Donkey Kong Country Returns

''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' is a 2010 side-scrolling platform game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the Wii console. The game was released first in North America in November 2010, and in PAL regions and Japan the following month. The game's story focuses on an evil group of Tiki-like creatures known as the Tiki Tak Tribe that are unleashed on Donkey Kong Island and hypnotize the island's animals to stealing Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong's banana hoard, prompting the two to traverse the island to reclaim it.

''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' was the first installment of the ''Donkey Kong Country'' series to not involve the original series developer Rare. The game was a critical and commercial success; it has sold over 6.53 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling titles on the Wii and received positive reviews for its graphics, level design, and gameplay, although its motion controls and high difficulty received more mixed responses.

A Nintendo 3DS port developed by Monster Games, titled ''Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D'', was released in North America and PAL regions in May 2013 and in Japan the following month. A sequel, '' Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze'', was released for the Wii U in February 2014 and ported for the Nintendo Switch in May 2018.

Gameplay

Players take control of the series's protagonist Donkey Kong, as well as his friend Diddy Kong in certain situations, with many traditional elements of the ''Donkey Kong Country'' series returning, including mine cart levels, the ability to swing between vines and collect bananas, the golden "KONG" letters and puzzle pieces. New gameplay elements include levels in which the characters and foreground environments appear as silhouettes, spawning several new gameplay mechanics. In single-player mode, players can only play as Donkey Kong, although Diddy Kong rides on Donkey Kong's back, and Donkey Kong can use Diddy's jetpack to jump further. Multiplayer mode enables a second player to control Diddy Kong. If a player's character dies in two-player mode, it can be brought back by using the other character to hit a "DK Barrel" that floats into view, a mechanic similar to the one used in ''New Super Mario Bros. Wii''. To avoid problems arising from differences in the players' skills, Diddy can hop on Donkey's back to take on a more passive role, while his jetpack can be used to make his partner's jumps easier. Both Donkey and Diddy can pound the ground to defeat enemies and unveil secret items.

The game has two control schemes, with the standard system using the Wii Remote in conjunction with the Nunchuk, while a more classical approach requires that the Wii Remote be held sideways. Both methods use motion controls for the "Ground Pound" move. In addition to common series elements like secrets and unlockables, there is also an optional time attack mode. Two animal buddies, Rambi and Squawks, appear and assist Donkey Kong at certain points in the game. The game also utilises the "Super Guide" feature that previously appeared in ''New Super Mario Bros. Wii'' and ''Super Mario Galaxy 2''. If the player loses eight lives in a single level, they will be given the option to allow a white-colored Donkey Kong named Super Kong to take over and complete the level for them. However, Super Kong will not look for collectible items, nor will he show the player where they are. He also keeps anything he happens to collect, so the player is not rewarded for these items.

After beating Tiki Tong, an additional stage called "The Golden Temple" is unlocked. In order to play the stage, the player has to find objects called "Rare orbs" hidden in each world's temple. Upon competing the Golden Temple, a new mode is unlocked known as the Mirror Mode. In this mode, the stages are flipped, Donkey Kong only has one unit of health, he cannot use items bought from Cranky Kong, and he cannot get any help from Diddy Kong.

Plot

The game's story revolves around creatures known as Tikis, which are new to the series. The different types of Tikis fill the role of the antagonists in the story, replacing the Kremlings from ''Donkey Kong Country''. Cranky Kong, who owns shops throughout the island, is the only Kong family member that appears other than Donkey and Diddy. The story begins when a group of evil Tikis known as the Tiki Tak Tribe arrive on Donkey Kong Island after being awoken by a volcanic eruption, and play music to hypnotize the animals, mostly elephants, zebras, giraffes, and squirrels on the island into stealing Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong's bananas. Since Donkey Kong is resistant to the Tikis' music, he works with Diddy Kong to retrieve their hoard of bananas from the Tikis. Throughout the game, the pair travel through nine worlds to recover their stolen bananas: the Golden Temple, the Volcano, the Factory, the Cliff, the Forest, the Cave, the Ruins, the Beach, and the Jungle. In each world, they must defeat a Tiki Tak Tribe leader: Kalimba, the Maraca Gang, Gong-Oh, Banjo Bottom, Wacky Pipes, Xylobone, Cordian (who hypnotizes other inhabitants on the island to fight the Kongs), and Tiki Tong, the king of the Tiki Tak Tribe. After Tiki Tong is defeated, the Kongs are launched into space where they punch and headbutt down on the Moon, crushing Tiki Tong's base and sending bananas flying everywhere.

