''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert'' (DJD) is the official 40-volume publication that serves as the '' editio princeps'' for the

Dead Sea Scrolls The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish and Hebrew religious manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 at the Qumran Caves in what was then Mandatory Palestine, near Ein Feshkha in the West Bank, on the ...

.Lim, Timothy H. (2005) ''The Dead Sea Scrolls. A Very Short Introduction''. Oxford: Oxford University Press It is published by

Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world, and its printing history dates back to the 1480s. Having been officially granted the legal right to print books ...

Publication details

The international team of scholars, involved in the publishing project, consisted of 106 editors and contributors, and came from North America,

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

, and Europe.Tov, E. The Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series: History and System of Presentation. Chapter 1 in Emanuel Tov, With Contributions by Martin G. Abegg, Jr, Armin Lange, Ulrike Mittmann-Richert, Stephen J. Pfann, Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar, Eugene Ulrich and Brian Webster. (2002) Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXXIX: The Texts from The Judaean Desert. Oxford: Clarendon Press The manuscripts included in the series were discovered at the following archeological sites:

Wadi Daliyeh The Wadi Daliyeh (وادي دالية) is a wadi in the West Bank, located fourteen kilometres north of Jericho, flowing east from the Samarian hills down to the Jordan Valley. The valley has caves containing archaeological material. Archaeologi ...

, Ketef Jericho,

Qumran Qumran ( he, קומראן; ar, خربة قمران ') is an archaeological site in the West Bank managed by Israel's Qumran National Park. It is located on a dry marl plateau about from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea, near the Israeli ...

Wadi Murabba'at Wadi Murabba'at, also known as Nahal Darga, is a ravine cut by a seasonal stream which runs from the Judean desert east of Bethlehem past the Herodium down to the Dead Sea 18 km south of Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank. It was here in caves ...

, Wadi Sdeir,

Nahal Hever Nahal Hever ( he, נחל חבר) or Wadi al-Khabat (Arabic) is an intermittent stream (wadi) in the Judean Desert, that flows through the West Bank and Israel, from the area of Yatta to the Dead Sea. The Hebrew name is derived from "Hevron", the ...

, Nahal Mishmar, and Nahal Se'elim. Approximately 1000 manuscripts were published during the run of the DJD-series. The maunuscripts were in

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...

Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...

and

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

. The paleographical date of the texts ranged from c.250 BCE to the 11th century CE. Most volumes are written in English; a few volumes are in French. The volumes also covers analyses of archaeological data and archaeological missions. Volume 39 provides an introduction for, and summaries of, the preceding 38 volumes.

Publication history

First wave of publication - Roland de Vaux, P. Benoit O.P

The first wave of publication took place between 1955 and 1982. In this period material from the findings at

was published over seven volumes. Editor-in-chief of the first five volumes was

Roland de Vaux Roland Guérin de Vaux (17 December 1903 – 10 September 1971) was a French Dominican priest who led the Catholic team that initially worked on the Dead Sea Scrolls. He was the director of the Ecole Biblique, a French Catholic Theological S ...

. The first work to appear was the 1955 release of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 1: Qumran Cave 1'', edited by D. Barthélémy and

Józef Milik Józef Tadeusz Milik (Seroczyn, Poland, 24 March 1922 – Paris, 6 January 2006) was a Polish biblical scholar and a Catholic priest, researcher of the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) through the deserts of Judea/Jordan, and translator and editor of the ...

, with contributions by R. de Vaux, G. M. Crowfoot, H. J. Plenderleith, and G. L. Harding. The publication was overseen by the Jordan Department of Antiquities,

École Biblique École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, commonly known as École Biblique, is a French academic establishment in Jerusalem specializing in archaeology and Biblical exegesis. History Foundation The school was founded in 1890 ...

et Archéologique Française and Palestine Archaeological Museum. The volume contained fragments of Biblical and Apocryphal books, as well as fragments of text from the

collective such as the ''Rule of the Community'', the ''Rule of the Congregation'', the ''Collections of Blessings'', the ''Warfare Scroll'' and the ''Songs of Thanksgiving''. 1961 saw the publication of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 2: Les grottes de Murabba ât'', edited by J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux. The volume documented the activities of rebel leader

Simon bar Kochba Simon ben Koseba or Cosiba ( he, שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כֹסֵבָא, translit= Šīmʾōn bar Ḵōsēḇaʾ‎ ; died 135 CE), commonly known as Bar Kokhba ( he, שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כּוֹכְבָא‎, translit=Šīmʾōn bar ...

