![Donuts (Coffee An), Westport, CT 06880 USA - Feb 2013](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Donuts_%28Coffee_An%29%2C_Westport%2C_CT_06880_USA_-_Feb_2013.jpg)
A doughnut or donut () is a type of food made from leavened
fried dough.
It is popular in many countries and is prepared in various forms as a sweet snack that can be homemade or purchased in
bakeries,
supermarket
A supermarket is a self-service shop offering a wide variety of food, beverages and household products, organized into sections. This kind of store is larger and has a wider selection than earlier grocery stores, but is smaller and more limit ...
s,
food stalls, and
franchised specialty vendors. ''Doughnut'' is the traditional spelling, while ''donut'' is the simplified version; the terms are used interchangeably.
Doughnuts are usually
deep fried from a
flour dough
Dough is a thick, malleable, sometimes elastic paste made from grains or from leguminous or chestnut crops. Dough is typically made by mixing flour with a small amount of water or other liquid and sometimes includes yeast or other leavening ag ...
, but other types of
batters can also be used. Various toppings and flavorings are used for different types, such as
sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Compound sugars, also called disaccharides or do ...
,
chocolate
Chocolate is a food made from roasted and ground cacao seed kernels that is available as a liquid, solid, or paste, either on its own or as a flavoring agent in other foods. Cacao has been consumed in some form since at least the Olmec ci ...
or
maple
''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since h ...
glazing. Doughnuts may also include water,
leavening, eggs, milk, sugar, oil,
shortening
Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and used to make crumbly pastry and other food products. Although butter is solid at room temperature and is frequently used in making pastry, the term ''shortening'' seldom refers to b ...
, and natural or artificial flavors.
The two most common types are the ring doughnut and the filled doughnut, which is injected with
fruit preserves (the
jelly doughnut),
cream
Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, eventually rises to the top. In the industrial production of cream, this process ...
,
custard
Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on sweetened milk, cheese, or cream cooked with egg or egg yolk to thicken it, and sometimes also flour, corn starch, or gelatin. Depending on the recipe, custard may vary in consistency fr ...
, or other sweet fillings. Small pieces of dough are sometimes cooked as doughnut holes. Once fried, doughnuts may be glazed with a sugar icing, spread with icing or chocolate, or topped with
powdered sugar,
cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus '' Cinnamomum''. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakf ...
,
sprinkles or fruit.
Other shapes include balls, flattened spheres, twists, and other forms. Doughnut varieties are also divided into cake (including the
old-fashioned) and yeast-risen doughnuts. Doughnuts are often accompanied by
coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Seeds of ...
or
milk
Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digest solid food. Immune factors and immune-modulat ...
. They are sold at doughnut shops, convenience stores, petrol/gas stations, cafes or fast food restaurants.
History
![Krispykremesbeingmade](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Krispykremesbeingmade.JPG)
The cookbook ''Küchenmeisterei'' (''Mastery of the Kitchen''), published in
Nuremberg
Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...
in 1485, offers a recipe for "Gefüllte Krapfen", sugar free, stuffed, fried dough cakes.
Dutch settlers brought ''olykoek'' ("oil(y) cake") to New York (or
New Amsterdam
New Amsterdam ( nl, Nieuw Amsterdam, or ) was a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island that served as the seat of the colonial government in New Netherland. The initial trading ''factory'' gave rise ...
) in the early 18th century. These doughnuts closely resembled later ones but did not yet have their current ring shape.
A recipe for fried dough "nuts" was published, in 1750 England, under the title "How to make Hertfordshire Cakes, Nuts and Pincushions”, in ''The Country Housewife’s Family Companion by William Ellis.''
A recipe labelled "dow nuts", again from
Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire ( or ; often abbreviated Herts) is one of the home counties in southern England. It borders Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire to the north, Essex to the east, Greater London to the south, and Buckinghamshire to the west. For gov ...
, was found in a book of recipes and domestic tips written around 1800, by the wife of Baron
Thomas Dimsdale
Baron Thomas Dimsdale (29 May 1712 – 30 December 1800) was an English doctor, banker and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1780 to 1790. He was created Baron Dimsdale of the Russian Empire by Catherine the Great.
Early life
He ...
, the recipe being given to the dowager Baroness by an acquaintance who transcribed for her the cooking instructions for a "dow nut".
The first cookbook using the near conventional "dough nuts" spelling was possibly the 1803 edition of "The Frugal Housewife: Or, Complete Woman Cook", which included dough nuts in an appendix of American recipes.
One of the earliest mentions of "dough-nut" was in
Washington Irving
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and " The Legen ...
's 1809 book ''A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty'':
The name ''oly koeks'' was almost certainly related to the ''
oliekoek'': a Dutch delicacy of "sweetened cake fried in fat."
Etymology
"Dough nut"
One of the earliest known literary usages of the term dates to an 1808 short story describing a spread of "fire-cakes and dough-nuts".
Washington Irving
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and " The Legen ...
described "dough-nuts", in his 1809 ''History of New York, as'' "balls of sweetened dough, fried in hog's fat, and called dough-nuts, or''
olykoeks''." These "nuts" of fried dough might now be called doughnut holes (see
holes section). The word ''nut'' is here used in the earlier sense of "small rounded cake or cookie", also seen in
ginger nut. ''Doughnut'' is the traditional spelling and still dominates even in the United States though ''donut'' is often used. At present, ''doughnut'' and the shortened form ''donut'' are both pervasive in American English.
"Donut"
The first known printed use of ''donut'' was in ''Peck's Bad Boy and his Pa'' by
George W. Peck, published in 1900, in which a character is quoted as saying, "Pa said he guessed he hadn't got much appetite, and he would just drink a cup of coffee and eat a donut."
According to author John T. Edge the alternative spelling "donut" was invented in the 1920s when the New York–based Display Doughnut Machine Corporation abbreviated the word to make it more pronounceable by the foreigners they hoped would buy their automated doughnut making equipment. The donut spelling also showed up in a ''Los Angeles Times'' article dated August 10, 1929 in which Bailey Millard jokingly complains about the decline of spelling, and that he "can't swallow the 'wel-dun donut' nor the ever so 'gud bred'."
The interchangeability of the two spellings can be found in a series of "National Donut Week" articles in ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'' that covered the 1939 World's Fair. In four articles beginning October 9, two mention the ''donut'' spelling.
Dunkin' Donuts
Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in ...
, which was so-named in 1950, following its 1948 founding under the name Open Kettle (Quincy, Massachusetts), is the oldest surviving company to use the ''donut'' variation; other chains, such as the defunct Mayflower Doughnut Corporation (1931), did not use that spelling. According to the
Oxford Dictionaries while "doughnut" is used internationally, the spelling "donut" is American. The spelling "donut" remained rare until the 1950s, and has since grown significantly in popularity; this growth in use has possibly been influenced by the spread of Dunkin' Donuts.
Types
Rings
Hanson Gregory, an American, claimed to have invented the ring-shaped doughnut in 1847 aboard a lime-trading ship when he was 16 years old. Gregory was dissatisfied with the greasiness of doughnuts twisted into various shapes and with the raw center of regular doughnuts. He claimed to have punched a hole in the center of dough with the ship's tin pepper box, and to have later taught the technique to his mother. ''Smithsonian Magazine'' states that his mother, Elizabeth Gregory, "made a deep-fried dough that cleverly used her son's spice cargo of nutmeg and cinnamon, along with lemon rind," and "put hazelnuts or walnuts in the center, where the dough might not cook through", and called the food 'doughnuts'.
Ring doughnuts are formed by one of two methods: by joining the ends of a long, skinny piece of dough into a ring, or by using a doughnut cutter, which simultaneously cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut-shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole (the dough removed from the center). This smaller piece of dough can be cooked and served as a "doughnut hole" or added back to the batch to make more doughnuts. A disk-shaped doughnut can also be stretched and pinched into a
torus
In geometry, a torus (plural tori, colloquially donut or doughnut) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis that is coplanar with the circle.
If the axis of revolution does n ...
until the center breaks to form a hole. Alternatively, a doughnut depositor can be used to place a circle of liquid dough (batter) directly into the fryer.
There are two types of ring doughnuts, those made from a yeast-based dough for raised doughnuts, or those made from a special type of cake batter.
Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but have extra fat included in the batter before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds at approximately , turning once.
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constit ...
-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at . Cake doughnuts typically weigh between , whereas yeast-raised doughnuts average and are generally larger, and taller (due to rising) when finished.
Daniela Galarza, for
''Eater'', wrote that "the now-standard doughnut’s hole is still up for debate. Food writer
Michael Krondl surmises that the shape came from recipes that called for the dough to be shaped like a
jumble
Jumble is a word puzzle with a clue, a drawing illustrating the clue, and a set of words, each of which is “jumbled” by scrambling its letters. A solver reconstructs the words, and then arranges letters at marked positions in the words to sp ...
– a once common ring-shaped cookie. In ''Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People'', culinary historian Linda Civitello writes that the hole was invented because it allowed the doughnuts to cook faster. By 1870 doughnut cutters shaped in two concentric circles, one smaller than the other, began to appear in home-shopping catalogues".
Topping
After frying, ring doughnuts are often topped. Raised doughnuts are generally covered with a
glaze (icing). Cake doughnuts can also be glazed, powdered with
confectioner's sugar
Powdered sugar, also called confectioners' sugar, or icing sugar, is a finely ground sugar produced by milling granulated sugar into a powdered state. It usually contains between 2% and 5% of an anti-caking agent – such as corn starch, pot ...
, or covered with
cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus '' Cinnamomum''. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakf ...
and granulated sugar. They are also often topped with cake frosting (top only) and sometimes sprinkled with coconut, chopped peanuts, or
sprinkles (also called jimmies).
Holes
Doughnut holes are small, bite-sized doughnuts that were traditionally made from the dough taken from the center of ring doughnuts. Before long, doughnut sellers saw the opportunity to market "holes" as a novelty and many chains offer their own variety, some with their own brand names such as "Munchkins" from
Dunkin' Donuts
Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in ...
and "Timbits" from
Tim Hortons
Tim Hortons Inc., commonly nicknamed Tim's, or Timmie's is a Canadian multinational coffeehouse and restaurant chain. Based in Toronto, Tim Hortons serves coffee, doughnuts, and other fast-food items. It is Canada's largest quick-service res ...
.
Traditionally, doughnut holes are made by frying the dough removed from the center portion of the doughnut. Consequently, they are considerably smaller than a standard doughnut and tend to be spherical. Similar to standard doughnuts, doughnut holes may be topped with confections, such as glaze or powdered sugar.