Development

Conception

The idea for ''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' originated at Retro Studios following the completion of '' Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'' in 2004, when Retro president and CEO Michael Kelbaugh told Nintendo producer Kensuke Tanabe that Retro was interested in developing a ''Donkey Kong'' game. Kelbaugh had worked as a tester on the ''Donkey Kong Country'' series for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), which had been on a hiatus following '' Donkey Kong Country 3: Dixie Kong's Double Trouble!'' (1996). Its developer, the British studio Rare, was acquired by Nintendo's competitor Microsoft in 2002. Retro was directed to develop '' Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'' (2007) instead, Tanabe noting that Nintendo depended on Retro to make games that could not be developed in Japan.

After the completion of ''Corruption'', Retro began experimenting for potential projects, but in April 2008, three core staff—design director Mark Pacini, art director Todd Keller, and principal technology engineer Jack Matthews—left, and those experiments had to be discarded. Despite the hardship of staff departures, Kynan Pearson, a senior designer, said it provided an opportunity "to introduce new ways of thinking and operating". Tanabe was unsure what Retro's next project would be until ''Donkey Kong'' creator Shigeru Miyamoto, "totally by chance", expressed interest in a ''Donkey Kong Country'' revival. Miyamoto said that Nintendo had been receiving requests from the North American audience for a new ''Donkey Kong Country'', and Tanabe suggested that Retro would be a suitable developer for such a project.

Retro staff flew to Nintendo's headquarters in Kyoto to meet with Miyamoto and Nintendo president Satoru Iwata, where they determined ''Returns'' direction. Miyamoto told Retro, "Donkey Kong is my baby and you better get it right!" Iwata was confident in Retro's ability to develop the game, given that many staff were avid fans of the original ''Donkey Kong Country''. He felt they dispelled any concerns that it was possible for a studio besides Rare to continue ''Donkey Kong Country''. Iwata referred to the set of circumstances that led to Retro taking on ''Returns'' as ''goen'' ("fate"), so Retro chose ''F8'' as the project's codename. Retro was excited to work on a series different from ''Metroid''; senior designer Mike Wikan noted that ''Donkey Kong'' light tone was a contrast from ''Metroid'' somber one. Iwata said their passion for ''Donkey Kong Country'' "generated an energy that was poured into 'Returns''.

When development began, Tanabe and assistant producer Risa Tabata discussed how they could distinguish ''Returns'' from the previous ''Donkey Kong'' game, ''Donkey Kong Jungle Beat'' (2004). Tanabe said that Miyamoto taught him to "think about what we can do that's new and hasn't appeared before or about what kind of inventive game mechanics we can include". Similar to the role he played during the development of ''Donkey Kong Country'' and ''Jungle Beat'', Miyamoto supervised Retro and reviewed ''Returns'' content throughout development. He wanted Retro to keep ''Donkey Kong Country'' unique visuals and feel in mind, and emphasized elements he felt should be retained from prior games. He also mandated which characters could return.

Design

''Returns'' was designed for ''Donkey Kong Country'' fans, and the team spent the first week of development playing the SNES games to gather inspiration. Retro sought to carry memorable elements—such as side-scrolling gameplay, barrel cannons, and minecart sequences—while refining them to create a new experience, and continue the series' broad appeal and accessibility. Wikan and fellow senior designer Tom Ivey felt a lot of responsibility because they did not want to disappoint fans. Since Tabata had never played ''Donkey Kong Country'', she saw herself as the one who conceived new ideas.