. The volume also established that

Mishnaic Hebrew Mishnaic Hebrew is the Hebrew of Talmudic texts. Mishnaic Hebrew can be sub-divided into Mishnaic Hebrew proper (also called Tannaitic Hebrew, Early Rabbinic Hebrew, or Mishnaic Hebrew I), which was a spoken language, and Amoraic Hebrew (also c ...

was "the language of the people of

Judaea Judea or Judaea ( or ; from he, יהודה, Standard ''Yəhūda'', Tiberian ''Yehūḏā''; el, Ἰουδαία, ; la, Iūdaea) is an ancient, historic, Biblical Hebrew, contemporaneous Latin, and the modern-day name of the mountainous so ...

during the Persian and Greco-Roman period". In the period from 1962 to 1968 the series (spanning vols. 3–4) was, for a limited time, published under the name ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert of Jordan''.1962 saw the publication of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 3: Les ‘petites grottes’ de Qumrân'', edited by Maurice Baillet, J. T. Milik, and

. The volume covered the relationship between manuscripts and pottery, apocryphal and non-biblical texts, and the Copper Scroll. Biblical texts included fragments of

Exodus Exodus or the Exodus may refer to: Religion * Book of Exodus, second book of the Hebrew Torah and the Christian Bible * The Exodus, the biblical story of the migration of the ancient Israelites from Egypt into Canaan Historical events * Ex ...

and Kings. Non-Biblical texts included a description of the New Jerusalem and a reworking of the Ezekiel-material. The volume described the cutting of the Copper Scroll and suggested a non-

Essene The Essenes (; Hebrew: , ''Isiyim''; Greek: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, ''Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi'') were a mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st ce ...

authorship for the scroll. 1965 saw the publication of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 4: The

Psalms Scroll The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived f ...

of Qumrân Cave 11 ( 11QPsa)'', edited by James A. Sanders. The scroll was unrolled in November 1961, and Sanders presented his manuscript in December 1962. The volume uncovered two types of

psalms The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived ...

, canonical and apocryphal. Apocryphal psalms included ''A Plea for Deliverance'', ''Apostrophe to Zion'', ''Hymn to the Creator'', and a small text called ''David's Composition''. 1968 saw the publication of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 5: Qumrân Cave 4.I (4Q158– 4Q186)'', edited by John M. Allegro with A.A. Anderson. The volume included manuscripts from Qumran cave 4. Among the works were commentaries (pesher texts), a biblical paraphrase, a Florilegium, ''Testimonia'', ''Catenae'' (2), ''Tanhumim'', lamentations, and a text titled ''The Ages of Creation''. There were also commentaries on old testament books, such as Isaiah, Hosea, Micah,

Nahum Nahum ( or ; he, נַחוּם ''Naḥūm'') was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the ''Tanakh'', also called the Hebrew Bible and The Old Testament. His book comes in chronological order between Micah and Habakkuk in the Bible. ...

, Zephaniah and Psalms. In this period de Vaux was replaced by P. Benoit O.P, who oversaw volumes 6 and 7. Volume 6 appeared in 1977 and was titled ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 6: Qumrân grotte 4.II: I. Archéologie, II. Tefillin, Mezuzot et Targums (4Q128–4Q157)'', edited by J.T. Milik. The volume included fragments of biblical texts. The manuscripts had originally been recovered by local tribes, but were offered for sale and bought. 1982 saw the publication of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 7: Qumrân grotte 4.III (4Q482–4Q520)'', edited by Maurice Baillet. Baillet was originally not a member of the

Cave A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground, specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. The word ''cave'' can refer to smaller openings such as sea ...

4 team, but after joining became known as the "small-fragments expert". The volume consisted of more than 2000 fragments of text. Among the documents uncovered were fragments from the

War Scroll ''The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness'', also known as War Rule, Rule of War and the War Scroll, is a manual for military organization and strategy that was discovered among the Dead Sea Scrolls. The manuscript was among the ...

and liturgical documents. Among the liturgical titles was ''Paroles des luminaires'', prayers for festivals, ''Cantiques du Sage'', and ''Prieres quotidiennes''. ''Prieres quotidiennes'' was a text that revealed the timing of evening and morning prayers.