Originally, most varieties of doughnut holes were derivatives of their ring doughnut (yeast-based dough or cake batter) counterparts. However, doughnut holes can also be made by dropping a small ball of dough into hot oil from a specially shaped nozzle or cutter.
This production method has allowed doughnut sellers to produce bite-sized versions of non-ring doughnuts, such as filled doughnuts,
fritter
A fritter is a portion of meat, seafood, fruit, vegetables or other ingredients which have been battered or breaded, or just a portion of dough without further ingredients, that is deep-fried. Fritters are prepared in both sweet and savory v ...
s and
Dutchies.
Filled
Filled doughnuts are flattened spheres injected with
fruit preserves,
cream
Cream is a dairy product composed of the higher-fat layer skimmed from the top of milk before homogenization. In un-homogenized milk, the fat, which is less dense, eventually rises to the top. In the industrial production of cream, this process ...
,
custard
Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on sweetened milk, cheese, or cream cooked with egg or egg yolk to thicken it, and sometimes also flour, corn starch, or gelatin. Depending on the recipe, custard may vary in consistency fr ...
, or other sweet fillings, and often dipped into powdered sugar or topped off with frosting. Common varieties include the
Boston cream,
coconut
The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the f ...
,
key lime, and
jelly.
Other shapes
Others include the
fritter
A fritter is a portion of meat, seafood, fruit, vegetables or other ingredients which have been battered or breaded, or just a portion of dough without further ingredients, that is deep-fried. Fritters are prepared in both sweet and savory v ...
and the
Dutchie, which are usually glazed. These have been available on
Tim Hortons
Tim Hortons Inc., commonly nicknamed Tim's, or Timmie's is a Canadian multinational coffeehouse and restaurant chain. Based in Toronto, Tim Hortons serves coffee, doughnuts, and other fast-food items. It is Canada's largest quick-service res ...
' doughnut menu since the chain's inception in 1964, and a 1991 ''
Toronto Star
The ''Toronto Star'' is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper. The newspaper is the country's largest daily newspaper by circulation. It is owned by Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary of Torstar Corporation and par ...
'' report found these two were the chain's most popular
type of fried dough in Canada.
There are many other specialized doughnut shapes such as
old-fashioned, bars or
Long Johns (a rectangular shape), or twists.
Other shapes include balls, flattened spheres, twists, and other forms.
In the northeast United States, bars and twists are usually referred to as ''
crullers''. Another is the
beignet, a square-shaped doughnut covered with powdered sugar, commonly associated with
.
Science
Cake vs yeast style
Yeast doughnuts and cake doughnuts contain most of the same ingredients, however, their structural differences arise from the type of flour and leavening agent used. In cake doughnuts, cake flour is used, and the resulting doughnut has a different texture because cake flour has a relatively low protein content of about 7 to 8 percent.
In yeast doughnuts, a flour with a higher protein content of about 9 to 12 percent is used, resulting in a doughnut that is lighter and more airy.
In addition, yeast doughnuts utilize yeast as a leavening agent. Specifically, "Yeast cells are thoroughly distributed throughout the dough and begin to feed on the sugar that is present ... carbon dioxide gas is generated, which raises the dough, making it light and porous."
Whereas this process is biological, the leavening process in cake doughnuts is chemical. In cake doughnuts, the most common leavening agent is baking powder. Baking powder is essentially "baking soda with acid added. This neutralizes the base and produces more CO
2 according to the following equation: NaHCO
3 + H
+ → Na
+ + H
2O + CO
2."
Physical structure
The physical structure of the doughnut is created by the combination of flour, leavening agent, sugar, eggs, salt, water, shortening, milk solids, and additional components.
The most important ingredients for creating the dough network are the flour and eggs. The main protein in flour is gluten, which is overall responsible for creating elastic dough because this protein acts as "coiled springs."
[Pyler, E. J. ''Baking Science and Technology''. Chicago: Siebel, 1952. Print.] The
gluten
Gluten is a structural protein naturally found in certain cereal grains. Although "gluten" often only refers to wheat proteins, in medical literature it refers to the combination of prolamin and glutelin proteins naturally occurring in all grai ...
network is composed of two separate molecules named glutenin and gliadin. Specifically, "the backbone of the gluten network likely consists of the largest glutenin molecules, or subunits, aligned and tightly linked to one another. These tightly linked glutenin subunits associate more loosely, along with gliadin, into larger gluten aggregates."
[Figoni, Paula. ''How Baking Works''. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print.] The gluten strands than tangle and interact with other strands and other molecules, resulting in networks that provide the elasticity of the dough. In mixing, the gluten is developed when the force of the mixer draws the gluten from the wheat endosperm, allowing the gluten matrix to trap the gas cells.
Molecular composition
![Phospholipid structure](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Phospholipid_structure.svg)
Eggs function as
emulsifiers
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (unmixable or unblendable) owing to liquid-liquid phase separation. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although ...
, foaming agents, and tenderizers in the dough. The egg white proteins, mainly ovalbumin, "function as structure formers. Egg solids, chiefly the egg white solids combined with the moisture in the egg, are considered structure-forming materials that help significantly to produce proper volume, grain, and texture."
The egg yolk contributes proteins, fats, and emulsifiers to the dough. Emulsifying agents are essential to doughnut formation because they prevent the fat molecules from separating from the water molecules in the dough. The main emulsifier in egg yolk is called lecithin, which is a
phospholipid
Phospholipids, are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typ ...
. "The fatty acids are attracted to fats and oils (lipids) in food, while the phosphate group is attracted to water. It is this ability to attract both lipids and water that allow phospholipids such as lecithin to act as emulsifiers."
The proteins from both the egg yolk and the egg whites contribute to the structure of the dough through a process called coagulation. When heat is applied to the dough, the egg proteins will begin to unfold, or denature, and then form new bonds with one another, thus creating a gel-like network that can hold water and gas.
Shortening
Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and used to make crumbly pastry and other food products. Although butter is solid at room temperature and is frequently used in making pastry, the term ''shortening'' seldom refers to b ...
is responsible for providing tenderness and aerating the dough. In terms of its molecular structure, "a typical shortening that appears solid
t room temperaturecontains 15–20% solids and, hence, 80–85% liquid oil ... this small amount of solids can be made to hold all of the liquid in a matrix of very small, stable, needlelike crystals (beta-prime crystals)."
This crystalline structure is considered highly stable due to how tightly its molecules are packed. The sugar used in baking is essentially sucrose, and besides imparting sweetness in the doughnut, sugar also functions in the color and tenderness of the final product. Sucrose is a simple carbohydrate whose structure is made up of a glucose molecule bound to a fructose molecule.
Milk is utilized in the making of doughnuts, but in large scale bakeries, one form of milk used is nonfat dry milk solids. These solids are obtained by removing most of the water from skim milk with heat, and this heat additionally denatures the whey proteins and increases the absorption properties of the remaining proteins.
The ability of the
casein
Casein ( , from Latin ''caseus'' "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins ( αS1, aS2, β, κ) that are commonly found in mammalian milk, comprising about 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 60% of the proteins in hum ...
and whey proteins to absorb excess water is essential to prolonging the doughnut's freshness. The major
whey protein in the nonfat milk solids is known as beta-lactoglobulin, and a crucial feature of its structure is that there exists a single sulfhydryl group that is protected by the alpha helix, and when heating of the milk solids occurs, these groups participate in disulfide exchanges with other molecules. This interchange prevents the renaturation of the whey proteins.
If the crosslinking of the sulfide groups does not occur, the whey proteins can rebond and weaken the gluten network.
Water is a necessary ingredient in the production of doughnuts because it activates the other ingredients, allowing them to perform their functions in building the doughnut's structure. For example, sugar and salt crystals must be dissolved in order for them to act in the dough, whereas larger molecules, such as the starches or proteins, must be hydrated in order for them to absorb moisture.
Another important consideration of water is its degree of hardness, which measures the amount of impurities in the water source. Pure water consists of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, but water used in baking often is not pure. Baker's
salt
Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quant ...
(NaCl) is usually used as an ingredient due to its high purity, whereas the salts in water are derived from varying minerals. As an ingredient, "salt is added to enhance the flavour of cakes and breads and to ‘toughen up’ the soft mixture of fat and sugar."
If relatively soft water is being used, more salt should be added in order to strengthen the gluten network of the dough, but if not enough salt is added during the baking process, the flavor of the bread will not be appealing to consumers.
Health effects
Doughnuts are unhealthy, though some are less so than others.
According to ''
Prevention Magazine'', doughnuts made from
enriched flour provide some
thiamine
Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient, that cannot be made in the body. It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication. Phosphorylated forms of thi ...
,
riboflavin
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and sold as a dietary supplement. It is essential to the formation of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. These coenzymes are involved i ...
, and
niacin
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient. It can be manufactured by plants and animals from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin is obtained in the diet from a variet ...
, along with some
fiber
Fiber or fibre (from la, fibra, links=no) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate ...
, but they are high in sugar and calories. Steps to improve the healthiness of doughnuts include removing
trans fats
Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids, or trans fatty acids, is a type of unsaturated fat that naturally occurs in small amounts in meat and milk fat. It became widely produced as an unintentional byproduct in the industrial pro ...
.
Dough rheology
An important property of the dough that affects the final product is the dough's
rheology
Rheology (; ) is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid ( liquid or gas) state, but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an ap ...
. This property measures the ability of the dough to flow. It can be represented by the power law equation:
where
is the tangentic stress,
is the
viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water.
Viscosity quantifies the int ...
coefficient,
is the shear rate, and
is the flow index. Many factors affect dough rheology including the type of ingredients, the amount of the ingredients, or the force applied during mixing. Dough is usually described as a viscoelastic material, meaning that its rheology depends on both the viscosity and the elasticity. The viscosity coefficient and the flow index are unique to the type of dough being analyzed, while the tangentic stress and the shear rate are measurements obtained depending on the type force being applied to the dough.
Regional variations
Asia
Cambodia
''Nom kong'' (នំបុ័ងកង់), the traditional Cambodian doughnut, is named after its shape – the word ‘កង់’ (pronounced ''kong'' in Khmer) literally means “wheel”, whilst ''nom'' (‘នំបុ័ង’) is the general word for pastry or any kind of starchy food. A very inexpensive treat for everyday Cambodians, this sweet pastry consists of a jasmine rice flour dough moulded into a classic ring shape and then deep fried in fat, then drizzled with a palm sugar toffee and sprinkled with sesame seeds. The rice flour gives it a chewy texture that Cambodians are fond of. This childhood snack is what inspired Cambodian-American entrepreneur
Ted Ngoy
Ted Ngoy (born Bun Tek Ngoy; 1942) is a Cambodian American entrepreneur and former owner of a chain of doughnut shops in California. He is nicknamed the "Donut King."