Unlike Rare's games, which allowed players to swap between the two Kongs at will, Retro designed Donkey and Diddy as a combined character. The staff worked with Miyamoto for hours to perfect Donkey Kong's movement and referred to him as "Yoda" for his input. Miyamoto suggested the blowing mechanic after playing a prototype and noticing that one of Diddy Kong's animations resembled blowing. The team was initially baffled by the suggestion, but found it added interactivity and whimsy. Because Miyamoto wanted players to move similarly to Donkey Kong when he slaps the terrain, Retro designed the game around the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. Retro introduced the option to play without the Nunchuk following the release of ''New Super Mario Bros. Wii'', which allowed players to hold the Wii Remote horizontally like a Nintendo Entertainment System controller.

To track which levels were completed and which needed work, Retro staff used a whiteboard to record their progress. Pearson, who oversaw this system, said it "flowed well in that when a good idea came out, it served as motivation for coming up with an idea that was even more fun". Team members competed and asked each other for input, with Ivey noting everyone sought to surprise their coworkers. Ivey felt the team "did a good job recreating the thrilling elements in the earlier ''Donkey Kong Country'' games". Retro wanted every level to contain a memorable set piece, and the team felt they were able to incorporate more ideas than they were in the ''Metroid Prime'' series. They introduced surface-clinging to expand gameplay to walls and ceilings, and chose not to include underwater levels because they did not fit the pace.

Kelbaugh decided that ''Returns'' needed to be difficult to appease ''Donkey Kong Country'' fans since Retro's goal was "to pay homage to and make a better 'Donkey Kong Country'', but still be fair enough for inexperienced players. Pearson and Wikan wanted it to challenge players in a way that would encourage them to learn from their mistakes and keep trying. They introduced Diddy's jetpack and pop gun to ease the difficulty for inexperienced players and distinguish him from previous games. Retro was aware that the difficulty would be tough for some players to manage, so the team integrated the Super Guide system from ''New Super Mario Bros. Wii''. Kelbaugh knew the ''Metroid Prime'' and ''Donkey Kong Country'' series were popular among speedrunners and hardcore gamers, and the time trial mode was added late in development to appeal to them.

Tanabe felt that simultaneous multiplayer was one way ''Returns'' should differ from ''Jungle Beat'', since previous ''Donkey Kong'' games only let players take turns. Miyamoto advised Tanabe to only focus on single-player gameplay before considering multiplayer, but Tanabe still told Retro to incorporate multiplayer early in development. To distinguish ''Returns'' multiplayer from ''New Super Mario Bros. Wii'' and allow skilled gamers to play swiftly, Retro removed the collision detection between Donkey and Diddy. Retro refrained from lowering the difficulty for multiplayer, though the team did discuss making it easier to obtain lives and allowed Diddy to ride Donkey's back if one player was having trouble.

Art and programming

Retro wanted ''Returns'' to look "fun and whimsical" and discarded many initial designs for being too similar to ''Metroid'' darker aesthetic. Impactful visuals were a primary focus since the original ''Donkey Kong Country'' was famous for its graphics, though Kelbaugh and director Bryan Walker said developing the silhouette levels "taught us not to rely so much on graphics". Retro retained the previous ''Donkey Kong Country'' games' art style, but developed environments using polygons rather than the pre-rendering technique that Rare used to create the SNES trilogy. Tanabe noted that unlike the SNES games, which featured static backgrounds due to technical limitations, Retro could incorporate real time animation into ''Returns'' and allow characters and backgrounds to interact. Retro drew inspiration from '' Virtual Boy Wario Land'' (1995), which allows the player to jump between the background and the foreground.

