Donatello

Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi ( – 13 December 1466), better known as Donatello ( ), was a Florentine sculptor of the Renaissance period. Born in Florence, he studied classical sculpture and used this to develop a complete Renaissance style in sculpture. He spent time in other cities, and while there he worked on commissions and taught others; his periods in Rome, Padua, and Siena introduced to other parts of Italy his techniques, developed in the course of a long and productive career. Financed by Cosimo de' Medici, Donatello's ''David'' was the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity.

He worked with stone, bronze, wood, clay, stucco, and wax, and had several assistants, with four perhaps being a typical number. Although his best-known works mostly were statues in the round, he developed a new, very shallow, type of bas-relief for small works, and a good deal of his output was larger architectural reliefs.

Early life

Donatello was the son of Niccolò di Betto Bardi, who was a member of the Florentine Arte della Lana. He was born in Florence, probably in the year 1386. Donatello was educated in the house of the Martelli family. He apparently received his early artistic training in a goldsmith's workshop, and then worked briefly in the studio of Lorenzo Ghiberti.

In Pistoia in 1401, Donatello met the older Filippo Brunelleschi. They likely went to Rome together around 1403, staying until the next year, to study the architectural ruins. Brunelleschi informally tutored Donatello in goldsmithing and sculpture. Brunelleschi's buildings and Donatello's sculptures are both considered supreme expressions of the spirit of this era in architecture and sculpture, and they exercised a potent influence upon the artists of the age.

Work in Florence

In Florence, Donatello assisted Lorenzo Ghiberti with the statues of prophets for the north door of the Baptistery of Florence Cathedral, for which he received payment in November 1406 and early 1408. In 1409–1411 he executed the colossal seated figure of ''Saint John the Evangelist'', which occupied a niche of the old cathedral façade until 1588, and now is placed in the Museo dell' Opera del Duomo. This work marks a decisive step forward from late Gothic Mannerism in the search for naturalism and the rendering of human feelings. The face, the shoulders, and the bust are still idealized, while the hands and the fold of cloth over the legs are more realistic.

In 1411–1413, Donatello worked on a statue of ''St. Mark'' for the guild church of Orsanmichele. In 1417 he completed the '' Saint George'' for the Confraternity of the Cuirass-makers. From 1423 is the '' Saint Louis of Toulouse'' for the Orsanmichele, now in the Museum of the Basilica di Santa Croce. Donatello also sculpted the classical frame for this work, which remains, while the statue was moved in 1460 and replaced by the ''Incredulity of Saint Thomas'' by Verrocchio.

Between 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five statues for the campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, also known as the Duomo. These works are the ''Beardless Prophet''; ''Bearded Prophet'' (both from 1415); the ''Sacrifice of Isaac'' (1421); '' Habbakuk'' (1423–25); and ''Jeremiah'' (1423–26); which follow the classical models for orators and are characterized by strong portrait details. In 1425, he executed the notable '' Crucifix'' for Santa Croce; this work portrays Christ in a moment of agony, eyes, and mouth partially opened, the body contracted in an ungraceful posture.

From 1425 to 1427, Donatello collaborated with Michelozzo on the funerary monument of the Antipope John XXIII for the Battistero in Florence. Donatello made the recumbent bronze figure of the deceased, under a shell. In 1427, he completed in Pisa a marble relief for the funerary monument of Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci at the church of Sant'Angelo a Nilo in Naples. In the same period, he executed the relief of '' The Feast of Herod'' () and the statues of ''Faith'' and ''Hope'' for the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Siena. ''The Feast of Herod'' is mostly in '' stiacciato'' (a very low bas-relief), with the foreground figures done in bas-relief, and is considered one of the first examples of one-point perspective in sculpture.

During the period 1425-1430 the '' Pazzi Madonna'' was created. It is a rectangular marble bas-relief sculpture, also in stiacciato. Its original owner is not known, but the work is thought to have been commissioned for private devotion by a resident of Florence. It is in the collection of the Bode Museum in Berlin, Germany. It was copied frequently and admired for the tender nature of the depiction of the Virgin Mary and her smiling infant child.