Biography
Ted Ngoy was born in the Cambodian village of Serei Saophoan, Si ...
to build his doughnut empire, inspiring the film
The Donut King
''The Donut King'' is a 2020 American documentary film which tells the life story of California donut shop owner Ted Ngoy.
Development
The Donut King was directed by Alice Gu, and is her first feature film. Having grown up in Los Angeles, she ...
.
China
A few sweet, doughnut-style pastries are regional in nature.
Cantonese cuisine
Cantonese or Guangdong cuisine, also known as Yue cuisine ( or ) is the cuisine of Guangdong province of China, particularly the provincial capital Guangzhou, and the surrounding regions in the Pearl River Delta including Hong Kong and Macau.H ...
features an oval-shaped pastry called ''ngàuhleisōu'' (牛脷酥, lit. "
ox-tongue pastry
Ox-tongue pastry () or horse-ear pastry (), also referred to as Chinese doughnut, is a Chinese pastry that is popular in south China in the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. It is a fried dough food that is elliptical in shape and resembles an ...
", due to its tongue-like shape).
A spherical food called ''saa1 jung'' (沙翁), which is also similar to a
cream puff
A profiterole (), cream puff (US), or ''chou à la crème'' () is a filled French and Italian choux pastry ball with a typically sweet and moist filling of whipped cream, custard, pastry cream, or ice cream. The puffs may be decorated or left pl ...
but denser with a doughnut-like texture and usually prepared with sugar sprinkled on top, is normally available in
dim sum
Dim sum () is a large range of small Chinese dishes that are traditionally enjoyed in restaurants for brunch. Most modern dim sum dishes are commonly associated with Cantonese cuisine, although dim sum dishes also exist in other Chinese cuis ...
Cantonese restaurants. An oilier
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the Capital city, capital of the China, People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's Li ...
variant of this called 高力豆沙, ''gaoli dousha'', is filled with
red bean paste
Red bean paste () or red bean jam, also called adzuki bean paste or ''anko'' (a Japanese word), is a paste made of red beans (also called "adzuki beans"), used in East Asian cuisine. The paste is prepared by boiling the beans, then mashing or ...
; originally, it was made with egg white instead of dough. Many Chinese cultures make a chewy doughnut known as ''
shuangbaotai'' (雙包胎), which consists of two conjoined balls of dough.
Chinese restaurants in the United States sometimes serve small fried pastries similar to doughnut holes with condensed milk as a sauce.
Chinese cuisine
Chinese cuisine encompasses the numerous cuisines originating from China, as well as overseas cuisines created by the Chinese diaspora. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many o ...
features long, deep-fried doughnut sticks that are often quite oily, hence their name in
Mandarin, ''
yóutiáo'' (油條, "oil strips"); in
Cantonese
Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding a ...
, this doughnut-style pastry is called ''yàuhjagwái'' (油炸鬼, "ghosts fried in oil"). These pastries are lightly salted and are often served with
congee
Congee or conjee ( ) is a type of rice porridge or gruel eaten in Asian countries. It can be eaten plain, where it is typically served with side dishes, or it can be served with ingredients such as meat, fish, seasonings and flavourings, most ...
, a traditional rice
porridge
Porridge is a food made by heating or boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain, in milk or water. It is often cooked or served with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, (dried) fruit or syrup to make a sweet cereal, ...
or
soy milk
Soy milk (simplified Chinese: 豆浆; traditional Chinese: 豆漿) also known as soya milk or soymilk, is a plant-based drink produced by soaking and grinding soybeans, boiling the mixture, and filtering out remaining particulates. It is a sta ...
for breakfast.
India
![Balushahi2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Balushahi2.jpg)
In India, an old-fashioned sweet called
gulgula is made of sweetened, deep-fried flour balls. A leavening agent may or may not be used.
There are a couple of unrelated doughnut-shaped food items. A savory, fried, ring-shaped snack called a ''
vada'' is often referred to as the Indian doughnut. The ''vada'' is made from ''
dal'',
lentil
The lentil (''Lens culinaris'' or ''Lens esculenta'') is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds. It is about tall, and the seeds grow in pods, usually with two seeds in each. As a food crop, the largest p ...
or
potato
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Uni ...
flours rather than wheat flour.
In North India, it is in the form of a bulging disc called ''dahi-vada'', and is soaked in
curd
Curd is obtained by coagulating milk in a sequential process called curdling. It can be a final dairy product or the first stage in cheesemaking. The coagulation can be caused by adding rennet or any edible acidic substance such as l ...
, sprinkled with spices and sliced vegetables, and topped with a sweet and sour
chutney
A chutney is a spread in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. Chutneys are made in a wide variety of forms, such as a tomato relish, a ground peanut garnish, yogurt or curd, cucumber, spicy coconut, spicy onion or mint dipping sauce ...
. In South India, a vada is eaten with
''sambar'' and a coconut
chutney
A chutney is a spread in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent. Chutneys are made in a wide variety of forms, such as a tomato relish, a ground peanut garnish, yogurt or curd, cucumber, spicy coconut, spicy onion or mint dipping sauce ...
.
Sweet pastries similar to old-fashioned doughnuts called ''badushahi'' and ''jalebi'' are also popular. ''
Balushahi
Balushahi is a traditional dessert originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is similar to a glazed doughnut in terms of ingredients, but differs in texture and taste. In South India, a similar pastry is known as badushah.
Variations Balushahi ...
'', also called ''badushah'', is made from flour, deep fried in clarified butter, and dipped in sugar syrup. Unlike a doughnut, ''balushahi'' is dense. A ''balushahi'' is ring-shaped, but the well in the center does not go all the way through to form a hole typical of a doughnut. ''
Jalebi
''Jalebi'' (, , , Urdu: جلیبی, , , si, පැණි වළලු, ), is a popular sweet snack in south and west Asia, Africa, and Mauritius. It goes by many names, including ''jilapi'', ''zelepi'','' jilebi'', '' jilipi'', ''zulbia'', ...
'', which is typically pretzel-shaped, is made by deep frying batter in oil and soaking it in sugar syrup.
A variant of ''jalebi'', called ''
imarti'', is shaped with a small ring in the center around which a geometric pattern is arranged.
Along with these Indian variants, typical varieties of doughnuts are also available from U.S. chains such as
Krispy Kreme and
Dunkin' Donuts
Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in ...
retail outlets, as well as local brands such as Mad Over Donuts and the Donut Baker.
Indonesia
The
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
n, ''donat kentang'' is a
potato doughnut
Potato doughnuts, sometimes called a Spudnut, are a type of doughnut, typically sweet, made with either mashed potatoes or potato starch instead of flour, the most common ingredient used for doughnut dough. Potato doughnuts tend to be lighter t ...
, a ring-shaped fritter made from flour and mashed potatoes, coated in powder sugar or icing sugar.
Japan
![Bean jam doughnut,Katori-city,Japan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Bean_jam_doughnut%2CKatori-city%2CJapan.JPG)
In Japan, ''
an-doughnut'' (あんドーナッツ, "
bean paste doughnut") is widely available at bakeries. ''An-doughnut'' is similar to Germany's ''Berliner'', except it contains red
azuki bean
''Vigna angularis'', also known as the adzuki bean , azuki bean, aduki bean, red bean, or red mung bean, is an annual vine widely cultivated throughout East Asia for its small (approximately long) bean. The cultivars most familiar in East Asia ...
paste.
Mister Donut is one of the most popular doughnut chains in Japan. Native to
Okinawa
is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 (as of 2 February 2020) and a geographic area of 2,281 Square kilometre, km2 (880 sq mi).
...
is a spheroid pastry similar to doughnuts called ''
sata andagi''.
Mochi donuts are "a cross between a traditional cake-like doughnut and chewy mochi dough similar to what’s wrapped around ice cream". This hybrid confection was originally popularized in Japan by Mister Donut before spreading to the United States via Hawaii.
The Mister Donut style, also known as "pon de ring", uses
tapioca flour and produces mochi donuts that are easy to pull apart. Another variation developed in the United States uses glutinous rice flour which produces a denser mochi donut akin to Hawaiian-style butter mochi.
Mochi donuts made from glutinous rice flour "typically contain half the amount of calories as the standard cake or yeast doughnut".
Malaysia
''Kuih keria'' is a hole doughnut made from boiled sweet potato that is mashed. The sweet potato mash is shaped into rings and fried. The hot doughnut is then rolled in granulated sugar. The result is a doughnut with a sugar-crusted skin.
Nepal
''
Sel roti'' is a
Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
i homemade, ring-shaped, rice doughnut prepared during
Tihar, the widely celebrated Hindu festival in Nepal. A semiliquid dough is usually prepared by adding milk, water, sugar, butter, cardamom, and mashed banana to rice flour, which is often left to ferment for up to 24 hours. A ''sel roti'' is traditionally fried in ''
ghee
Ghee is a type of clarified butter, originating from India. It is commonly used in India for cooking, as a traditional medicine, and for religious rituals.
Description
Ghee is typically prepared by simmering butter, which is churned from ...
''.
Pakistan
Doughnuts are available at most bakeries across Pakistan. The
Navaz Sharif variety, available mainly in the city of
Karachi
Karachi (; ur, ; ; ) is the most populous city in Pakistan and 12th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast. It is the former c ...
, is covered in chocolate and filled with cream, similar to a
Boston cream. Doughnuts can readily be found at the many
Dunkin' Donuts
Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in ...
branches spread across Pakistan.
Philippines
![Shakoy doughnut](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Shakoy_doughnut.jpg)
Local varieties of doughnuts sold by peddlers and street vendors throughout the Philippines are usually made of plain well-kneaded dough, deep-fried in refined coconut oil and sprinkled with refined (not powdered or confectioner's) sugar. Round versions of this doughnut are known as ''
buñuelos'' (also spelled ''bunwelos'', and sometimes confusingly known as "''
bicho-bicho''"), similar to the doughnuts in Spain and former Spanish colonies. Indigenous versions of the doughnut also exist, like the ''
cascaron
''Cascaron'' is a Filipino doughnut made of deep-fried ground glutinous rice, grated coconut, and sugar. They are commonly ball-shaped and are sold on skewers, but they can also be elongated, pancake-shaped, or doughnut-shaped. The name is ...
'', which is prepared similarly, but uses ground glutinous rice and coconut milk in place of wheat flour and milk.
Other native doughnut recipes include the ''shakoy'', ''
kumukunsi
Kumukunsi is a traditional Filipino cuisine, Filipino deep-fried doughnut originating from the Maguindanao people. It is made from rice flour, duck eggs, and sugar. It is traditionally fried into spiral shapes. It has a creamy flavor, similar to ...
