Oenology (also enology; ) is the science and study of

wine Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are m ...

and

winemaking Winemaking or vinification is the production of wine, starting with the selection of the fruit, its fermentation into alcohol, and the bottling of the finished liquid. The history of wine-making stretches over millennia. The science of wine and ...

. Oenology is distinct from

viticulture Viticulture (from the Latin word for '' vine'') or winegrowing (wine growing) is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of '' Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, ...

, which is the science of the growing, cultivation, and harvesting of

grape A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus '' Vitis''. Grapes are a non- climacteric type of fruit, generally occurring in clusters. The cultivation of grapes began perhaps 8,000 years a ...

s. The English word oenology derives from the Greek word ''oinos'' ( οἶνος) "wine" and the suffix ''–logia'' ( -λογία) the "study of". An oenologist is an expert in the science of wine and of the arts and techniques for making wine.

Education and training

University programs in oenology and viticulture usually feature a concentration in science for the degree of

Bachelor of Science A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree awarded for programs that generally last three to five years. The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University o ...

(B.S, B.Sc., Sc.B), and as a terminal master's degree — either in a scientific or in a research program for the degree of

Master of Science A Master of Science ( la, Magisterii Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries or a person holding such a degree. In contrast t ...

(M.S., Sc.M.), e.g. the

master of professional studies Master or masters may refer to: Ranks or titles * Ascended master, a term used in the Theosophical religious tradition to refer to spiritually enlightened beings who in past incarnations were ordinary humans * Grandmaster (chess), National Maste ...

degree. Oenologists and viticulturalists with doctorates often have a background in

horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

, plant physiology, and microbiology. Related to oenology are the professional titles of ''

sommelier A sommelier ( or or ; ), or wine steward, is a trained and knowledgeable wine professional, normally working in fine restaurants, who specializes in all aspects of wine service as well as wine and food pairing. The role of the wine steward in fin ...

'' and

master of wine Master of Wine (MW) is a qualification (not an academic degree) issued by The Institute of Masters of Wine in the United Kingdom. The MW qualification is generally regarded in the wine industry as one of the highest standards of professional knowle ...

, which are specific certifications in the restaurant business and in

hospitality management Hospitality management may refer to: *Hospitality industry The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, theme parks, travel and tourism. It inc ...

. Occupationally, oenologists usually work as winemakers, as wine chemists in commercial laboratories, and in oenologic organisations, such as the

Australian Wine Research Institute The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) is a research institute with a focus on Australian wine, based in Adelaide, South Australia. Location It is based at the Wine Innovation Cluster, situated in the Waite Research Precinct, in the Adela ...

Australia

Schools in Australia tend to offer a "bachelor of viticulture" or "master of viticulture" degree. *

Charles Sturt University Charles Sturt University is an Australian multi-campus public university located in New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. Established in 1989, it was named in honour of Captain Charles Napier Sturt, a British explore ...

- Wagga Wagga, New South Wales *

Curtin University of Technology Curtin University, formerly known as Curtin University of Technology and Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT), is an Australian public research university based in Bentley, Perth, Western Australia. It is named after John Curtin, P ...

- Perth, Western Australia *

Melbourne Polytechnic/La Trobe University Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/ Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a metro ...

- Melbourne Australia * Queensland College of Wine Tourism - Stanthorpe, Queensland *

University of Adelaide The University of Adelaide (informally Adelaide University) is a public research university located in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 1874, it is the third-oldest university in Australia. The university's main campus is located on N ...

- Adelaide, South Australia

Brazil

Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul The Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul ( pt, Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, IFRS), or in full: Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul ( pt, link=no, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tec ...

- Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Feliz, Sertão, Canoas, Porto Alegre-Restinga, Caxias do Sul, Osório, Erechim, and Rio Grande *

Federal University of Pampa The Federal University of Pampa ( pt, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Unipampa) is a public university established in 2006 in the Southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Unipampa was created by Law 11640 of January 11, 2008 as the Fede ...

