Dux (russian: Завод «Дукс», Zavod "Duks") was a

bicycle A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-powered assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A is called a cyclist, or bicyclist. Bic ...

/ automobile/ aircraft factory in Moscow, Russia before and during World War I. The factory was founded in 1893. The name comes from the Latin word (leader). Julius Möller (also written Juli Meller) was owner of the factory, which was primarily focused on the building of

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

aircraft designs.

History

Plant #1

The factory was established in Moscow in 1893 as a bicycle production plant. Production shifted to aircraft manufacturing in 1910. During World War I Dux produced

Voisin LAS The Voisin V was a French pusher-type bomber aircraft of World War I. Development history The Voisin III had proved a successful bomber, but its payload was limited by the Salmson M9 engine, which produced only 120-hp. With an already identif ...

Nieuport 17 The Nieuport 17 C.1 (or Nieuport XVII C.1 in contemporary sources) was a French sesquiplane fighter designed and manufactured by the Nieuport company during World War I. An improvement over the Nieuport 11, it was a little larger than earlier N ...

, Nieuport 24, Farman family of aircraft including models IV,

VII VII or vii may refer to: the Roman numeral 7 Art and entertainment * The Vii, a video game console * vii, leading-tone triad, see diminished triad * ''VII'' (Blitzen Trapper album) * ''VII'' (Just-Ice album) * ''VII'' (Teyana Taylor album) * ...

, XVI, XXX, as well as a large number of military bicycles. After the October Revolution the plant was named "Aircraft plant #1 named after OSOAVIAKHIM" or "GAZ No. 1". Farmans and Nieuports were left in production. In 1923 a design bureau was established at the plant, headed by Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov; this would later become known as the Polikarpov Design Bureau. Production models included

I-5 Interstate 5 (I-5) is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the West Coast of the United States, running largely parallel to the Pacific coast of the contiguous U.S. from Mexico to Canada. It travels through the states of Californi ...

I-15 I15 may refer to: * Interstate 15, a north–south Interstate Highway in the United States of America * Polikarpov I-15, a Soviet fighter aircraft * I15 (band) "Soulja Girl" is the second single from American rapper Soulja Boy's studio album '' ...

, I-15bis, I-153,

I-16 I16 may refer to: * Interstate 16, an interstate highway in the U.S. state of Georgia * Polikarpov I-16, a Soviet fighter aircraft introduced in the 1930s * Halland Regiment * , a Japanese Type C submarine * i16, a name for the 16-bit signed integ ...

, R-5, and R-Zet aircraft. Polikarpov also built Airco DH.9A (which later became Polikarpov R-1/ Polikarpov R-2) and Airco DH.4 during the 1920s and 1930s. Plant #1 produced the MiG-3 before evacuation in October 1941. Plant #1 was evacuated to

Samara Samara ( rus, Сама́ра, p=sɐˈmarə), known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev (; ), is the largest city and administrative centre of Samara Oblast. The city is located at the confluence of the Volga and the Samara (Volga), Samara rivers, with ...

in 1941, becoming the

Kuibyshev Aviation Plant The Progress Rocket Space Centre (russian: Ракетно-космический центр «Прогресс»), formerly known as TsSKB-Progress (russian: ЦСКБ-Прогресс), is a Russian joint-stock company under the jurisdiction ...

. In 1958 it shifted its production to rockets, and became known as the Samara Progress plant.

Plant #30

Plant #30 was established in 1939 in Dubna. In December 1941 it was relocated to the former site of Plant #1, where it manufactured the Ilyushin Il-2. In 1950 it merged with Plant #381, to produce the Il-28 in larger volumes. In 1953

Lukhovitsy Machine Building Plant Lukhovitsy (russian: Лухови́цы) is a town and the administrative center of Lukhovitsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River southeast of Moscow. Population: History It was first mentioned in 1594 as the settlement ...

was established as a subsidiary of the plant. Plant #30 became known as the ''Znamya Truda Machine-Building Plant'' in 1965, and as the

Moscow Aircraft Production Organisation MAPO - the Moscow Aircraft Production Association (russian: Московское авиационное производственное объединение, Moskovskoye aviatsionnoye proizvodstvennoye obyedineniye) was a major Russian state-own ...

in 1973. The

MiG-29 The Mikoyan MiG-29 (russian: Микоян МиГ-29; NATO reporting name: Fulcrum) is a twin-engine fighter aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. Developed by the Mikoyan design bureau as an air superiority fighter during the 1970s, the Mi ...

was put in production. Civil programs include

MiG-AT The Mikoyan MiG-AT (russian: МиГ-АТ) is a Russian advanced trainer and light attack aircraft that was intended to replace the Aero L-29 and L-39 of the Russian Air Force. Designed by the Mikoyan Design Bureau and built by the Moscow Aircr ...