'', and ''
binangkal
''Binangkal'' is a type of doughnut from the islands of Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines. It is made from deep-fried dense dough balls coated with sesame seeds. It is usually eaten with hot chocolate or coffee.
The name is derived from ...
''. ''Shakoy'' or ''siyakoy'' from the
Visayas
The Visayas ( ), or the Visayan Islands (Bisayan languages, Visayan: ''Kabisay-an'', ; tl, Kabisayaan ), are one of the three Island groups of the Philippines, principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Luzon and Mindanao ...
islands (also known as ''lubid-lubid'' in the northern Philippines) uses a length of dough twisted into a distinctive rope-like shape before being fried. The preparation is almost exactly the same as doughnuts, though there are variants made from
glutinous rice
Glutinous rice (''Oryza sativa var. glutinosa''; also called sticky rice, sweet rice or waxy rice) is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast and East Asia, and the northeastern regions of South Asia, which has opaque grains, very low amylose ...
flour. The texture can range from soft and fluffy, to sticky and chewy, to hard and crunchy (in the latter case, they are known as ''
pilipit''). They are sprinkled with white sugar, but can also be topped with sesame seeds or caramelized sugar.
''
Kumukunsi
Kumukunsi is a traditional Filipino cuisine, Filipino deep-fried doughnut originating from the Maguindanao people. It is made from rice flour, duck eggs, and sugar. It is traditionally fried into spiral shapes. It has a creamy flavor, similar to ...
'' is a ''
jalebi
''Jalebi'' (, , , Urdu: جلیبی, , , si, පැණි වළලු, ), is a popular sweet snack in south and west Asia, Africa, and Mauritius. It goes by many names, including ''jilapi'', ''zelepi'','' jilebi'', '' jilipi'', ''zulbia'', ...
''-like native doughnut from the
Maguindanao people
The Maguindanao people are an Austronesian ethnic group from the Philippines. The Maguindanaon are part of wider political identity of Muslims of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan known as Moro, who constitute the third largest ethnic group of Mindana ...
. It is made with
rice flour
Rice flour (also rice powder) is a form of flour made from finely milled rice. It is distinct from rice starch, which is usually produced by steeping rice in lye. Rice flour is a common substitute for wheat flour. It is also used as a thickening a ...
, duck eggs, and sugar that is molded into rope-like strands and then fried in a loose spiral. It has the taste and consistency of a creamy pancake.
''
Binangkal
''Binangkal'' is a type of doughnut from the islands of Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines. It is made from deep-fried dense dough balls coated with sesame seeds. It is usually eaten with hot chocolate or coffee.
The name is derived from ...
'' are simple fried dough balls covered in
sesame seed
Sesame ( or ; ''Sesamum indicum'') is a flowering plant in the genus ''Sesamum'', also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cu ...
s.
Other fried dough desserts include the mesh-like ''
lokot-lokot
Lokot-lokot or Locot-locot is a delicacy common in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. It is also referred to as jaa in Sulu; tagaktak, tinagtag, tinadtag, or tinagaktak in Maguindanao, and amik in Davao del Sur. Its textur ...
'', the fried rice cake ''
panyalam
''Panyalam'' or ''panyam'', is a traditional Filipino-Bangsamoro fried rice pancake. It is made with ground glutinous rice, ''muscovado'' (or brown sugar), and coconut milk mixed into a batter that is deep-fried.
''Panyalam'' originates fr ...
'', and the banana fritter ''
maruya'', among others.
Taiwan
In
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
, ''
shuāngbāotāi'' (雙胞胎, lit. "twins") is two pieces of dough wrapped together before frying.
Thailand
In Thailand, a popular breakfast food is ''pa thong ko'', also known as Thai donuts, a version of the Chinese ''yiu ja guoy/
youtiao
''Youtiao'' (), known in Southern China as Yu Char Kway is a long golden-brown deep-fried strip of dough of Chinese origin and (by a variety of other names) also popular in other East and Southeast Asian cuisines.
Conventionally, ''youtiao'' ...
''. Often sold from food stalls in markets or by the side of the road, these doughnuts are small, sometimes X-shaped, and sold by the bag full. They are often eaten in the morning with hot
Thai tea
Thai tea ( th, ชาไทย, , ) is usually known as a Thai drink made from Ceylon tea, milk and sugar, and served hot or cold. It is popular in Southeast Asia and is served in many restaurants that serve Thai food. When served cold it is kno ...
.
Vietnam
Vietnamese varieties of doughnuts include ''bánh tiêu'','' bánh cam'', and ''
bánh rán
''Bánh rán'' is a Deep-frying, deep-fried glutinous rice ball Vietnamese dish from northern Vietnam. In Vietnamese language, Vietnamese, ''bánh'' is a category of food including cakes, pies, and pastries, while ''rán'' means "fried."
Its out ...
''. ''Bánh tiêu'' is a sesame-topped, deep-fried pastry that is hallow. It can be eaten alone or cut in half and served with ''
bánh bò
''Bánh bò'' (literally "cow cake" or "crawl cake") is a sweet, chewy sponge cake from Vietnam. It is made from rice flour, water, sugar, and yeast, and has a honeycomb-like appearance (called ''rễ tre'', literally "bamboo roots," in Vie ...
'', a gelatinous cake, placed inside the pastry. ''Bánh cam'' is from Southern Vietnam and is a ball-shaped, deep-fried pastry coated entirely in sesame seeds and containing a
mung bean
The mung bean (''Vigna radiata''), alternatively known as the green gram, maash ( fa, ماش٫ )٫ mūng (), monggo, or munggo (Philippines), is a plant species in the legume family.Brief Introduction of Mung Bean. Vigna Radiata Extract G ...
paste filling. ''Bánh rán'' is from Northern Vietnam and is similar to ''bánh cam''; however, the difference is that ''bánh rán ''is covered with a sugar glaze after being deep-fried and its mung bean paste filling includes a
jasmine essence.
Europe
Austria
In
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
, doughnut equivalents are called ''
Krapfen''. They are especially popular during Carneval season (
Fasching
A variety of customs and traditions are associated with Carnival celebrations in the German-speaking countries of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. They can vary considerably from country to country, but also from one small region to another. Th ...
), and do not have the typical ring shape, but instead are solid and usually filled with apricot jam (traditional) or vanilla cream (''Vanillekrapfen''). A second variant, called ''
Bauernkrapfen'' are also made of yeast dough, and have a thick outside ring, but are very thin in the middle.
Belgium
In
Belgium
Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
, the ''
smoutebollen
An (, plural , fy, Oaljebol or Oaljekoek) is a traditional Belgian and Dutch beignet. They are called (literally: ''oil balls'') or (literally: '' lard balls'') in the Netherlands, (literally: '' lard balls'') in Flanders and (loosely: ' ...
'' in Dutch, or ''
croustillons
An (, plural , fy, Oaljebol or Oaljekoek) is a traditional Belgian and Dutch beignet. They are called (literally: ''oil balls'') or (literally: '' lard balls'') in the Netherlands, (literally: '' lard balls'') in Flanders and (loosely: ' ...
'' in French, are similar to the Dutch kind of ''oliebollen'', but they usually do not contain any fruit, except for apple chunks sometimes. They are typical carnival and fair snacks and are coated with powdered sugar.
Czech Republic
![Doughnuts cz](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Doughnuts_cz.jpg)
U.S.-style doughnuts are available in the
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...
, but before they were solid shape and filled with jelly (strawberry or peach). The shape is similar to doughnuts in Germany or Poland. They are called ''Kobliha'' (''Koblihy'' in plural). They may be filled with
nougat
Nougat ( , ; ; az, nuqa; fa, نوقا) is a family of confections made with sugar or honey, roasted nuts (almonds, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts, and macadamia nuts are common), whipped egg whites, and sometimes chopped candied fruit. The c ...
or with vanilla custard. There are now many fillings; cut in half or non-filled knots with sugar and cinnamon on top.
Denmark
In
Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark
...
, U.S.-style doughnuts may be found at various stores, e.g.
McDonald's
McDonald's Corporation is an American Multinational corporation, multinational fast food chain store, chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechri ...
and most
gas stations
A filling station, also known as a gas station () or petrol station (), is a facility that sells fuel and engine lubricants for motor vehicles. The most common fuels sold in the 2010s were gasoline (or petrol) and diesel fuel.
Gasoline ...
. The
Berliner
Berliner is most often used to designate a citizen of Berlin, Germany
Berliner may also refer to:
People
* Berliner (surname)
Places
* Berliner Lake, a lake in Minnesota, United States
* Berliner Philharmonie, concert hall in Berlin, Germany
...
, however, is also available in bakeries.
Finland
![Lihapiirakka](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Lihapiirakka.jpg)
in
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
, a sweet doughnut is called a ''munkki'' (the word also means ''monk'') and are commonly eaten in cafés and cafeteria restaurants. It is sold cold and sometimes filled with jam (like U.S. jelly donuts) or a vanilla sauce. A ring doughnut is also known as ''donitsi''.
A savory form of doughnut is the ''
lihapiirakka
A lihapiirakka (literally "meat pie") is an everyday Finnish food sold in supermarkets and often available ready-to-eat as street food. It is a form of savoury pie or turnover made from doughnut dough and filled with a mixture of minced meat an ...
'' (literally ''meat pie''). Made from a doughnut mixture and deep fried, the end product is more akin to a savory doughnut than any pie known in the English-speaking world.
Former Yugoslavia
Doughnuts similar to the Berliner are prepared in the northern Balkans, particularly in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...
,
Croatia
, image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
, anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capit ...
,
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...
and
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
(''pokladnice'' or ''
krofne
Krofne ( Albanian and hr, krafne; Bosnian and sr-Latn, krofne, sr-cyr, крофне; sl, krofi; mk, крофни) are airy filled doughnuts. They are round and usually filled with jelly, marmalade, jam or chocolate as well as butter, Nutel ...
''). They are also called ''krofna'', ''krafna'' or ''krafne'', a name derived from the Austrian ''Krapfen'' for this pastry. In Croatia, they are especially popular during
Carneval season and do not have the typical ring shape, but instead are solid. Traditionally, they are filled with jam (apricot or plum). However, they can be filled with vanilla or chocolate cream. Other types of doughnuts are ''
uštipci
Uštipci ( sr-cyr, Уштипци, ) are doughnut-like fried dough balls popular in Southeast Europe, Southeast European countries, namely Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia and Albania
Origin
The origin of the u ...
'' and ''
fritule
is a Croatian festive pastry made particularly for Christmas. They resemble little doughnuts, the Italian ''zeppole'', Venetian ''frìtole'', and the Dutch Christmas snack ''oliebollen'' ('balls of oil'). However, they are usually flavored with ...