Unlike most Western game developers, Retro spent a considerable amount of time developing prototypes. For ''Metroid Prime'', Retro based the development on its design documents, but learned from Tanabe that it was more efficient to develop prototypes first and create design documents after the gameplay had been polished. ''Returns'' was developed using the ''Metroid Prime'' game engine, but required far more detail in polygons and textures. The team noted that while audiences often perceive side-scrolling games as simple and archaic, they are actually quite difficult to develop due to the amount of care that goes into each level. They tried to adapt the ''Prime'' games' Morph Ball virtual camera system to create the side-scrolling effect. However, the player character's movements were too fast and complicated for it, so a new camera system had to be developed.

Retro updated approximately two-thirds of its technology for ''Returns'', including its renderers, animation tools, and collision detection systems. Kelbaugh and Walker estimated that every level required around three times the amount of detail that ''Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'' did, so the team had to "really ramp up our technology to support that". It took around six months to shift from the ''Prime'' development environment, and Kelbaugh and Walker said that the artists had to be retrained to design a ''Donkey Kong'' game. The player character has over 2,000 animations in single-player and 6,000 in multiplayer, far greater than Samus Aran's in the ''Metroid Prime'' games, and Retro drew inspiration from ''Jungle Beat'' to develop Donkey Kong's movements. To incorporate Super Guide, the programmers rewrote the engine to remove possible randomness arising from button inputs. Retro used Super Guide to playtest and find bugs.

Music

Kenji Yamamoto, who worked with Retro on the ''Metroid Prime'' series, composed most of ''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' soundtrack, alongside Minako Hamano, Masaru Tajima, Shinji Ushiroda, and Daisuke Matsuoka. The soundtrack mostly comprises rearrangements of tracks from the original ''Donkey Kong Country'', composed by David Wise and Eveline Novakovic. This was at the request of Miyamoto and Iwata, who did not want Retro to change the music. Iwata considered the soundtrack a large part of ''Donkey Kong Country'' appeal and told Tanabe to handle it with care during the first ''Returns'' meeting. Alongside rearrangements, Yamamoto composed new material to fit ''Returns'' atmosphere. Due to the constant tweaking of the levels, he sometimes had to recompose his tracks.

Retro wanted Yamamoto to blend the classic ''Donkey Kong Country'' tracks with modern sound. He did not use a full orchestra, but focused on what Tanabe felt made ''Donkey Kong Country'' music iconic, such as piano arrangements and the bassline. Because Rare was uninvolved, Wise, ''Donkey Kong Country'' original composer, was unable to contribute. Wise left Rare in 2009 because he disagreed with the company's direction under Microsoft and got in contact with Kelbaugh. In 2019, Wise said that it was too late for him to contribute to ''Returns'' by the time he connected with Kelbaugh, but they stayed in contact in case Retro decided to develop a sequel. Wise felt Yamamoto "did a wonderful job" rearranging his past work, though he said he would have relied more on new compositions than past material. Event occurs from 30:10 to 32:00.

Completion

The development did not begin smoothly; Tanabe described early development as "floundering around" and said that the team often disagreed as to what would be fun. One difficulty was making a game that reflected Nintendo's values. Designing the bosses proved particularly challenging, with Tanabe and Wikan singling out one, Mangoruby, as a "bitter struggle". A few months before E3 2010, Retro added more programmers to the boss group, which greatly accelerated development. The amount of effort it took to create the level playable for the E3 game demo made the team concerned that ''Returns'' would not be ready for its deadline, and the team still had to complete around 70 levels after E3.

E3 2010 proved to be a turning point for the development; Iwata observed that "the game rapidly bloomed once etroentered the final stretch", with more ideas and elements introduced. Pearson attributed the turnaround to correspondence between Nintendo and Retro: "We had come to share a certain philosophy with regards to how to make the game's levels and had achieved a common understanding of what makes a level fun. We learned the tempo necessary for a fun level and the kinds of elements to put in". Towards the end of development, Tanabe had to take a week off due to lower back pain. Tabata filled in for him and stayed to help during the final stages. Tanabe said she was responsible for "the most demanding requests for changes". The team worked overnight during the final stages.

