), the common lagoon fly, is a fairly common species of syrphid fly observed throughout the United States and Europe. Hoverflies can remain nearly motionless in flight. The adults are also known as flower fli ...

'' *1134. ''Oniscus muscorum'', now ''

Philoscia muscorum ''Philoscia muscorum'', the common striped woodlouse or fast woodlouse, is a common European woodlouse. It is widespread in Europe, the British Isles and is found from southern Scandinavia to the Ukraine and Greece. It has also spread to Washingto ...

Publication

' was published by Johann Thomas von Trattner in Vienna in 1763. Forty-three plates of illustrations were prepared for publication, but were never offered for sale, and few copies of ' include the plates. They illustrate the species numbered 1–815, with the exception of the genus ''

Aphis ''Aphis'' is a genus of insects in the family Aphididae containing at least 600 species of aphids. It includes many notorious agricultural pests, such as the soybean aphid '' Aphis glycines''. Many species of ''Aphis'', such as '' A. coreopsidis ...

'' (species 396–410). ' was published long before the international standardisation of units; to help readers understand his measurements, Scopoli therefore included a printed scale of three Parisian inches, each divided into twelve

lines Line most often refers to: * Line (geometry), object with zero thickness and curvature that stretches to infinity * Telephone line, a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system Line, lines, The Line, or LINE may also refer to: Arts ...

. His inch was approximately long, making each line approximately .

References

External links

''Entomologia Carniolica''

Internet Archive The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge". It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, ...

''Entomologia Carniolica''

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{{Authority control 1763 in science 1763 books Environment of Slovenia 18th-century Latin books History of science and technology in Slovenia Beekeeping 18th century in Carniola

Classification

Taxa

Publication

References

Further reading

External links