''.
France
The French ''
beignet'', literally "bump", is the French and New Orleans equivalent of a doughnut: a pastry made from
deep-fried
Deep frying (also referred to as deep fat frying) is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat, traditionally lard but today most commonly oil, as opposed to the shallow oil used in conventional frying done in a frying pan. Normal ...
choux pastry
Choux pastry, or (), is a delicate pastry dough used in many pastries. Basic ingredients usually only include butter, water, flour and eggs (auxiliary ingredients and flavorings are also added).
Instead of a raising agent, choux pastry employs ...
.
[Alan Davidson (1999) ''Oxford Companion to Food'', Oxford University Press]
Germany
![Berliner-Pfannkuchen](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Berliner-Pfannkuchen.jpg)
In parts of
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
, the doughnut equivalents are called ''
Berliner
Berliner is most often used to designate a citizen of Berlin, Germany
Berliner may also refer to:
People
* Berliner (surname)
Places
* Berliner Lake, a lake in Minnesota, United States
* Berliner Philharmonie, concert hall in Berlin, Germany
...
'' (sg. and pl.), but not in the capital city of
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
itself and neighboring areas, where they are called ''Pfannkuchen'' (which is often found misleading by people in the rest of Germany, who use the word ''Pfannkuchen'' to describe a
pancake
A pancake (or hotcake, griddlecake, or flapjack) is a flat cake, often thin and round, prepared from a Starch, starch-based batter (cooking), batter that may contain eggs, milk and butter and cooked on a hot surface such as a griddle or fryi ...
, which is also the literal translation of it). Both ''Berliner'' and ''Pfannkuchen'' are abbreviations of the term ''Berliner Pfannkuchen'', however.
In middle Germany, doughnuts are called ''Kreppel'' or ''Pfannkuchen''. In southern Germany, they are also called ''Krapfen'' and are especially popular during Carnival season (''
Karneval''/''
Fasching
A variety of customs and traditions are associated with Carnival celebrations in the German-speaking countries of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. They can vary considerably from country to country, but also from one small region to another. Th ...
'') in southern and middle Germany and on New Year's Eve in northern Germany. A ''Berliner'' does not have the typical ring shape of a doughnut, but instead is solid and usually filled with jam, while a ring-shaped variant called ''Kameruner'' is common in Berlin and eastern Germany. ''Bismarcks'' and ''Berlin doughnuts'' are also found in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland and the United States. Today, U.S.-style doughnuts are also available in Germany, but are less popular than their native counterparts.
Greece
In
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with ...
, a doughnut-like snack called ''
loukoumas
Lokma, also known by their Greek name, loukoumades, are pastries made of leavened and deep fried dough balls, soaked in syrup or honey, sometimes coated with cinnamon or other ingredients. The dish was described as early as the 13th century by a ...
(λουκουμάς)'', which is spherical and soaked in honey syrup, is available. It is often served with sprinkled cinnamon and grated walnuts or sesame seeds.
Hungary
Fánk
Fánk is a sweet traditional Hungarian donut. The most commonly used ingredients are: flour, yeast, butter, egg yolk, a little bit of rum, salt, milk and oil to deep fry with. After the pastry has risen for approximately 30 minutes the result ...
is a sweet traditional
Hungarian cake. The most commonly used ingredients are
flour
Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many culture ...
,
yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitut ...
,
butter
Butter is a dairy product made from the fat and protein components of churned cream. It is a semi-solid emulsion at room temperature, consisting of approximately 80% butterfat. It is used at room temperature as a spread, melted as a condiment ...
,
egg yolk
Among animals which produce eggs, the yolk (; also known as the vitellus) is the nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo. Some types of egg contain no yolk, for example bec ...
,
rum
Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. The distillate, a clear liquid, is usually aged in oak barrels. Rum is produced in nearly every sugar-producing region of the world, such as the Ph ...
,
salt
Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quant ...
,
milk
Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfed human infants) before they are able to digest solid food. Immune factors and immune-modulat ...
and
oil
An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic (does not mix with water) & lipophilic (mixes with other oils). Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated ...
for frying. The dough is allowed to rise for approximately 30 minutes, resulting in an extremely light pastry. ''Fánk'' is usually served with
powdered sugar and
lekvar
A fruit butter is a sweet spread made of fruit cooked to a paste, then lightly sweetened. It falls into the same category as jelly and jam. Apple butter and plum butter are common examples. Fruit pastes, such as quince cheese are popular in La ...
.
It is supposed that ''Fánk'' pastry is of the same origin as German
Berliner
Berliner is most often used to designate a citizen of Berlin, Germany
Berliner may also refer to:
People
* Berliner (surname)
Places
* Berliner Lake, a lake in Minnesota, United States
* Berliner Philharmonie, concert hall in Berlin, Germany
...
, Dutch ''
oliebol'', and Polish ''
pączki
; plural: ; csb, pùrcle; szl, kreple) is a filled doughnut found in Polish cuisine.
Description
''A pączek'' is a deep-fried piece of dough shaped into spheres and filled with confiture or other sweet filling. ''Pączki'' are usually cover ...
''.
Italy
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
doughnuts include
ciambelle,
krapfen from Trentino-Alto Adige,
zippuli or
zeppole
A zeppola (; plural: zeppole; sometimes called frittelle, and in Sardinia the italianized ''zippole'' or ''zeppole sarde'' from the original Sardinian ) is an Italian pastry consisting of a deep-fried dough ball of varying size but typically ab ...
from
Calabria
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
and
Campania
Campania (, also , , , ) is an administrative Regions of Italy, region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the i ...
, maritozzi from Latium, above all
Rome
, established_title = Founded
, established_date = 753 BC
, founder = King Romulus (legendary)
, image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg
, map_caption ...
,
bomboloni from
Tuscany
Tuscany ( ; it, Toscana ) is a Regions of Italy, region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (''Firenze'').
Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, art ...
,
frittelle from
Veneto
Veneto (, ; vec, Vèneto ) or Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy. Its population is about five million, ranking fourth in Italy. The region's capital is Venice while the biggest city is Verona.
Veneto was part of the Roman Empire unt ...
and many others. In the island of
Sardinia
Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
there is a particular donut, a ring cake called ''lorica''.
Lithuania
In
Lithuania
Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
, a kind of doughnut called ''spurgos'' is widely known. Some spurgos are similar to Polish
pączki
; plural: ; csb, pùrcle; szl, kreple) is a filled doughnut found in Polish cuisine.
Description
''A pączek'' is a deep-fried piece of dough shaped into spheres and filled with confiture or other sweet filling. ''Pączki'' are usually cover ...
, but some specific recipes, such as
cottage cheese
Cottage cheese is a curdled milk product with a mild flavor and a creamy, non-homogeneous, soupy texture. It is made from skimmed milk by draining the cheese, as opposed to pressing it to make cheese curd—retaining some of the whey and keeping ...
doughnuts (''varškės spurgos''), were invented independently.
Netherlands
![oliebollen](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Oliebollen.jpg)
In the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, ''
oliebollen
An (, plural , fy, Oaljebol or Oaljekoek) is a traditional Belgian and Dutch beignet. They are called (literally: ''oil balls'') or (literally: '' lard balls'') in the Netherlands, (literally: '' lard balls'') in Flanders and (loosely: ' ...
'', referred to in cookbooks as "Dutch doughnuts", are a type of fritter, with or without raisins or
currants, and usually sprinkled with powdered sugar. Variations of the recipe contain slices of apple or other fruits. They are traditionally eaten as part of New Year celebrations.
Norway
In Norway,
smultring is the prevailing type of doughnut traditionally sold in bakeries, shops, and stalls. However, U.S.-style doughnuts are widely available in larger supermarkets,
McDonald's
McDonald's Corporation is an American Multinational corporation, multinational fast food chain store, chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechri ...
restaurants,
7-eleven
7-Eleven, Inc., stylized as 7-ELEVE, is a multinational chain of retail convenience stores, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The chain was founded in 1927 as an ice house storefront in Dallas. It was named Tote'm Stores between 1928 and 1946. A ...
s and bakeries. The
Berliner
Berliner is most often used to designate a citizen of Berlin, Germany
Berliner may also refer to:
People
* Berliner (surname)
Places
* Berliner Lake, a lake in Minnesota, United States
* Berliner Philharmonie, concert hall in Berlin, Germany
...
is more common than U.S.-style doughnut, and sold in most supermarkets and bakeries alongside ''smultring'' doughnuts.
Poland
![Polskie pączki](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Polskie_p%C4%85czki.jpg)
In Poland and parts of the U.S. with a large
Polish community, like
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name ...
and
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at th ...
, the round, jam-filled doughnuts eaten especially—though not exclusively—during the
Carnival
Carnival is a Catholic Christian festive season that occurs before the liturgical season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typi ...
are called
pączki
; plural: ; csb, pùrcle; szl, kreple) is a filled doughnut found in Polish cuisine.
Description
''A pączek'' is a deep-fried piece of dough shaped into spheres and filled with confiture or other sweet filling. ''Pączki'' are usually cover ...
(). Pączki have been known in Poland at least since the Middle Ages.
Jędrzej Kitowicz
Jędrzej Kitowicz (1727 or 1728 – 3 April 1804) was a Polish historian and diarist.
According to , a historian of Polish literature, Kitowicz was born into a bourgeois family in the region of Greater Poland, and was later employed in the ...
has described that during the reign of the
Augustus III
Augustus III ( pl, August III Sas, lt, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1733 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire where he was known as Frederick Augu ...
under influence of French cooks who came to Poland at that time, pączki dough fried in Poland has been improved, so that pączki became lighter, spongier, and more resilient.
Portugal
The malasada is a common type of holeless donut created in Portugal. They are made of fried dough. In
Madeira
)
, anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira")
, song_type = Regional anthem
, image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg
, map_alt=Location of Madeira
, map_caption=Location of Madeira
, subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
and the
Azores
)
, motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace")
, anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores")
, image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg
, map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union
, map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...
they are eaten on
Fat Tuesday
Mardi Gras (, ) refers to events of the Carnival celebration, beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany (Three Kings Day) and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday, which is known as Shrove Tuesday. is French for "Fat ...
. It is also popular in
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
and
Cape Cod
Cape Cod is a peninsula extending into the Atlantic Ocean from the southeastern corner of mainland Massachusetts, in the northeastern United States. Its historic, maritime character and ample beaches attract heavy tourism during the summer mont ...
. The malasada arrived after immigrants came in.
Romania
The Romanian dessert ''
gogoși'' are fried dough balls similar to filled doughnuts. They are stuffed with chocolate, jam, cheese and other combinations and may be dusted with icing sugar.