, T-101, T-411, and Aviatika MAI-890 aircraft. After this the following aircraft were produced: Su-9,

Yak-25 The Yakovlev Yak-25 ( NATO designation Flashlight-A/Mandrake) was a swept wing, turbojet-powered interceptor and reconnaissance aircraft built by Yakovlev and used by the Soviet Union. Design and development The Yak-25 originated from a nee ...

, Il-14, Il-18 with modifications, MiG-21, and MiG-23.

Plant #32

Plant #32 was established in 1932, when it was separated from Plant #1. In 1941 it was evacuated to Kirov, becoming the

Kirov Machine-Building Plant Kirov may refer to: *Sergei Kirov (1886–1934), Soviet Bolshevik leader in Leningrad after whom all other entries are named *Kirov (surname) Places Armenia *Amrakits or Kirov *Taperakan or Kirov Azerbaijan *Kirov, Baku *Kirov, Lankaran *Kirov, S ...

in 1960 and the

Vyatka Machine Building Enterprise AVITEK Avitek (russian: Вятское машиностроительное предприятие „АВИТЕК“) is a Russian defense company based in the city of Kirov. It manufactures guided anti-aircraft missiles, aircraft armaments and subsyst ...

in the 1990s.

Plant #39

Plant #39 produced the DB-3F before evacuation in October 1941. Plant #39 was moved to

Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and mn, Эрхүү, ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 617,473 as of the 2010 Census, Irkutsk is ...

in 1941, where it was merged with the Irkutsk Machine-Building Plant, ultimately establishing the

Irkutsk Aviation Plant Irkutsk Aviation Plant (russian: Иркутский авиационный завод) is a company based in Irkutsk, Russia and established in 1932. It is a branch of Irkut Corporation, itself part of United Aircraft Corporation , former_nam ...

Plant #43

Plant #43 was established in 1941 on the former site of the evacuated Plant #32. Between 1963 and 1992 it was known as the

Moscow Kommunar Machine-Building Plant Open Joint Stock Company Dux (formerly Moscow Kommunar Machine-Building Plant; russian: Московский машиностроительный завод «Коммунар») is a company based in Moscow, Russia. It produces air-to-air missile ...

. It focuses on air-to-air missile production and some aircraft sub-components. In 1992 it became the Open Joint Stock Company Dux.

Plant #381

Plant #381 produced the

Lavochkin La-5 The Lavochkin La-5 (Лавочкин Ла-5) was a Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II. It was a development and refinement of the LaGG-3, replacing the earlier model's inline engine with the much more powerful Shvetsov ASh-82 radial engine. ...

and later the La-7. Plant #381 also produced the Il-12, a small series of I-250, and the first 75 MiG-15s. In 1950 it was merged into Plant #30.

Aircraft

The majority of types built by Dux were French and other Western aircraft designs. The first aircraft made was a licensed Farman IV with ENV engine, which made its first flight on 18 August 1910. From there, in addition to copies, some improvements were designed for existing models. The first of these was a Farman VII in 1912 with some improvements that were put into production. A more ambitious project was the

Dux Meller I ''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, ''dux' ...

which combined a Bleriot main fuselage with a Farman XV nacelle added, all driven by a 100 hp Gnome-Rhone in

pusher configuration In an aircraft with a pusher configuration (as opposed to a tractor configuration), the propeller(s) are mounted behind their respective engine(s). Since a pusher propeller is mounted behind the engine, the drive shaft is in compression in nor ...

. A modified Farman XVI was later produced under the name

Dux Meller II ''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, ''dux' ...

and flown in 1913. The following

Dux Meller III ''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, ''dux' ...

was a failed attempt to produce a single-engine twin-propeller chain-driven monoplane. Further work went into the

Dux No 2 ''Dux'' (; plural: ''ducēs'') is Latin for "leader" (from the noun ''dux, ducis'', "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms ( doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, ...

but this was also a failure.

References

Bibliography

External links

Official website of Duks Group
{{Authority control Aircraft manufacturers of Russia Defence companies of Russia Defence companies of the Soviet Union Guided missile manufacturers Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union Manufacturing companies based in Moscow Golden Idea national award winners