Interim period - Controversy

This period marked the entrance of Eugene Ulrich. Important editorial work on the biblical scrolls were carried out by Ulrich, who, for a number of years, assumed special responsibility for this task. From 1985, and onwards, Ulrich functioned as chief editor of all the biblical texts from cave 4. In 1985-86 Emanuel Tov and Robert Kraft introduced computerized technology to the DJD-series. The forthcoming Volume 8 was prepared electronically. Benoit's term as Editor-in-chief ended in 1986. He was replaced by

John Strugnell John Strugnell (May 25, 1930, Barnet, Hertfordshire, England – November 30, 2007, Boston, Massachusetts) became, at 23, the youngest member of the team of scholars led by Roland de Vaux, formed in 1954 to edit the Dead Sea Scrolls in Jeru ...

Harvard Divinity School Harvard Divinity School (HDS) is one of the constituent schools of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The school's mission is to educate its students either in the academic study of religion or for leadership roles in religion, gov ...

, who assumed the task of Editor-in-chief as of volume 8. Volume 8 appeared in 1990 and was titled ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 8: The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nah al H ever (8H evXIIgr)'', edited by R.A Kraft. The volume included the ''Dead Sea Scroll of the Minor Prophets'';

Jonah Jonah or Jonas, ''Yōnā'', "dove"; gr, Ἰωνᾶς ''Iōnâs''; ar, يونس ' or '; Latin: ''Ionas'' Ben (Hebrew), son of Amittai, is a prophet in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran, from Gath-hepher of the northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria ...

Micah Micah (; ) is a given name. Micah is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament), and means "Who is like God?" The name is sometimes found with theophoric extensions. Suffix theophory in '' Yah'' and in ''Yahweh'' results in ...

Habakkuk Habakkuk, who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Almost a ...

Zephaniah Zephaniah (, ) is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish Tanakh, the most prominent one being the prophet who prophesied in the days of Josiah, king of Judah (640–609 BCE) and is attributed a book bearing his name among the ...

, and Zecharia. Towards the end of his editorship Strugnell made efforts to enlarge the international team of scholars. Towards the end of the 1980s, and start of the 1990s, there was some controversy, in the international academic community, surrounding the slow pace of publication. Only eight volumes were published in the period 1955–1990, and it attracted criticism from several commentators. A few explanations for the delay in publication were given. Contributing factors included the lack of funding and scholarly resources.

Reorganization - New international team

Soon after this period of controversy, Dr.

Emanuel Tov Emanuel Tov, ( he, עמנואל טוב; born September 15, 1941, Amsterdam, Netherlands as Menno Toff) is a Dutch Israeli, emeritus J. L. Magnes Professor of Bible Studies in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has ...

, of

Hebrew University The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; he, הַאוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה הַעִבְרִית בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם) is a public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel. Co-founded by Albert Einstein and Dr. Chaim Weiz ...

in Jerusalem, took over as editor in chief. Under the editorship of Tov, in the early 1990s, the international publishing team was reorganized and enlarged. The reorganization involved support from the

Israel Antiquities Authority The Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA, he, רשות העתיקות ; ar, داﺌرة الآثار, before 1990, the Israel Department of Antiquities) is an independent Israeli governmental authority responsible for enforcing the 1978 Law of ...

. During the peak of the publication project, in the 1990s, the international team consisted of ninety-eight scholars. In the ten years leading up to 2001 Dr. Tov and his team issued 28 volumes. 1992 saw the release of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 9: Qumran Cave 4.IV: Palaeo-Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts'', edited by W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, and J. E. Sanderson. The volume included biblical manuscripts in Paleo-Hebrew and Greek. It was the first official publication of biblical scrolls from cave 4. 1994 saw the release of 3 volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 10: Qumran Cave 4, V. Miqṣat Ma῾ase ha-Torah'', edited by

Elisha Qimron Elisha Qimron (born 5 February 1943) is an academic who studies ancient Hebrew. He took his Doctor of Philosophy in 1976 at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with the dissertation ''The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls''. Currently, he is a profes ...

and

, included a calendar of Sabbaths and holidays, issues of legal interpretation, and a final hortatory section. The manuscript does, according to the editors, throw light upon late

Second Temple Judaism Second Temple Judaism refers to the Jewish religion as it developed during the Second Temple period, which began with the construction of the Second Temple around 516 BCE and ended with the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The Second Temple ...

. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 12: Qumran Cave 4.VII: Genesis to Numbers'', edited by E. Ulrich, F. M. Cross, and others, contained the first 4 books of the

Pentateuch The Torah (; hbo, ''Tōrā'', "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. In that sense, Torah means the ...

, and marked the start of the publication of scrolls written in Hebrew. It also included 4QExod–Levf, one of the oldest manuscripts of the Qumran findings. The volume also presented the conflicting views of editor

, who proposed a local-text theory, and editor

Frank Moore Cross Frank Moore Cross Jr. (1921–2012) was the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages Emeritus at Harvard University, notable for his work in the interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, his 1973 ''magnum opus'' ''Canaanite Myth and ...

, who proposed a multiple-text theory.McNamara, Martin. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, Volume XII, Qumran Cave 4: vii, Genesis to Numbers. Edited by Eugene Ulrich et al. Pp. xv, 272, plates xlix, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, £70.00. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, Volume XIII, Qumran Cave 4: viii, Parabiblical Texts, Part I. Edited by Harold Attridge et al. Pp. x, 470, plates xliii, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1994, £80.00. ''HeyJ'' XXXVIII (1997), pp. 315–365.''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 13: Qumran Cave 4.VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 1'', edited by H. Attridge and others, included fragments of

Jubilees The Book of Jubilees, sometimes called Lesser Genesis (Leptogenesis), is an ancient Jewish religious work of 50 chapters (1,341 verses), considered canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church as well as Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), where it is ...

; Reworked

; Prayer of Enosh; ParaKings; Paraphrase of

Genesis Genesis may refer to: Bible * Book of Genesis, the first book of the biblical scriptures of both Judaism and Christianity, describing the creation of the Earth and of mankind * Genesis creation narrative, the first several chapters of the Book of ...

and

.Endres, John C. Reviewed Work(s): Qumran Cave 4. Volume 8, Parabiblical Texts. Part 1 (DJD 13) by Harold Attridge, Torleif Elgvin, Jozef Milik, Saul Olyan, John Strugnell, Emanuel Tov, James Vanderkam, Sidnie White. ''The Catholic Biblical Quarterly'', Vol. 59, No. 2 (April 1997), pp. 333-335 https://www.jstor.org/stable/43722944 The foreword of Volume 13 announced changes in the publishing plan. Volumes were now to be published according their literary genre. 1995 saw the release of two volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 14: Qumran Cave 4.IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings'', edited by E. Ulrich,

, and others, included fragments of Deuteronomy,

Joshua Joshua () or Yehoshua ( ''Yəhōšuaʿ'', Tiberian: ''Yŏhōšuaʿ,'' lit. 'Yahweh is salvation') ''Yēšūaʿ''; syr, ܝܫܘܥ ܒܪ ܢܘܢ ''Yəšūʿ bar Nōn''; el, Ἰησοῦς, ar , يُوشَعُ ٱبْنُ نُونٍ '' Yūšaʿ ...

Judges A judge is an official who presides over a court. Judge or Judges may also refer to: Roles *Judge, an alternative name for an adjudicator in a competition in theatre, music, sport, etc. *Judge, an alternative name/aviator call sign for a membe ...

, and Kings. The Qumran texts established a few minor readings that differed from the

Masoretic text The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; he, נֻסָּח הַמָּסוֹרָה, Nūssāḥ Hammāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism. ...

. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 19: Qumran Cave 4.XIV, Parabiblical Texts, Part 2'', edited by M. Broshi and others, in consultation with James VanderKam, included fragmentary parabiblical texts, such as Tobit; apocryphical compositions of Moses; apocryphical compositions of Jeremia; pseudepigraphical work of Ezekiel; lists of false prophets and netinim; admonition, discourse, exposition on the flood; Exodus/conquest tradition; the patriarchs; general narratives; unclassified fragments; and a text mentioning

Zedekiah Zedekiah (), was the 20th and last king of Judah before the destruction of the kingdom by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. His birth name was Mattaniah/Mattanyahu ( he, מַתַּנְיָהוּ, ''Mattanyāhū'', "Gift of God"; el, Μαθ� ...

. 1996 saw the release of two volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 18: Qumran Cave 4.XIII: The Damascus Document (4Q266–273)'', edited by Joseph M. Baumgarten, included the ''

Damascus Document The Damascus Document is an ancient Hebrew text known from both the Cairo Geniza and the Dead Sea Scrolls.Philip R. Davies, "Damascus Document", in Eric M. Meyers (ed.), ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East'' (Oxford Universi ...