Release

Context

Following Microsoft's acquisition of Rare, the ''Donkey Kong'' franchise's prominence faded. With no studio to develop major ''Donkey Kong'' platform games, Donkey Kong became relegated to spin-offs—such as the ''Donkey Konga'' and ''Mario vs. Donkey Kong'' series—and guest appearances in other Nintendo franchises. ''Jungle Beat'', the only major ''Donkey Kong'' game since Rare's ''Donkey Kong 64'' (1999), was a commercial disappointment despite positive reviews. '' Hardcore Gaming 101'' wrote that ''Jungle Beat'' was seen as "merely an aside to the ''Donkey Kong'' platforming saga. Seething underneath the surface of every gamer who cut their teeth on 16-bit platformers was a longing for a return to form for the wayward gorilla and his adventures... ''Donkey Kong Country'' was a brand that had a growing sense of latent desire associated with it".

''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' was kept a secret for much of its development. In August 2009, ''IGN'' reported that Retro was known to be working on a new Wii game but was going great lengths to conceal its identity, including restricting access to parts of its headquarters. When ''IGN'' interviewer Matt Casamassina visited Retro to discuss '' Metroid Prime: Trilogy'' (2009), he was required to sign a non-disclosure agreement stipulating that if he managed to learn what the new project was, he would be unable to discuss it. Reports that the project was ''Donkey Kong''-related surfaced shortly before Nintendo's E3 conference in June 2010.

Marketing

Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aimé announced ''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' during his keynote address at E3 on June 15, 2010, when he introduced a trailer showcasing various levels and set pieces. Video game journalists considered Nintendo's showing its strongest in years and singled out ''Returns'' as one of the most significant announcements. They characterized the announcement as a surprise; a new ''Country'' game had been considered unlikely following Microsoft's acquisition of Rare. ''GameSpot'' said that the trailer sparked cheers from the crowd, with ''Hardcore Gaming 101'' writing that Nintendo's use of the ''Country'' branding promised fans a return to form for the franchise.

Alongside '' Kirby's Epic Yarn'', '' Metroid: Other M'', and ''Wii Party'', Nintendo positioned ''Returns'' to rejuvenate Wii sales in response to rising PlayStation 3 sales. It promoted the game with a series of trailers, which journalists said showcased a hardcore difficulty. One advertisement featured British comedians Ant & Dec searching for bananas in the jungle. Nintendo of America partnered with the produce distributor Chiquita to label its bananas with ''Donkey Kong'' stickers and host a contest in which customers could submit pictures of themselves dancing. Participants could win one of 31 prizes, including a Wii, a copy of ''Returns'', and a trip to the Chichen Itza ruins in Cancún. Customers who preordered ''Returns'' through GameStop received a banana-shaped Wii Remote pouch.

On December 1, Nintendo Australia piled a five-meter (16.4 feet) stash of around 10,000 bananas, weighing two tons, at the Circular Quay in Sydney. Visitors could play ''Returns'' on an inflatable movie screen and take bananas from the stash; leftover bananas were donated to the food rescue charity OzHarvest. In the UK, Nintendo partnered with the video game retailer GAME for a promotion in which customers were asked to bring bunches of bananas to participating stores on December 3. The first 20 customers could exchange their bananas for a free copy of ''Returns''. For another launch event, Nintendo hosted Japanese competitive eater Takeru Kobayashi, who ate 16 bananas in a minute.

Sales

''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' was released in North America on November 21, 2010—the 16th anniversary of ''Donkey Kong Country'' release—in Europe on December 3, and in Japan on December 9. The game sold strongly: in its opening week in Japan, it sold 163,310 copies—56.63% of its initial shipment of 288,380 copies—and over 970,000 copies by December 2012. In North America, it debuted in sixth place on the NPD Group's sales charts, with sales of 430,470. Worldwide sales reached 4.21 million in less than a month.