- Dom Pedrito Campus, Rio Grande do Sul

Canada

Brock University Brock University is a public research university in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is the only university in Canada in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, at the centre of Canada's Niagara Peninsula on the Niagara Escarpment. The university bears t ...

- St. Catharines, Ontario

France

Official National Diploma of Oenology: *

Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse Toulouse Institute of Technology (also called National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse or INPT) is a French university cluster based in Toulouse, France, part of University of Toulouse. It was founded in 1969. The institute is composed of seven ...

- Toulouse *

Jules Guyot Institute Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with the name * Jules Aarons (1921–2008), American space physicist and photographer *Jules Abadie (1876–19 ...

- Dijon *

University of Bordeaux The University of Bordeaux (French: ''Université de Bordeaux'') is a Lists of universities in France, public university based in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in Southern France, southwestern France. It has several campuses in the cities and towns of Bor ...

- Bordeaux *

University of Montpellier I The Montpellier 1 University (''Université Montpellier 1'') is a French university, in the Academy of Montpellier. It is one of the three successor universities to the University of Montpellier following the split in 1970. In January 2015, Mont ...

- Montpellier *

University of Reims The University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (; URCA), also known simply as the University of Reims, is a public university based in Reims, France. In addition to the main campus in Reims, the university has several campuses located throughout t ...

- Reims Other wine diplomas: *

Université de Bourgogne The University of Burgundy (french: Université de Bourgogne, uB; formerly known as ''Université de Dijon'') is a public university located in Dijon, France. The University of Burgundy is situated on a large campus (more than 150 ha) in the east ...

- Dijon * Université du Vin - Suze-la-Rousse

Germany

Hochschule Geisenheim University ' (, plural: ') is the generic term in German for institutions of higher education, corresponding to ''universities'' and ''colleges'' in English. The term ''Universität'' (plural: ''Universitäten'') is reserved for institutions with the right t ...

- Geisenheim

Israel

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; he, הַאוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה הַעִבְרִית בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם) is a public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Dr. Chaim Weiz ...

- Rehovot

Italy

Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (English: ''Catholic University of the Sacred Heart'', colloquially the ''Catholic University of Milan''), known as UCSC or UNICATT or simply Cattolica, is an Italian private research university founded in 1 ...

br>
- International Vintage Master - Piacenz

*

University of Bologna The University of Bologna ( it, Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, UNIBO) is a public research university in Bologna, Italy. Founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students (''studiorum''), it is the oldest university in continu ...

- Cesena *

University of Padua The University of Padua ( it, Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) is an Italian university located in the city of Padua, region of Veneto, northern Italy. The University of Padua was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from ...

- Conegliano *

University of Palermo The University of Palermo ( it, Università degli Studi di Palermo) is a university located in Palermo, Italy, and founded in 1806. It is organized in 12 Faculties. History The University of Palermo was officially founded in 1806, although its ...

- Marsala *

University of Perugia University of Perugia (Italian ''Università degli Studi di Perugia'') is a public-owned university based in Perugia, Italy. It was founded in 1308, as attested by the Bull issued by Pope Clement V certifying the birth of the Studium Generale. Th ...

- Perugia *

University of Salento The University of Salento ( it, Università del Salento, called until 2007 ''Università degli Studi di Lecce'') is a university located in Lecce, Italy. It was founded in 1955 by Giuseppe Codacci Pisanelli. The university of Salento commenced act ...

- Lecce *

University of Trento The University of Trento (Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Trento'') is an Italian university located in Trento and nearby Rovereto. It has been able to achieve considerable results in didactics, research, and international relations accor ...

- Edmund Mach Foundation - Trento, San Michele all'Adige * University of Udine - Udine * University of Verona - Verona

New Zealand

Eastern Institute of Technology The Eastern Institute of Technology (EIT) is a government owned tertiary education institution with three campuses: Hawke’s Bay, Auckland, and Gisborne, New Zealand, Gisborne, New Zealand. It is also referred to as EIT Hawke's Bay, EIT Tairāw ...