'' from Cave 4. Among the features of the document is a

hortatory In linguistics, hortative modalities (; abbreviated ) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action. Different hortatives can be used to express greater or lesser intensity, or the speaker's attitude, for or ...

admonition, separating the Qumran group from its opponents; as well as internal laws of the Qumran community, indicating a priestly leadership. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 22: Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3'', edited by G. Brooke and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam, included parabiblical texts such as: ''Aramaic

Levi Levi (; ) was, according to the Book of Genesis, the third of the six sons of Jacob and Leah (Jacob's third son), and the founder of the Israelite Tribe of Levi (the Levites, including the Kohanim) and the great-grandfather of Aaron, Moses and ...

Document'', '' Testament of Naphtali'', ''Prayer of Nabonidus'', ''apocryphon of Daniel'', ''pseudo- Daniel texts'', commentaries on

and

Malachi Malachi (; ) is the traditional author of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Nevi'im (Prophets) section of the Tanakh. According to the 1897 ''Easton's Bible Dictionary'', it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, as it simply mean ...

, ''apocryphon of

'', and miscellaneous texts. ''Apocryphon of Daniel'' included the famous «Son of God excerpt» (

4Q246 4Q246, also known as the Son of God Text or the ''Aramaic Apocalypse'', is one of the Dead Sea Scrolls found at Qumran which is notable for an early messianic mention of a son of God.

) that had messianic connotations. However, the editor, Puech, argued that the text probably referred to

Antiochus Epiphanes Antiochus is a Greek male first name, which was a dynastic name for rulers of the Seleucid Empire and the Kingdom of Commagene. In Jewish historical memory, connected with the Maccabean Revolt and the holiday of Hanukkah, "Antiochus" refers spec ...

. 1997 saw the release of four volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 15: Qumran Cave 4.X: The Prophets'', edited by E. Ulrich and others, included fragmentary manuscripts of the latter Hebrew prophets. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 20: Qumran Cave 4.XV: Sapiential Texts, Part 1'', edited by Torleif Elgvin, consisted of wisdom texts with overlaps of prophecy, psalms and apocalypticism. Two texts stand out: ''The Words of the Maskil to All Sons of Dawn'', a text with esoteric content; and ''Mysteries'', a text combining apocalyptic and sapiential imagery. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 24: Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions'', edited by M.J.W. Leith, included seal impressions preserved on a group of bullae connected to the “Samaria Papyri.” The bullae and papyri were recovered from the

cave by Bedouins. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 27: Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites'', with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts. (The Seiyâl Collection II), edited by H. M. Cotton and A. Yardeni, included legal documents from the Judaean Desert, such as texts related to deeds of sale; a renunciation of claims in a divorce; a promissory note; a receipt for dates; and the "archive" of Salome Komaïse. The book also included an appendix containing pseudo-Qumran manuscripts. 1998 saw the release of four volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 11: Qumran Cave 4.VI: Poetical and Liturgical Texts'', edited by E. Eshel and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, included fragments of blessings, psalms, songs and prayers, including '' Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice''.''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 23: Qumran Cave 11.II: 11Q2–18, 11Q20–30'', edited by F. García Martínez, E.J.C. Tigchelaar, and A. S. van der Woude, was the largest in the series so far and included biblical manuscripts, such as Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Ezekiel, and

Psalms The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived ...

; non-biblical manuscripts, such as Targum

Job Work or labor (or labour in British English) is intentional activity people perform to support the needs and wants of themselves, others, or a wider community. In the context of economics, work can be viewed as the human activity that contr ...

, Apocryphal Psalms and

; and sectarian manuscripts, such as ''

Melchizedek In the Bible, Melchizedek (, hbo, , malkī-ṣeḏeq, "king of righteousness" or "my king is righteousness"), also transliterated Melchisedech or Malki Tzedek, was the king of Salem and priest of (often translated as "most high God"). He is f ...