Rereleases

''Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D''

A Nintendo 3DS port, titled ''Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D'', was released on May 24, 2013. The game was rebuilt from the ground up by Monster Games and is rendered with stereoscopic 3D graphics. The 3DS version includes two game modes, "Original Mode" which plays the same as the original Wii version, and "New Mode" which introduces a handful of new items to make the game easier, including extra health. This version also includes an extra world with eight new levels which are not present in the original Wii version.

Wii U re-release

A Wii version of ''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' and other Wii games were released for download on Wii U via Nintendo eShop. ''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' was made available on Nintendo eShop on January 21, 2015, in Japan, January 22 in Europe, and January 23 in Australia and New Zealand. Between March 31 and June 30, 2016, inclusively, the digital re-release of ''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' was made available for North American Wii U users exclusively as a My Nintendo reward. The title has since been made commercially available on the North American Nintendo eShop starting September 22 the same year.

Nvidia Shield release

''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' was released on Nvidia Shield for the Chinese market on July 4, 2019. The Nvidia Shield version of the game is in HD unlike the original Wii version.

Reception

''Donkey Kong Country Returns'' received generally favorable reviews. For its awards for games released in 2010, ''IGN'' gave ''Returns'' awards for "Best Retro Design" and "Most Challenging", then selected the game as the 5th best on the console. ''Game Informer'' named it Game of the Month for December 2010, with reviewer Dan Ryckert hailing it as "one of the best platformers hey'dever played". The publication later picked it as the "Best Platformer" and "Best Wii Exclusive" of 2010.

Critics lauded its graphics, level design, and fast-paced platforming and gameplay, which they saw as a return to form for the ''Donkey Kong Country'' games. However, its motion controls and difficulty curve received a variety of opinions. IGN's Craig Harris awarded the game an Editor's Choice award, calling it a challenging, old-school throwback to the original ''Country'' games. Video game talk show '' Good Game''s two presenters gave the game a 9 and 8.5 out of 10, praising how true the music kept to the style of the original tracks, and that it managed to keep from becoming too complex while still avoiding being over-simplified. ''X-Play'' praised the similarity of ''Returns'' to the previous games in the series, the game's replay value, and its graphics, but the review criticized the motion controls and the co-op game play. ''GamesRadar'' complimented the title for its standout levels and fan service, while criticizing it the levels for being frustrating, unclear and often misleading, and motion controls that make them "question the controls in a platformer". ''GameTrailers'' praised the game's gameplay and the diversity of the levels, while ''Giant Bomb'' stated that "Retro recaptures most of Donkey Kong's venerated platforming roots in this fine Wii sequel".

Sales

The game debuted third on the Japanese video game charts, with 163,310 units sold, and it has sold 638,305 copies in Japan as of January 2, 2011. In North America, the game debuted at sixth place on the charts, with 430,470 units sold. By the end of March 2011, the game had sold 4.98 million copies worldwide.

As September 2013, the 3DS version has sold 268,000 units in the United States. As of March 2014, ''Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D'' has worldwide sales of 1.52 million units.

Both versions of this game, along with its sequel, were added to the Nintendo Selects label on March 11, 2016, in North America.

Notes

References

Citations

Works cited

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2010 video games
Video game sequels
Cooperative video games
Donkey Kong Country
Donkey Kong platform games
Wii games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo 3DS eShop games
Retro Studios games
Side-scrolling video games
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Wii games re-released on the Nintendo eShop
Video games developed in the United States
Video games scored by Kenji Yamamoto (composer, born 1964)
Video games set on fictional islands
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Fiction about hypnosis
Video games with silhouette graphics
Video games produced by Kensuke Tanabe
Monster Games games