Russia
![Pampushky](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Pampushky.jpg)
In
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
and the other
Post-Soviet countries
The post-Soviet states, also known as the former Soviet Union (FSU), the former Soviet Republics and in Russia as the near abroad (russian: links=no, ближнее зарубежье, blizhneye zarubezhye), are the 15 sovereign states that wer ...
, ''ponchiki'' (russian: пончики, plural form of пончик, ''ponchik'') or (russian: пышки, especially in
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
) are a very popular sweet doughnut, with many fast and simple recipes available in Russian cookbooks for making them at home as a breakfast or coffee pastry.
Slovenia
In
Slovenia
Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...
, a jam-filled doughnut known as ''
krofi'', is very popular. It is the typical sweet during
Carnival
Carnival is a Catholic Christian festive season that occurs before the liturgical season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typi ...
time, but is to be found in most bakeries during the whole year. The most famous ''krofi'' come from the village of
Trojane
Trojane (; la, Atrans, german: Trojana''Leksikon občin kraljestev in dežel zastopanih v državnem zboru,'' vol. 6: ''Kranjsko''. 1906. Vienna: C. Kr. Dvorna in Državna Tiskarna, p. 22.) is a settlement in the Municipality of Lukovica in centr ...
in central Slovenia, and are originally filled with
apricot
An apricot (, ) is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus ''Prunus''.
Usually, an apricot is from the species '' P. armeniaca'', but the fruits of the other species in ''Prunus'' sect. ''Armeniaca'' are also ...
jam
Jam is a type of fruit preserve.
Jam or Jammed may also refer to:
Other common meanings
* A firearm malfunction
* Block signals
** Radio jamming
** Radar jamming and deception
** Mobile phone jammer
** Echolocation jamming
Arts and entertai ...
filling.
Spain
![Rosquillas](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Rosquillas.JPG)
In
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
, there are two different types of doughnuts. The first one, simply called ''donuts'', or more traditionally ''berlinesas'', is a U.S.-style doughnut, i.e., a deep-fried, sweet, soft, ring of flour dough.
The second type of doughnut is a traditional pastry called ''rosquilla'' or ''rosquete'' (the latter name is typical in the Canary Islands), made of fermented dough and fried or baked in an oven. ''Rosquillas'' were purportedly introduced in Spain by the
Romans
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
*Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...
. In Spain, there are several variants of them depending on the region where they are prepared and the time of the year they are sold. In some regions they are considered a special pastry prepared only for Easter. Although overall they are more tightly textured and less sweet than U.S.-style doughnuts, they differ greatly in shape, size and taste from one region to another.
The ''
churro
A churro (, ) is a type of fried dough from Spanish and Portuguese cuisine. They are also found in Latin American cuisine and in other areas that have received immigration from Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries, especially in the Sou ...
'' is a sweet pastry of deep-fried dough similar to a doughnut but shaped as a long, thin, ribbed cylinder rather than a ring or sphere. ''Churros'' are commonly served dusted in sugar as a snack or with a cup of hot chocolate.
Switzerland
In
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
, there are ''Zigerkrapfen'', ''Berliner'' and ''tortelli di San Giuseppe''.
Sweden
Similar to the Finnish ''munkki'', the
Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
''munk'' is a sweet doughnut commonly eaten as ''
fika'' along with coffee. It is sold cold and is sometimes filled with jam (U.S. jelly) or a vanilla sauce. A ring doughnut is also known as simply ''munk''.
Ukraine
In
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
doughnuts are called ''
pampushky'' ( uk, пампушки). ''Pampushky'' are made of yeast dough containing wheat, rye or buckwheat flour. Traditionally they are baked, but may also be fried. According to
William Pokhlyobkin
William Vasilyevich Pokhlyobkin (August 20, 1923 – April 15 (burial date), 2000) (russian: Ви́льям Васи́льевич Похлёбкин, Viliyam Vasilievich Pokhlyobkin) was a Soviet and Russian historian specializing in Scand ...
, the technology of making ''pampushky'' points to German cuisine, and these buns were possibly created by German colonists in Ukraine.
United Kingdom
![Yumyums-Plate](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Yumyums-Plate.png)
In some parts of Scotland, ring doughnuts are referred to as ''doughrings'', with the 'doughnut' name being reserved exclusively for the nut-shaped variety. Glazed, twisted rope-shaped doughnuts are known as ''yum-yums''. It is also possible to buy fudge doughnuts in certain regions of Scotland. Fillings include jam, custard, cream, sweet mincemeat, chocolate and apple. Common ring toppings are sprinkle-iced and chocolate.
In Northern Ireland, ring doughnuts are known as ''gravy rings'', ''gravy'' being an archaic term for hot cooking oil.
North America
Caribbean region
A ''kurma'' is a small, sweet, fried cube-shaped or rectangular doughnut which originated in Eastern India but is sold in Trinidad and Tobago.
Costa Rica
A traditional
Puntarenas
Puntarenas () is a city in the Puntarenas (canton), Puntarenas canton of Puntarenas Province, on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. As the seat of the Municipality of Puntarenas canton, it is awarded the title of city, which is made from the Puntar ...
cream-filled doughnut is round and robust, managing to keep the cream inside liquified. They are popular in
Costa Rica
Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...
.
Mexico
The Mexican ''donas'' are similar to doughnuts, including the name; the dona is a
fried-dough pastry
Pastry is baked food made with a dough of flour, water and shortening (solid fats, including butter or lard) that may be savoury or sweetened. Sweetened pastries are often described as '' bakers' confectionery''. The word "pastries" suggests ma ...
-based
snack
A snack is a small portion of food generally eaten between meals. Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged snack foods and other processed foods, as well as items made from fresh ingredients at home.
Traditionally, snacks are p ...
, commonly covered with powdered
brown sugar
Brown sugar is unrefined or partially refined soft sugar.
Brown Sugar may also refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Brown Sugar'' (1922 film), a 1922 British silent film directed by Fred Paul
* ''Brown Sugar'' (1931 film), a 1931 ...
and
cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus '' Cinnamomum''. Cinnamon is used mainly as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakf ...
, white sugar or chocolate.
United States and Canada
Frosted, glazed, powdered,
Boston cream,
coconut
The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the f ...
,
sour cream
Sour cream (in North American English, Australian English and New Zealand English) or soured cream (British English) is a dairy product obtained by fermenting regular cream with certain kinds of lactic acid bacteria. The bacterial culture, wh ...
, cinnamon, chocolate, and
jelly are some of the varieties eaten in the United States and Canada. There are also
potato doughnut
Potato doughnuts, sometimes called a Spudnut, are a type of doughnut, typically sweet, made with either mashed potatoes or potato starch instead of flour, the most common ingredient used for doughnut dough. Potato doughnuts tend to be lighter t ...
s (sometimes referred to as
spudnuts).
Doughnuts are ubiquitous in the United States and can be found in most grocery stores, as well as in specialty
doughnut shops
A doughnut or donut () is a type of food made from leavened fried dough. It is popular in many countries and is prepared in various forms as a sweet snack that can be homemade or purchased in bakeries, supermarkets, food stalls, and fran ...
.
A popular doughnut in
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only stat ...
is the malasada. Malasadas were brought to the Hawaiian Islands by early Portuguese settlers, and are a variation on Portugal's
filhós. They are small, eggy balls of yeast dough deep-fried and coated in sugar.
Immigrants have brought various doughnut varieties to the United States. To celebrate Fat Tuesday in eastern
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...
, churches sell a
potato starch
Potato starch is starch extracted from potatoes. The cells of the root tubers of the potato plant contain leucoplasts (starch grains). To extract the starch, the potatoes are crushed, and the starch grains are released from the destroyed cells. Th ...
doughnut called a
Fastnacht
The Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht, Fasnacht (in Switzerland) or Fasnat/Faschnat (in Vorarlberg) is the pre-Lenten carnival in Alemannic folklore in Switzerland, southern Germany, Alsace and Vorarlberg.
Etymology
Popular etymology often links ' ...
(or Fasnacht). The treats are so popular there that Fat Tuesday is often called
Fastnacht Day. The Polish doughnut, the
pączki
; plural: ; csb, pùrcle; szl, kreple) is a filled doughnut found in Polish cuisine.
Description
''A pączek'' is a deep-fried piece of dough shaped into spheres and filled with confiture or other sweet filling. ''Pączki'' are usually cover ...
, is popular in U.S. cities with large Polish communities such as
Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
, image_map =
, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
, coordinates_footnotes =
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name ...
,
Milwaukee
Milwaukee ( ), officially the City of Milwaukee, is both the most populous and most densely populated city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Milwaukee County. With a population of 577,222 at the 2020 census, Milwaukee is ...
, and
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at th ...
.
In regions of the country where apples are widely grown, especially the Northeast and Midwest states,
cider doughnuts are a harvest season specialty, especially at orchards open to tourists, where they can be served fresh. Cider doughnuts are a cake doughnut with
apple cider
Apple cider (also called sweet cider, soft cider, or simply cider) is the name used in the United States and Canada for an unfiltered, unsweetened, non-alcoholic beverage made from apples. Though typically referred to simply as "cider" in the Un ...
in the batter. The use of cider affects both the texture and flavor, resulting in a denser, moister product. They are often coated with either granulated, powdered sugar, or cinnamon sugar.
In southern
Louisiana
Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is borde ...
, a popular variety of the doughnut is the
beignet, a fried, square doughnut served traditionally with powdered sugar. Perhaps the most well-known purveyor of beignets is
restaurant
Cafe Du Monde
A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment that primarily serves coffee of various types, notably espresso, latte, and cappuccino. Some coffeehouses may serve cold drinks, such as iced coffee and iced tea, as well as other non-caf ...
.
In
Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
, homemade doughnuts called ''beignes de Noël'' are traditional Christmas desserts.
File:Krispy Kreme glazed donuts 2.JPG, Krispy Kreme glazed doughnuts
File:Entenmann's donut variety pack 1.jpg, Powdered, glazed and chocolate doughnuts from a variety pack sold at supermarkets
File:4_donuts.jpg, Donuts being sold
File:Elegant donut in Miami Beach.jpg, Elegant doughnut served at a wedding breakfast in Miami Beach
File:Chocolate Frosted Donuts (Coffee An), Westport, CT 06880 USA - Mar 2013.jpg, Chocolate-frosted doughnut
File:Doughnuts on a plate.jpg, Doughnuts on a plate in Brooklyn, New York City, New York.