- Hawke's Bay * Lincoln University - Christchurch
University of Auckland-
Auckland

Peru

* Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista - Ingeniería en Enología y Viticultura - Lima, Ica, Chincha

Portugal

Universidade do Porto The Universiade is an international multi-sport event, organized for university athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU). The name is a portmanteau of the words "University" and "Olympiad". The Universiade is referred t ...

- Porto * University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro - Vila Real * Universidade de Évora - Évora

South Africa

University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch University ( af, Universiteit Stellenbosch) is a public research university situated in Stellenbosch, a town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Stellenbosch is the oldest university in South Africa and the oldest extant ...

- Stellenbosch

Slovenia

* University of Nova Gorica - School for viticulture and enology - Vipava

Switzerland

Changins Agroscope is the Swiss Confederation's center of excellence for agricultural research and is affiliated with the Federal Office for Agriculture, which is subordinate to the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research. Agrosc ...

- Nyon

Spain

* Universitat Rovira i Virgili - Tarragona * Universidad de La Rioja - La Rioja *

Universidad de Cádiz Universidad (Spanish for "university") may refer to: Places * Universidad, San Juan, Puerto Rico * Universidad (Madrid) Football clubs * Universidad SC, a Guatemalan football club that represents the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ...

- Cádiz, Andalusia

Ukraine

National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine The National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine ( uk, Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України) is a leading public university in the fi ...

- Kyiv * National University of Food Technologies - Kyiv *

Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies Odesa National Academy of Food Technologies (ONAFT) is a public HEI with the highest level of accreditation. It was established in 1902 and today is a modern innovative scientific center for training of high qualified personnel. ONAFT is a multi ...

- Odessa

United Kingdom

* Plumpton College - East Sussex

United States

Allan Hancock College Allan Hancock College is a public community college in Santa Maria, California. History In 1920 Allan Hancock College was started by the Santa Maria High School District. Originally called Santa Maria Junior College, classes were held until ...

- Santa Maria, California * California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo, California * Colorado State University - Fort Collins, Colorado *

Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to tea ...

- Ithaca and Geneva, New York *

Finger Lakes Community College Finger Lakes Community College (FLCC) is a public community college in Canandaigua, New York. It is affiliated with the State University of New York and sponsored by Ontario County. The main campus is just east of the City of Canandaigua, with ...

- Canandaigua and Geneva, New York *

Fresno State University California State University, Fresno (Fresno State) is a public university in Fresno, California. It is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. The university had a fall 2020 enrollment of 25,341 students. It offers bache ...

- Fresno, California *

Grayson College Grayson College is a public community college in Grayson County, Texas. The main campus is in Denison and it has branch campuses in Denison (west extension, at the site of the old Perrin Air Force Base) and Van Alstyne (south campus). Histo ...

- Grayson, Texas * Kent State - Kent, Ohio *

Miami University Miami University (informally Miami of Ohio or simply Miami) is a public research university in Oxford, Ohio. The university was founded in 1809, making it the second-oldest university in Ohio (behind Ohio University, founded in 1804) and the ...

- Oxford, Ohio *

Napa Valley College Napa Valley College, formerly Napa Junior College and Napa Community College, is a public community college in Napa, California. The tree-lined main campus is on overlooking the Napa River and includes a performing arts center, a child develop ...

- Napa, California *

Oregon State University Oregon State University (OSU) is a public land-grant, research university in Corvallis, Oregon. OSU offers more than 200 undergraduate-degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees. It has the 10th largest engineering c ...

- Corvallis, Oregon *

Patrick & Henry Community College Patrick & Henry Community College (P&HCC or Patrick & Henry) is a public community college in Henry County, Virginia. It was founded in 1962 as part of the University of Virginia's School of General Studies. The college became an independent tw ...

- Henry County, Virginia *

Paul Smith's College Paul Smith's College is a private college in Paul Smiths, New York. Paul Smith's College offers associate and bachelor's degrees. Its 14,000-acre campus is one of the largest college campuses in the world. Approximately 1,000 students attend ...