'', ''Sefer ha-Milhamah'', ''Hymns'', ''Shirot 'Olat ha-Shabbat'', '' New Jerusalem'', ''Temple'', and Fragment related to ''Serekh ha-Yahad''. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 25: Qumran Cave 4.XVIII: Textes hébreux (4Q521–4Q528, 4Q576–4Q579)'', edited by Emile Puech, included Hebrew fragmentary manuscripts of uncertain origin, including; ''Apocalypse messianique'', ''Prophetie de Josué'', ''Jonathan'', ''Rouleau du Temple'' and ''Béatitudes''. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 26: Qumran Cave 4.XIX: 4QSerekh Ha-Yah ad and Two Related Texts'', edited by P. Alexander and Geza Vermes, included the sectarian manuscript Serekh Ha-Yahad, translated as

Community Rule The Community Rule ( he, סרך היחד, ''Serekh haYahad''), which is designated 1QS and was previously referred to as the Manual of Discipline, is one of the first scrolls to be discovered near ''khirbet'' (ruin of) Qumran, the scrolls found in ...

, or Manual of Discipline. 1999 saw the release of three volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 29: Qumran Cave 4.XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2'', edited by E. Chazon and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, included poetical and liturgical fragments. Among the works were: ''Curses''; ''Works containing prayers''; ''Works of God and Communal Confession''; ''Liturgical Work''; ''

Hodayot Hodayot ( he, הוֹדָיוֹת) (lit. "Thanksgiving") is a religious boarding school and youth village in northern Israel. Located to the west of the Sea of Galilee, it falls under the jurisdiction of Lower Galilee Regional Council. In it had a ...

'' (Thanksgiving Hymns); '' Barkhi Nafshi''; ''Lament by a Leader''; ''Prayers'' (2 texts); ''Poetic Fragments''; ''Self- Glorification Hymn''; and ''Liturgical Works''. The Hodayot text included the speaker who claims to be «exalted with the heavenly beings», whose identity had been the topic of some academic controversy. Eshel, the editor of this fragment, argued that the speaker should be identified with «the eschatological High Priest». According to the reviewer, the volume documents «early development of prayer and

Halakha ''Halakha'' (; he, הֲלָכָה, ), also transliterated as ''halacha'', ''halakhah'', and ''halocho'' ( ), is the collective body of Jewish religious laws which is derived from the written and Oral Torah. Halakha is based on biblical commandm ...

. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 34: Qumran Cave 4.XXIV: 4QInstruction (Musar leMevîn): 4Q415 ff'', edited by J. Strugnell, D. J. Harrington, and T. Elgvin, in consultation with J. A. Fitzmyer, included a manuscript called

4QInstruction 4QInstruction, ( he, מוסר למבין, Musar leMevin, Instruction to a student), also known as Sapiential Work A or Secret of the Way Things Are, is a Hebrew text among the Dead Sea Scrolls classified as wisdom literature. It is authored by a spi ...

.Strugnell, J., Harrington S.J., D. J. and Elgvin,T. in consultation with Fitzmyer S.J.,J. A. (1999). Qumran Cave 4.XXIV: 4QInstruction (Mu sa r le Me vîn): 4Q415 ff. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert'', volume 34. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xvi + 584 pp. + xxxi plates.) ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 35: Qumran Cave 4.XXV: Halakhic Texts'', edited by J. Baumgarten and others, included fragmentary texts from Qumran. Among the works were ''Midrash Sefer Moshe''; ''Halakhot'' (3 texts); ''Tohorot''; ''a purification liturgy''; ''a text on harvesting''; and ''a ritual of purification''. According to the reviewer, the manuscripts are a documentation of early

, or postbiblical Jewish Law. 2000 saw the release of three volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 16: Qumran Cave 4.XI: Psalms to Chronicles'', edited by Eugene Ulrich and others, included biblical manuscripts and fragments of biblical manuscripts, including

Proverbs A proverb (from la, proverbium) is a simple and insightful, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic language. A proverbial phrase or a proverbia ...

Ruth Ruth (or its variants) may refer to: Places France * Château de Ruthie, castle in the commune of Aussurucq in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France Switzerland * Ruth, a hamlet in Cologny United States * Ruth, Alabama * Ruth, Ar ...

, Canticles, Qoheleth,

Lamentations The Book of Lamentations ( he, אֵיכָה, , from its incipit meaning "how") is a collection of poetic laments for the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. In the Hebrew Bible it appears in the Ketuvim ("Writings") as one of the Five Megillo ...