Donatello also restored antique sculptures for the Palazzo Medici.

Bronze ''David''

Donatello's bronze ''David'', now in the Bargello museum, is his most famous work, and the first known free-standing nude statue produced since antiquity. Conceived fully in the round, independent of any architectural surroundings, and largely representing an allegory of the civic virtues triumphing over brutality and irrationality, it is arguably the first major work of Renaissance sculpture. It was commissioned by Cosimo de' Medici for the courtyard of his Palazzo Medici, but its date remains the subject of debate. It is most often dated to the 1440s, but dates as late as the 1460s have support from some scholars. It is not to be confused with his stone ''David'', with clothes, of about 1408–09.

Some have perceived the ''David'' as having homoerotic qualities and have argued that this reflected the artist's own orientation. The historian Paul Strathern makes the claim that Donatello made no secret of his homosexuality, and that his behaviour was tolerated by his friends. The main evidence comes from anecdotes by Angelo Poliziano in his "''Detti piacevoli'', where he writes about Donatello surrounding himself with "handsome assistants" and chasing in search of one that had fled his workshop. This may not be surprising in the context of attitudes prevailing in the 15th- and 16th-century Florentine Republic. However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life, and no mention of his sexuality has been found in the Florentine archives (in terms of denunciations) albeit which during this period are incomplete.

Rome, Prato, and Venice

When Cosimo was exiled from Florence, Donatello went to Rome, remaining until 1433. The two works that testify to his presence in this city, the ''Tomb of Giovanni Crivelli'' at Santa Maria ''in Aracoeli'', and the ''Ciborium'' at St. Peter's Basilica, bear a strong stamp of classical influence.

Donatello's return to Florence almost coincided with Cosimo's. In May 1434, he signed a contract for the marble pulpit on the facade of Prato cathedral, the last project executed in collaboration with Michelozzo. This work, a passionate, pagan, rhythmically conceived bacchanalian dance of half-nude putti, was the forerunner of the great ''Cantoria'', or singing tribune, at the Duomo in Florence on which Donatello worked intermittently from 1433 to 1440 and was inspired by ancient sarcophagi and Byzantine ivory chests. In 1435, he executed the ''Annunciation'' for the Cavalcanti altar in Santa Croce, inspired by 14th-century iconography, and in 1437–1443, he worked in the Old Sacristy of the San Lorenzo in Florence, on two doors and lunettes portraying saints, as well as eight stucco tondos. From 1438 is the wooden statue of St. John the Baptist for Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice.

In Padua

In 1443, Donatello was called to Padua by the heirs of the famous condottiero Erasmo da Narni (better known as the ''Gattamelata'', or "Honey-Cat"), who had died that year. Completed in 1450 and placed in the square facing the Basilica of St. Anthony, his '' Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata'' was the first example of such a monument since ancient times. (Other equestrian statues, from the 14th century, had not been executed in bronze and had been placed over tombs rather than erected independently, in a public place.) This work became the prototype for other equestrian monuments executed in Italy and Europe in the following centuries.

For the Basilica of St. Anthony, Donatello created, most famously, the bronze Crucifix of 1444–47 and additional statues for the choir, including a ''Madonna with Child'' and six saints, constituting a Holy Conversation, which is no longer visible since the renovation by Camillo Boito in 1895. The ''Madonna with Child'' portrays the Child being displayed to the faithful, on a throne flanked by two sphinxes, allegorical figures of knowledge. On the throne's back is a relief of Adam and Eve. During this period—1446–50—Donatello also executed four important^why? reliefs with scenes from the life of St. Anthony for the high altar. He remained in Padua until 1453, when he returned to Florence.