- Paul Smiths, New York *

Sonoma State University Sonoma State University (SSU, Sonoma State, or Sonoma) is a public university in Rohnert Park in Sonoma County, California, US. It is one of the smallest members of the California State University (CSU) system. Sonoma State offers 92 Bachelor's ...

- Sonoma, California * Surry Community College - Dobson, North Carolina *

University of California, Davis The University of California, Davis (UC Davis, UCD, or Davis) is a public land-grant research university near Davis, California. Named a Public Ivy, it is the northernmost of the ten campuses of the University of California system. The inst ...

- Davis, California *

University of Missouri The University of Missouri (Mizzou, MU, or Missouri) is a public land-grant research university in Columbia, Missouri. It is Missouri's largest university and the flagship of the four-campus University of Missouri System. MU was founded in ...

- Columbia, Missouri *

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Virginia Tech (formally the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and informally VT, or VPI) is a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Blacksburg, Virginia. It also has educational facilities in six regi ...

(Virginia Tech) - Blacksburg, Virginia *

Washington State University Washington State University (Washington State, WSU, or informally Wazzu) is a public land-grant research university with its flagship, and oldest, campus in Pullman, Washington. Founded in 1890, WSU is also one of the oldest land-grant uni ...

- Pullman, Washington *

Yavapai College Yavapai College is a public community college in Yavapai County, Arizona. The main campus is in Prescott, with locations in Clarkdale, Prescott Valley, Chino Valley and Sedona. History Yavapai College was established in 1965 by means of a c ...

- Clarkdale, Arizona

Prominent oenologists

* Alberto Antonini * Miguel Brascó *

Cathy Corison Cathy Corison is an American winemaker, entrepreneur and consultant. She specializes in Cabernet Sauvignon. Corison was the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' Winemaker of the Year in 2011. Personal life and education Cathy Corison grew up in Riversi ...

Tullio De Rosa Tullio De Rosa (1923–1994) was an Italian enologist.Tullio De Rosa ...

* Peter Gago *

Emma Gao Emma Gao is a Chinese oenologist, who is the chief winemaker at Silver Heights winery, one of China's most prestigious vineyards. Biography Born in China, Gao moved to France in 1999, aged 21, to study oenology at the University of Bordeaux, w ...

Hermann Jaeger Hermann Jaeger (March 23, 1844 – c. May 17, 1895) was a Swiss-American viticulturist, honored as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for his part in saving the French wine industry from the phylloxera root louse pest. Early life Hermann Ja ...

* Max Léglise * Zelma Long * Justin Meyer *

Hermann Müller (Thurgau) : ''For other Hermann Müllers: see Hermann Müller (disambiguation).'' Hermann Müller (21 October 1850 in Tägerwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland – 18 January 1927, in Wädenswil, Zurich), was a Swiss botanist, plant physiologist, oenologist a ...

* Ottavio Ottavi * Jacques Puisais *

Michel Rolland Michel Rolland (born December 24, 1947) is a Bordeaux-based oenologist, with hundreds of clients across 13 countries and influencing wine style around the world. "It is his consultancies outside France that have set him apart from all but a handfu ...

* Carol Shelton *

Păstorel Teodoreanu Păstorel Teodoreanu, or just Păstorel (born Alexandru Osvald (Al. O.) Teodoreanu; July 30, 1894 – March 17, 1964), was a Romanian humorist, poet and gastronome, the brother of novelist Ionel Teodoreanu and brother in law of writer Ștefana Ve ...

* Miguel A. Torres * Keith Wallace

References

External links

Website of the Œnology and Viticulture department of the University of California at Davis

Oenologist.com - online resource about wine and professionals in the wine industry

VinoEnology.com - online wine-making calculators and resource about wine and professionals in the wine industry

Glossary of Terms for Enology, Viticulture and Winemaking
CCwinegroup.com, 2009 (PDF) {{Authority control