File:Pon de wreath strawberry flavor of Mister Donut in Japan.jpg, Strawberry flavor mochi donut by Mister Donut
Middle East and North Africa
Iran
![Zoolbia Bamieh](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Zoolbia_Bamieh.JPG)
The Persian ''
zoolbia'' and ''
bamiyeh
Tulumba or Bamiyeh ( Persian: بامیه) is a deep-fried dessert found in Turkey and the regional cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire. It is a fried batter soaked in syrup, similar to jalebis and churros. It is made from unleavened doug ...
'' are fritters of various shapes and sizes coated in a sugar syrup.
Doughnuts are also made in the home in Iran, referred to as doughnut, even in the plural.
Israel
![Sufganiot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Sufganiot.jpg)
Jelly doughnuts, known as ''
sufganiyah
( he, סופגנייה or ; plural: , he, סופגניות ) is a round jelly doughnut eaten in Israel and around the world on the Jewish festival of Hanukkah. The doughnut is deep-fried, injected with jam or custard, and then topped with p ...
'' (סופגניה, pl. sufganiyot סופגניות) in
Israel
Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
, have become a traditional
Hanukkah
or English translation: 'Establishing' or 'Dedication' (of the Temple in Jerusalem)
, nickname =
, observedby = Jews
, begins = 25 Kislev
, ends = 2 Tevet or 3 Tevet
, celebrations = Lighting candles each night. ...
food
in the recent era, as they are cooked in oil, associated with the holiday account of the miracle of the oil.
Traditional ''sufganiyot'' are filled with red jelly and topped with
icing sugar.
However, many other varieties exist, with some being filled with ''
dulce de leche
''Dulce de leche'' (; pt, doce de leite), also known as caramelized milk, milk candy or milk jam in English, is a confection from Latin America prepared by slowly heating sugar and milk over a period of several hours. The resulting substance, wh ...
'' (particularly common after the
South American aliyah early in the 21st century).
Morocco
In
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
, ''
Sfenj
Sfenj (from the Arabic word ar, السفنج, Safanj, meaning sponge) is a Maghrebi doughnut: a light, spongy ring of dough fried in oil. Sfenj is eaten plain, sprinkled with sugar, or soaked in honey. It is a well-known dish in the Maghreb and ...
'' is a similar pastry eaten sprinkled with sugar or soaked in honey.
Tunisia
In
Tunisia
)
, image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa
, image_map2 =
, capital = Tunis
, largest_city = capital
, ...
, traditional pastries similar to doughnuts are ''yo-yos''. They come in different versions both as balls and in shape of doughnuts. They are deep-fried and covered in a honey syrup or a kind of frosting.
Sesame seeds
Sesame ( or ; ''Sesamum indicum'') is a flowering plant in the genus ''Sesamum'', also called benne. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cu ...
are also used for flavor and decoration along with orange juice and
vanilla
Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus ''Vanilla (genus), Vanilla'', primarily obtained from pods of the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (''Vanilla planifolia, V. planifolia'').
Pollination is required to make the p ...
.
Oceania
Australia
![Custard doughnut](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Custard_doughnut.jpg)
In Australia, the doughnut is a popular snack food.
Jam doughnuts are particularly popular, especially in
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
,
Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seychelle ...
and the
Queen Victoria Market
The Queen Victoria Market (also known colloquially as Vic Market or Queen Vic) is a major landmark in the central business district (CBD) of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Covering over , it is the largest open air market in the Southern Hemi ...
, where they are a tradition. Jam doughnuts are similar to a
Berliner
Berliner is most often used to designate a citizen of Berlin, Germany
Berliner may also refer to:
People
* Berliner (surname)
Places
* Berliner Lake, a lake in Minnesota, United States
* Berliner Philharmonie, concert hall in Berlin, Germany
...
, but are served hot: red jam (raspberry or strawberry) is injected into the bun before it is deep-fried, and then it is coated with either sugar or sugar mixed with cinnamon as soon as it has been cooked. Jam doughnuts are sometimes also bought frozen. In
South Australia
South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...
, they are known as Berliner or Kitchener and often served in cafes. Popular variants include custard-filled doughnuts, and more recently
Nutella
Nutella (; ; ) is a brand of sweetened hazelnut Cocoa solids, cocoa Spread (food), spread. Nutella is manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero SpA, Ferrero and was first introduced in 1964, although its first iteration dates to 1963.
Histor ...
-filled doughnuts.
Mobile vans that serve doughnuts, traditional or jam, are often seen at spectator events, markets, carnivals and
fetes
''Nocturnes'', L 98 (also known as ''Trois Nocturnes'' or Three Nocturnes) is an impressionist orchestral composition in three movements by the French composer Claude Debussy, who wrote it between 1892 and 1899. It is based on poems from ''Poè ...
, and by the roadside near high-traffic areas like airports and the car parks of large shopping centres. Traditional cinnamon doughnuts are readily available in Australia from specialized retailers and convenience stores. Doughnuts are a popular choice for schools and other not-for-profit groups to cook and sell as a fundraiser.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, the doughnut is a popular food snack available in corner
dairies
A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk – mostly from cows or buffaloes, but also from goats, sheep, horses, or camels – for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on a ...
. They are in the form of a long sweet bread roll with a deep cut down its long axis. In this cut is placed a long dollop of sweetened clotted cream and on top of this is a spot of strawberry jam. Doughnuts are of two varieties: fresh cream or mock cream. The rounded variety is widely available as well.
South America
Brazil
In Brazil, bakeries, grocery stores and pastry shops sell ball-shaped doughnuts popularly known as "sonhos" (lit. dreams). The dessert was brought to Brazil by Portuguese colonizers that had contact with Dutch and German traders. They are the equivalent of nowadays "bolas de Berlim" (lit. balls of Berlin) in Portugal, but the traditional Portuguese yellow cream was substituted by local dairy and fruit products. They are made of a special type of bread filled with "goiabada" (
guava
Guava () is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. The common guava ''Psidium guajava'' (lemon guava, apple guava) is a small tree in the myrtle family ( Myrtaceae), native to Mexico, Central America, the ...
jelly) or milk cream, and covered by white sugar.
Chile
The ''Berlin'' (plural ''Berlines'') doughnut is popular in Chile because of the large German community. It may be filled with jam or with ''
manjar'', the Chilean version of ''
dulce de leche
''Dulce de leche'' (; pt, doce de leite), also known as caramelized milk, milk candy or milk jam in English, is a confection from Latin America prepared by slowly heating sugar and milk over a period of several hours. The resulting substance, wh ...
''.
Peru
Peruvian cuisine
Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients including influences mainly from the indigenous population, including the Inca, and cuisines brought by immigrants from Europe (Spanish cuisine, Italian cuisine); Asia (Japanese cuisine an ...
includes
picarones
Picarones (or Picaron ''singular'') are a Peruvian dessert that originated in Lima during the viceroyalty. It is somewhat similar to buñuelos, a type of doughnut brought to the colonies by Spanish conquistadors. Its principal ingredients are squa ...
which are doughnut-shaped fritters made with a squash and sweet potato base.
These snacks are almost always served with a drizzle of sweet molasses-based sauce.
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Africa
In
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...
, an Afrikaans variation known as the ''
koeksister
A koeksister is a traditional Afrikaner confectionery made of fried dough infused in syrup or honey. There is also a Cape Malay version of the dish, which is a fried ball of dough that is rolled in desiccated coconut called a koesister. The ...
'' is popular. Another variation, similar in name, is the Cape Malay ''
koesister'' being soaked in a spiced syrup and coated in coconut. It has a texture similar to more traditional doughnuts as opposed to the Afrikaans variety. A further variation is the ''
vetkoek
Vetkoek (, ) is a traditional South African fried dough bread. The vetkoek forms a part of South African culture. It is similar to the Caribbean Johnny cake, the Dutch '' oliebol'', and the Mexican '' sopaipillas''. It is also known by the Xh ...
'', which is also dough deep fried in oil. It is served with mince, syrup, honey or jam.
In popular culture
![Korean National Police recognized for protecting our Community](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Korean_National_Police_recognized_for_protecting_our_Community.jpg)
The doughnut has made an appearance in popular culture, particularly in the United States and Australia. References extend to objects or actions that are doughnut-shaped.
![Cops in a Donut Shop 2011 Shankbone](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Cops_in_a_Donut_Shop_2011_Shankbone.jpg)
In
film
A film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere ...
, the doughnut has inspired ''
Dora's Dunking Doughnuts
''Dora's Dunking Doughnuts'' is a 1933 American short subject directed by Harry Edwards.
Plot summary
Teacher Andy is fixated on both Dora who runs a bakery and her doughnuts that he has every morning on his way to teach school. He propos ...
'' (1933), ''The Doughnuts'' (1963) and
''Tour de Donut: Gluttons for Punishment''. In video games, the doughnut has appeared in games like ''
The Simpsons Game
''The Simpsons Game'' is a 2007 platform game based on the animated television series ''The Simpsons'' made for the Nintendo DS, Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable. The game was published, and distributed by Elec ...
'' and ''Donut Dilemma''. In the cartoon ''
Mucha Lucha'', there are four things that make up the code of mask wrestling: honor, family, tradition, and doughnuts. Also, in the television sitcom ''
The Simpsons
''The Simpsons'' is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical depiction of American life, epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, ...
'',
Homer Simpson
Homer Jay Simpson is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated sitcom ''The Simpsons''. He is voiced by Dan Castellaneta and first appeared, along with the rest of his family, in ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' short "G ...
's love affair with doughnuts is a prominent ongoing joke as well as the focal point of more than a few episodes. There is also a children's book ''
Arnie the Doughnut'' and music albums ''
The Doughnut in Granny's Greenhouse''.
In films, TV shows, and other popular culture references, police officers are associated with doughnuts, depicted as enjoying them during their
coffee break
A break at work (or work-break) is a period of time during a shift in which an employee is allowed to take time off from their job. It is a type of downtime. There are different types of breaks, and depending on the length and the employer' ...
or office hours. This
cliché
A cliché ( or ) is an element of an artistic work, saying, or idea that has become overused to the point of losing its original meaning or effect, even to the point of being weird or irritating, especially when at some earlier time it was consi ...
has been parodied in the film ''
Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol'', where
Officer Zed is instructing new recruits how to "properly" consume their doughnuts with
coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulant, stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is the most popular hot drink in the world.
S ...
. It is also parodied in the television series ''
Twin Peaks
''Twin Peaks'' is an American Mystery fiction, mystery serial drama television series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch. It premiered on American Broadcasting Company, ABC on April 8, 1990, and originally ran for two seasons until its cance ...
'', where the police station is always in large supply. In the
video game
Video games, also known as computer games, are electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface or input device such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device to generate visual feedback. This fee ...
''
Neuromancer
''Neuromancer'' is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian writer William Gibson. Considered one of the earliest and best-known works in the cyberpunk genre, it is the only novel to win the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and ...