Gallery

File:San giovanni evangelista di donatello 03.JPG, ''Saint John the Evangelist'' (1408-1415), which until 1588 occupied a niche of the old Florence Cathedral façade, now at the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo
File:Donatello david plaster replica head and shoulders front right 1000px wide.jpg, Donatello's ''David'' head and shoulders front right
File:Donatello, madonna col bambino.JPG, ''Madonna and Child'', painted terracotta, c. 1440, Louvre
File:Gattamelata.jpg, '' Equestrian Monument of Gattamelata'' (1445–1450), Padua
file:Cappella di s. giovanni, siena, 16 s. giovanni di donatello.JPG, Statue of ''St. John the Baptist'' in the Duomo di Siena, c. 1455
File:Donatello, maria maddalena 03.JPG, '' Penitent Magdalene'', wood, c. 1440-1442, Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence
File:Il Cristo di Sant'Angelo di Legnaia.jpg, ''Il Cristo di Sant'Angelo di Legnaia''

Works

2020 discovery

In 2020 art historian Gianluca Amato, as part of his research on wooden crucifixes crafted between the late thirteenth and the first half of the sixteenth century for his doctoral thesis at the University of Naples Federico II, discovered that the crucifix of the church of Sant'Angelo a Legnaia was sculpted by Donatello.

This discovery has been evaluated historically, considering that the work belonged to the Compagnia di Sant'Agostino that was based in the oratory adjacent to the mother church of Sant'Angelo a Legnaia. Silvia Bensì performed restoration work on the crucifix.

In popular culture

Donatello is portrayed by Ben Starr in the 2016 television series '' Medici: Masters of Florence''.

The fictional crimefighter Donatello, one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, is named after him.

Donatello is portrayed by Rhett McLaughlin in the 2014 Epic Rap Battles of History video ''Artists versus Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'', in which he appears working on Gattamelata and is mocked for being less famous than other Renaissance artists.

The ''Donatello'' Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) built by the Italian Space Agency, was one of three MPLMs operated by NASA to transfer supplies and equipment to and from the International Space Station. The others were named '' Leonardo'' and '' Raffaello''.

References

Further reading

* Avery, Charles, ''Donatello: An Introduction'', New York, 1994.
* Avery, Charles, ''Donatello. Catalogo completo delle opere'', Firenze 1991.
* Avery, Charles and McHam, Sarah Blake,
Donatello
. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press.
* Bennett, Bonnie A. and Wilkins, David G., ''Donatello'', Oxford 1984.
* Coonin, A. Victor, ''Donatello and the Dawn of Renaissance Art'', Reaktion Books, London, 2019.
* Greenhalgh, Michael, ''Donatello and His Sources'', Holmes & Meier Pub., 1982.
* Hartt, Frederick and Wilkins, David G., ''History of Italian Renaissance Art'' (7th ed.), Pearson, 2010.
* Janson, Horst W., ''The Sculpture of Donatello'', Princeton University Press, 1957.
* Leach, Patricia Ann, ''Images of Political Triumph: Donatello's Iconography of Heroes'', Princeton University Press, 1984.
* Olson, Roberta J.M., ''Italian Renaissance Sculpture'', 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art),
* Randolph, Adrian W.B., ''Engaging Symbols: Gender, Politics, and Public Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence''. Yale University Press, 2002.
* Vasari, Giorgio, ''Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori'' Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Firenze 1568, edizione a cura di R. Bettarini e P. Barocchi, Firenze, 1971.
* Wilson, Carolyn C., ''Renaissance Small Bronze Sculpture and Associated Decorative Arts'', 1983, National Gallery of Art (Washington),

External links

Donatello: Biography, style, and artworks







Donatello
by David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford, from Project Gutenberg

The Chellini Madonna
Sculpture. Victoria and Albert Museum

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Italian Renaissance sculptors
1380s births
1466 deaths
Sculptors from Florence
Italian male sculptors
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
Italian Roman Catholics
Renaissance sculptors
15th-century Italian sculptors
Catholic sculptors