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1763 In Science
The year 1763 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Publication posthumously of Nicolas Louis de Lacaille's ''Coelum australe stelliferum'', cataloguing all his data from the southern hemisphere and including about 10,000 stars and a number of brighter star clusters and nebulae. * Publication of Edward Stone's ''The whole doctrine of parallaxes explained and illustrated by an arithmetical and geometrical construction of the transit of Venus over the sun, June 6th, 1761. Enriched with a new and general method of determining the places where any transit of this planet, and especially that which will be June 3d, 1769, may be best observed''. Mathematics * December 23 – Thomas Bayes' solution to a problem of "inverse probability" is presented posthumously in his " Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances" read by Richard Price to the Royal Society, containing a statement of a special case of Bayes' theorem. Medicine * Edward St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scottish People
The Scots ( sco, Scots Fowk; gd, Albannaich) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or ''Alba'') in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, the Celtic-speaking Cumbrians of Strathclyde and the Germanic-speaking Angles of north Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century. In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word ''Scoti'' originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1840 In Science
The year 1840 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Events * William Whewell publishes ''The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences'', introducing the terms ''scientist'' (for the second time) and ''physicist''. * Justus von Liebig publishes ''Die Organische Chemie in ihre Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie'' in Braunschweig, emphasising the importance of agricultural chemistry in crop production; it will go through at least eight editions. * The first known photograph of Niagara Falls, a daguerreotype, is taken by English chemist Hugh Lee Pattinson. Astronomy * John William Draper invents astronomical photography and photographs the Moon. Biology * John Gould begins publication of '' The Birds of Australia''. Chemistry * Germain Hess proposes Hess's law, an early statement of the law of conservation of energy, which establishes that energy changes in a chemical process depend only on the states of the starting and product materials and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scottish American
Scottish Americans or Scots Americans (Scottish Gaelic: ''Ameireaganaich Albannach''; sco, Scots-American) are Americans whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in Scotland. Scottish Americans are closely related to Scotch-Irish Americans, descendants of Ulster Scots, and communities emphasize and celebrate a common heritage.Celeste Ray, 'Introduction', p. 6, id., 'Scottish Immigration and Ethnic Organization in the United States', pp. 48-9, 62, 81, in id. (ed.), ''The Transatlantic Scots'' (Tuscaloosa, AL:University of Alabama Press, 2005). The majority of Scotch-Irish Americans originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see ''Plantation of Ulster'') and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the eighteenth century. Today, the number of Scottish Americans is believed to be around 25 million, and celebrations of ‘ Scottishness’ can be seen through maj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Maclure
William Maclure (27 October 176323 March 1840) was an Americanized Scottish geologist, cartographer and philanthropist. He is known as the 'father of American geology'. As a social experimenter on new types of community life, he collaborated with British social reformer Robert Owen, (1771–1854), in Indiana, United States. Maclure had a highly successful mercantile career, making a fortune that allowed him to retire in 1797 at the early age of 34 to pursue his scientific, geological and other interests. In 1809 he made the earliest attempt at a geological map of the United States of America. Biography Early life, business, and education Maclure was born in 1763 in Ayr, Scotland. After a brief visit to New York City in 1782, he began work with the merchants Miller, Hart & Co, who traded and shipped goods to and from America. Maclure was based in the London office but regularly travelled to France and Ireland on business. In 1796 business affairs took him to Virginia, which h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1817 In Science
The year 1817 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology * Georges Cuvier publishes ''Le Règne Animal''. Chemistry * Discovery of cadmium by Friedrich Stromeyer. * Discovery of lithium by Johann Arfvedson. * Discovery of selenium by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. * Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolate chlorophyll and emetine. * Leopold Gmelin begins publication of his ''Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie''. Medicine * First cholera pandemic (1817–24) originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September. * James Parkinson publishes An Essay on the Shaking Palsy', describing "paralysis agitans", the condition which will become known as Parkinson's disease. Technology * March – Ackermann steering geometry invented by Georg Lankensperger. * June 12 – German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or ''Laufmaschine''), the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim. * July 10 – David Brewster patents the k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physicist
A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics, which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe. Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena, and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms. Physicists work across a wide range of research fields, spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic and particle physics, through biological physics, to cosmological length scales encompassing the universe as a whole. The field generally includes two types of physicists: experimental physicists who specialize in the observation of natural phenomena and the development and analysis of experiments, and theoretical physicists who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena. Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies (also known as applie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bologna
Bologna (, , ; egl, label= Emilian, Bulåggna ; lat, Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people. It is known as the Fat City for its rich cuisine, and the Red City for its Spanish-style red tiled rooftops and, more recently, its leftist politics. It is also called the Learned City because it is home to the oldest university in the world. Originally Etruscan, the city has been an important urban center for centuries, first under the Etruscans (who called it ''Felsina''), then under the Celts as ''Bona'', later under the Romans (''Bonōnia''), then again in the Middle Ages, as a free municipality and later ''signoria'', when it was among the largest European cities by population. Famous for its towers, churches and lengthy porticoes, Bologna has a well-preserved ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Battista Guglielmini
Giovanni Battista Guglielmini (; 16 August 1763 – 15 December 1817) was an Italian physicist. Guglielmini's experiments take place in the list of experiments by scientists ( Hooke, Guglielmini, Benzenberg, Reich, Foucault) to demonstrate the Earth's rotation experimentally. Life Guglielmini was born at Bologna, received the tonsure in early youth and was a secular priest ("abate"). His career in the Church is unknown; he died single. A protégé of Cardinal Ignazio Boncompagni, he pursued higher studies, and graduated in philosophy, in 1787, at the age of 24. If he was a relative of the famous engineer and physician, Domenico Guglielmini, who had been general superintendent of the Bologna waterworks a hundred years before, he was certainly not his direct descendant. Guglielmini's experiments In 1789 Guglielmini published his first treatise, ''Riflessioni sopra un nuovo esperimento in prova del diurno moto della terra'' (Reflections on a new experiment to prove the dail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1829 In Science
The year 1829 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Chemistry * Isaac Holden produces a form of friction match. Mathematics * Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet publishes a memoir giving the Dirichlet conditions, showing for which functions the convergence of the Fourier series holds; introducing Dirichlet's test for the convergence of series; the Dirichlet function as an example that not any function is integrable; and, in the proof of the theorem for the Fourier series, the Dirichlet kernel and Dirichlet integral. He also introduces a general modern concept for a function. * Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky publishes his work on hyperbolic non-Euclidean geometry. * S. D. Poisson publishes ''Sur l'attraction des sphéroides''. Medicine * Dr Benjamin Guy Babington makes the first known use of a laryngoscope. Palaeontology * Jules Desnoyers names the Quaternary period. * Engis 2, part of the skull of a young child and other bones, recognised in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemist
A chemist (from Greek ''chēm(ía)'' alchemy; replacing ''chymist'' from Medieval Latin ''alchemist'') is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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