'', there is a ''Donut World'' shop, where only policemen are allowed. During a citywide "lockdown" after the
Boston Marathon bombing
The Boston Marathon bombing was a domestic terrorist attack that took place during the annual Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013. Two terrorists, brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, planted two homemade pressure cooker bombs, w ...
, a handful of selected
Dunkin' Donuts
Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in ...
locations were ordered to remain open to serve police and first responders despite the closing of the vast majority of city businesses.
Cops & Doughnuts
Cops & Doughnuts is a bakery in Clare, Michigan, United States. Opened in 2009 in the former Clare City Bakery, the shop is notable for being owned by members of the city's police department.
History
Cops & Doughnuts first opened in 2009 when ni ...
, a doughnut shop in
Clare, Michigan
Clare is a city mostly in Clare County in the U.S. State of Michigan. A small portion of the city extends south into Isabella County. The population was 3,254 at the 2020 census.
Clare was settled as early as 1870 and contains two listings on ...
, is notable for being owned and operated by current and former members of the city's police force.
Tim Hortons
Tim Hortons Inc., commonly nicknamed Tim's, or Timmie's is a Canadian multinational coffeehouse and restaurant chain. Based in Toronto, Tim Hortons serves coffee, doughnuts, and other fast-food items. It is Canada's largest quick-service res ...
is the most popular Canadian doughnut and coffee franchise, and one of the most successful quick service restaurants in the country. In the
Second City Television
''Second City Television'', commonly shortened to ''SCTV'' and later known as ''SCTV Network'' and ''SCTV Channel'', is a Canadian television sketch comedy show that ran intermittently between 1976 and 1984. It was created as an offshoot from To ...
sketch comedy "The Great White North" featuring the fictional stereotypically Canadian brothers
Bob and Doug MacKenzie (and in their film ''
Strange Brew
''Strange Brew'' (also known as ''The Adventures of Bob & Doug McKenzie: Strange Brew'') is a 1983 Canadian comedy film starring the popular '' SCTV'' characters Bob and Doug McKenzie, portrayed by Dave Thomas and Rick Moranis, who also served a ...
''), doughnuts play a role in the duo's comedy.
Industry by country
Australia
Donut King is Australia's largest retailer of doughnuts. A
Guinness Book of Records
''Guinness World Records'', known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as ''The Guinness Book of Records'' and in previous United States editions as ''The Guinness Book of World Records'', is a reference book published annually, listing world ...
largest doughnut made up of 90,000 individual doughnuts was set in
Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
in 2007 as part of a celebration for the release of ''
The Simpsons Movie
''The Simpsons Movie'' is a 2007 American Animation, animated comedy film based on the long-running animated sitcom ''The Simpsons''. The film was directed by the show's supervising director David Silverman (animator), David Silverman and star ...
''.
Canada
Per capita, Canadians consume the most doughnuts, and Canada has the most doughnut stores per capita.
United States
Pink boxes
In the US, especially in
Southern California
Southern California (commonly shortened to SoCal) is a geographic and Cultural area, cultural region that generally comprises the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. It includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the second most po ...
, fresh doughnuts sold by the dozen at local doughnut shops are typically packaged in generic pink boxes. This phenomenon has been attributed to
Ted Ngoy
Ted Ngoy (born Bun Tek Ngoy; 1942) is a Cambodian American entrepreneur and former owner of a chain of doughnut shops in California. He is nicknamed the "Donut King."
Biography
Ted Ngoy was born in the Cambodian village of Serei Saophoan, Si ...
and Ning Yen, refugees of the
Cambodian genocide
The Cambodian genocide ( km, របបប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍នៅកម្ពុជា) was the systematic persecution and killing of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge under the leadership of Communist Party of Kampuchea genera ...
who began to transform the local doughnut shop industry in 1976. They proved so adept at the business and in training fellow
Chinese Cambodian
Chinese Cambodians (or Sino-Khmers) are Cambodian citizens of Chinese ancestry or Chinese of full or partial Khmer ancestry. The Khmer term ''Khmer Kat Chen'' () is used for people of mixed Chinese and Khmer descent; ''Chen Khmer'' () means Camb ...
refugees to follow suit that these local doughnut shops soon dominated native franchises such as
Winchell's Donuts
Winchell's Donuts House is an international doughnut company and coffeehouse chain founded by Verne Winchell on October 8, 1948, in Temple City, California. Currently, there are over 170 stores in 6 western states, as well as Guam, Saipan, a ...
. Ngoy and Yen allegedly planned to purchase boxes of a
lucky red
Lucky may refer to:
*An adjective of luck
Lucky may also refer to:
Film and television
* '' Lucky: No Time for Love'', a 2005 Hindi-language romance starring Salman Khan, Sneha Ullal, and Mithun Chakraborty
* ''Lucky'', a 2005 short film by Av ...
color rather than the standard white, but settled on a leftover pink stock because of its lower cost.
In the mid-1970s, pink doughnut boxes were already a common sight in the eastern and midwestern United States, due to the fact that
Dunkin' Donuts
Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant. It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916–2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in ...
used a solid pink color for its boxes at that time. (It switched to a different box design sometime after 1975.) But the chain did not begin to establish a major presence in California until the 2010s.
Owing to the success of Ngoy and Yen's business, the color soon became a recognizable standard in California. Due to the locality of
Hollywood
Hollywood usually refers to:
* Hollywood, Los Angeles, a neighborhood in California
* Hollywood, a metonym for the cinema of the United States
Hollywood may also refer to:
Places United States
* Hollywood District (disambiguation)
* Hollywood, ...
, the pink boxes frequently appeared as film and television props and were thus transmitted into popular culture.
Within the United States, the
Providence metropolitan area
The Providence metropolitan area is a region extending into eight counties in two states, and is the 38th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Anchored by the city of Providence, Rhode Island, it has an estimated population of 1,622,5 ...
was cited as having the most doughnut shops per capita (25.3 doughnut shops per 100,000 people) as of January 13, 2010.
National Doughnut Day celebrates the doughnut's history and role in popular culture. There is a race in
Staunton, Illinois
Staunton is the second largest city in Macoupin County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 5,054.
History
Name origins
A man named Stanton bought land in the area, and then decided to move on and gave the land to ...
, featuring doughnuts, called the
Tour de Donut
The Tour de Donut is an annual bicycle race held in Staunton, Illinois, and Troy, Ohio. In this unique bike event, riders' times are reduced by five minutes for each doughnut they consume during two pit stops in the nearby towns.
History
The Tou ...
.
Holidays and festivals
National Doughnut Day
National Doughnut Day, also known as National Donut Day, celebrated in the United States of America, is on the first Friday of June each year, succeeding the Doughnut Day event created by
The Salvation Army
The Salvation Army (TSA) is a Protestant church and an international charitable organisation headquartered in London, England. The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.7million, comprising soldiers, officers and adherents col ...
in 1938 to honor those of their members who served doughnuts to soldiers during
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
.
About 250 Salvation Army volunteers went to France. Because of the difficulties of providing freshly baked goods from huts established in abandoned buildings near the front lines, the two Salvation Army volunteers (Ensign Margaret Sheldon and Adjutant Helen Purviance) came up with the idea of providing doughnuts. These are reported to have been an "instant hit", and "soon many soldiers were visiting The Salvation Army huts". Margaret Sheldon wrote of one busy day: "Today I made 22 pies, 300 doughnuts, 700 cups of coffee."
Soon, the women who did this work became known by the servicemen as "Doughnut Dollies".
See also
*
Brown Bobby
*
Cronut
The Cronut is a pastry. It resembles a doughnut and is made from croissant-like dough filled with flavored cream and fried in grapeseed oil. The Cronut was created and trademarked in 2013 by the French pastry chef Dominique Ansel.
Etymology
Cro ...
*
Danish (pastry)
A Danish pastry ( da, wienerbrød ) sometimes shortened to just Danish, especially in American English) is a multilayered, laminated sweet pastry in the ''viennoiserie'' tradition. The concept was brought to Denmark by Austrian bakers, where the r ...
*
Fried dough foods
This is a list of fried dough foods. Many cultures have dishes that are prepared by deep frying dough in many various forms. Doughnuts are a type of fried dough food that are covered separately in the Wikipedia article List of doughnut varieties.
...
*
Gulab Jamun
*
Kolache
A kolach (also spelled kolache, kolace or kolacky , from the Czech and Slovak plural koláče, sg. koláč, diminutive koláčky, meaning "cake/pie") is a type of sweet pastry that holds a portion of fruit surrounded by puffy dough. It is m ...
*
List of desserts
A dessert is typically the sweet course that, after the entrée and main course, concludes a meal in the culture of many countries, particularly Western culture. The course usually consists of sweet foods, but may include other items. The word ...
*
List of doughnut shops
Doughnut shops (also spelled donut shops) specialize in the preparation and retail sales of doughnuts. A doughnut is a type of fried dough confectionery or dessert food. The doughnut is popular in many countries and prepared in various forms a ...
*
List of doughnut varieties
Doughnuts are a type of fried dough food. The following is a list of doughnut varieties.
Variations and specialties by region
The terms below constitute either names for different doughnut types created using local recipes, or for the local la ...
*
Pączki
; plural: ; csb, pùrcle; szl, kreple) is a filled doughnut found in Polish cuisine.
Description
''A pączek'' is a deep-fried piece of dough shaped into spheres and filled with confiture or other sweet filling. ''Pączki'' are usually cover ...
*
Pan dulce (sweet bread)
Pan dulce, literally meaning "sweet bread", is the general name for a variety of Mexican pastries. Bread was introduced in Mexico by Spanish colonists, settlers and immigrants; however, Mexican pan dulce as we know it today rose to popularity ...
*
Pastry
Pastry is baked food made with a dough of flour, water and shortening (solid fats, including butter or lard) that may be savoury or sweetened. Sweetened pastries are often described as '' bakers' confectionery''. The word "pastries" suggests ma ...
*
Puff-puff
Puff-puff, as it is called in Nigeria, is a traditional African snack made of fried dough. Other names for the food include buffloaf (or bofrot) in Ghana, botokoin in Togo, gato in Guinea and Mali, bofloto in the Ivory Coast, mikate in Congo, ...
*
Sufganiyah
( he, סופגנייה or ; plural: , he, סופגניות ) is a round jelly doughnut eaten in Israel and around the world on the Jewish festival of Hanukkah. The doughnut is deep-fried, injected with jam or custard, and then topped with p ...
*
Torus
In geometry, a torus (plural tori, colloquially donut or doughnut) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis that is coplanar with the circle.
If the axis of revolution does not tou ...
References
Further reading
* Origins of the doughnut hole.
*
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Articles containing video clips
Types of food