In
statistical mechanics
In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. It does not assume or postulate any natural laws, but explains the macroscopic be ...
, the eight-vertex model is a generalisation of the
ice-type (six-vertex) models; it was discussed by Sutherland, and Fan & Wu, and solved by
Baxter in the zero-field case.
Description
As with the ice-type models, the eight-vertex model is a square
lattice model, where each state is a configuration of arrows at a vertex. The allowed vertices have an even number of arrows pointing towards the vertex; these include the six inherited from the
ice-type model In statistical mechanics, the ice-type models or six-vertex models are a family of vertex models for crystal lattices with hydrogen bonds. The first such model was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of water ice. ...
(1-6), and sinks and sources (7, 8).
![Eightvertex2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Eightvertex2.png)
We consider a
lattice, with
vertices and
edges. Imposing periodic boundary conditions requires that the states 7 and 8 occur equally often, as do states 5 and 6, and thus can be taken to have the same energy. For the zero-field case the same is true for the two other pairs of states. Each vertex
has an associated energy
and
Boltzmann weight
In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution Translated by J.B. Sykes and M.J. Kearsley. See section 28) is a probability distribution or probability measure that gives the probabilit ...
, giving the
partition function over the lattice as
:
where the summation is over all allowed configurations of vertices in the lattice. In this general form the partition function remains unsolved.
Solution in the zero-field case
The zero-field case of the model corresponds physically to the absence of external electric fields. Hence, the model remains unchanged under the reversal of all arrows; the states 1 and 2, and 3 and 4, consequently must occur as pairs. The vertices can be assigned arbitrary weights
:
The solution is based on the observation that rows in
transfer matrices commute, for a certain parametrisation of these four Boltzmann weights. This came about as a modification of an alternate solution for the
six-vertex model In statistical mechanics, the ice-type models or six-vertex models are a family of vertex models for crystal lattices with hydrogen bonds. The first such model was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of water ice. ...
; it makes use of
elliptic theta functions.
Commuting transfer matrices
The proof relies on the fact that when
and
, for quantities
:
the transfer matrices
and
(associated with the weights
,
,
,
and
,
,
,
) commute. Using the
star-triangle relation, Baxter reformulated this condition as equivalent to a parametrisation of the weights given as
:
for fixed modulus
and
and variable
. Here snh is the hyperbolic analogue of sn, given by
:
and
and
are
Theta functions
In mathematics, theta functions are special functions of several complex variables. They show up in many topics, including Abelian varieties, moduli spaces, quadratic forms, and solitons. As Grassmann algebras, they appear in quantum field theo ...
of modulus
. The associated transfer matrix
thus is a function of
alone; for all
,
:
The matrix function
The other crucial part of the solution is the existence of a nonsingular matrix-valued function
, such that for all complex
the matrices
commute with each other and the transfer matrices, and satisfy
where
:
The existence and commutation relations of such a function are demonstrated by considering pair propagations through a vertex, and periodicity relations of the theta functions, in a similar way to the six-vertex model.
Explicit solution
The commutation of matrices in () allow them to be
diagonalised, and thus
eigenvalues
In linear algebra, an eigenvector () or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a nonzero vector that changes at most by a scalar factor when that linear transformation is applied to it. The corresponding eigenvalue, often denoted b ...
can be found. The partition function is calculated from the maximal eigenvalue, resulting in a
free energy per site of
:
for
:
where
and
are the complete elliptic integrals of moduli
and
.
The eight vertex model was also solved in
quasicrystals
A quasiperiodic crystal, or quasicrystal, is a structure that is ordered but not periodic. A quasicrystalline pattern can continuously fill all available space, but it lacks translational symmetry. While crystals, according to the classical cr ...
.
Equivalence with an Ising model
There is a natural correspondence between the eight-vertex model, and the
Ising model
The Ising model () (or Lenz-Ising model or Ising-Lenz model), named after the physicists Ernst Ising and Wilhelm Lenz, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables that represent ...
with 2-spin and 4-spin nearest neighbour interactions. The states of this model are spins
on faces of a square lattice. The analogue of 'edges' in the eight-vertex model are products of spins on adjacent faces:
:
![Isingduallattice](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Isingduallattice.png)
The most general form of the energy for this model is
:
where
,
,
,
describe the horizontal, vertical and two diagonal 2-spin interactions, and
describes the 4-spin interaction between four faces at a vertex; the sum is over the whole lattice.
![Isinginteractions](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Isinginteractions.png)
We denote horizontal and vertical spins (arrows on edges) in the eight-vertex model
,
respectively, and define up and right as positive directions. The restriction on vertex states is that the product of four edges at a vertex is 1; this automatically holds for Ising 'edges'. Each
configuration then corresponds to a unique
,
configuration, whereas each
,
configuration gives two choices of
configurations.
Equating general forms of Boltzmann weights for each vertex
, the following relations between the
and
,
,
,
,
define the correspondence between the lattice models:
:
It follows that in the zero-field case of the eight-vertex model, the horizontal and vertical interactions in the corresponding Ising model vanish.
These relations gives the equivalence
between the partition functions of the eight-vertex model, and the 2,4-spin Ising model. Consequently a solution in either model would lead immediately to a solution in the other.
See also
*
Six-vertex model In statistical mechanics, the ice-type models or six-vertex models are a family of vertex models for crystal lattices with hydrogen bonds. The first such model was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of water ice. ...
*
Transfer-matrix method
In statistical mechanics, the transfer-matrix method is a Mathematical physics, mathematical technique which is used to write the Partition function (mathematics), partition function into a simpler form. It was introduced in 1941 by Hans Kramers ...
*
Ising model
The Ising model () (or Lenz-Ising model or Ising-Lenz model), named after the physicists Ernst Ising and Wilhelm Lenz, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables that represent ...
Notes
References
*{{Citation , last1=Baxter , first1=Rodney J. , title=Exactly solved models in statistical mechanics , url=http://physics.anu.edu.au/theophys/_files/Exactly.pdf , publisher=Academic Press Inc.
arcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, location=London , isbn=978-0-12-083180-7 , mr=690578 , year=1982 , access-date=2012-08-12 , archive-date=2021-04-14 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414063635/https://physics.anu.edu.au/theophys/_files/Exactly.pdf , url-status=dead
Exactly solvable models
Statistical mechanics
Lattice models