, Daniel,

Ezra Ezra (; he, עֶזְרָא, '; fl. 480–440 BCE), also called Ezra the Scribe (, ') and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra, was a Jewish scribe ('' sofer'') and priest (''kohen''). In Greco-Latin Ezra is called Esdras ( grc-gre, Ἔσδρα ...

and

Chronicles Chronicles may refer to: * ''Books of Chronicles'', in the Bible * Chronicle, chronological histories * ''The Chronicles of Narnia'', a novel series by C. S. Lewis * ''Holinshed's Chronicles'', the collected works of Raphael Holinshed * '' The Idh ...

. It marked the end of publication of scrolls from Cave 4. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 36 Cryptic Texts; Miscellanea, Part 1: Qumran Cave 4.XXVI'', edited by S. J. Pfann, P. Alexander and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, included miscellaneous damaged texts from cave 4. Among the works were; ''Historical Texts''; ''Pesher''; and ''Ostracon''. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 38: Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert'', edited by J. Charlesworth and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, included texts from the Judaean Desert, but found at other sites than Khirbet Qumran. Several of the texts are from Ketef Jericho, and includes deeds of sale and agricultural transactions. The volume also includes fragmentary biblical texts, hymns, and documentary texts from Wadi Sdeir,

, Wadi Seiyal, Nahal Mishmar and Nahal Se'elim. Biblical fragments include

Numbers A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. The original examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth. Numbers can be represented in language with number words. More universally, individual numbers can ...

, Deuteronomy and

. Non-biblical texts include ''Prayer'', ''Phylactery'' and ''Eschatological Hymn'', and a Greek

census A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring, recording and calculating information about the members of a given population. This term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses in ...

list from Judaea or Arabia. 2001 saw the release of five volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 21: Qumran Cave 4.XVI: Calendrical Texts'', edited by S. Talmon, J. Ben Dov, and U. Glessmer, included the 64 day solar year of

. The fragmentary calendar documents were of the mishmarot type.''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 28: Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh; Qumran Cave 4.XXVIII: Miscellanea, Part 2'', edited by D. M. Gropp, E. Schuller and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, included the Samaria Papyri from

and miscellaneous texts from Qumran.Gropp. D.M (2001). ''Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh''; E. Schuller and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, ''Qumran, Qumran Cave 4.XXVIII: Miscellanea, Part 2''. Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 28. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xv + 254 pp. + lxiii plates.) ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 30: Qumran Cave 4.XXI: Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts'', edited by D. Dimant, included pseudo-prophetic texts such as

Pseudo-Ezekiel Also known as 4QPseudo-Ezekiel, and referred to in older reference sources as 4QSecond Ezekiel, Pseudo-Ezekiel is a fragmentary, pseudepigraphic, Hebrew text found in Cave 4 at Qumran, and belongs to the cache of manuscripts popularly known as the ...

and Apocryphon of

Jeremiah Jeremiah, Modern: , Tiberian: ; el, Ἰερεμίας, Ieremíās; meaning " Yah shall raise" (c. 650 – c. 570 BC), also called Jeremias or the "weeping prophet", was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewi ...

C. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 31: Qumran Cave 4.XXII: Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529–549'', edited by E. Puech, included apocryphal texts in Aramaic. Among the works we find ''Words of Michael''; ''

the Book of Giants The ''Book of Giants'' is an apocryphal Jewish book which expands upon the Genesis narrative of the Hebrew Bible, in a similar manner to the Book of Enoch. Together with this latter work, the ''Book of Giants'' "stands as an attempt to explain h ...

''; ''Birth of Noah''; ''

Testament of Judah The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs is a constituent of the apocryphal scriptures connected with the Bible. It is believed to be a pseudepigraphical work of the dying commands of the twelve sons of Jacob. It is part of the Oskan Armenian O ...

''; ''

Testament of Jacob The Testament of Jacob is a work now regarded as part of the Old Testament apocrypha. It is often treated as one of a trio of very similar works, the other two of which are the Testament of Abraham and Testament of Isaac, though there is no reaso ...

''; '' Testament of Joseph''; ''Apocryphon of

''; ''

Testament of Qahat The ''Testament of Qahat'' is a text found among the Dead Sea Scrolls.The manuscript has been dated on palaeographic grounds to 125-10 BCE, and the composition of this manuscript even earlier. It was written as a continuation to the Words of Levi, ...

''; and '' Visions of Amram''. The ''Birth of Noah'' included the expression 'elect of god', already a much debated excerpt in academic circles. Commentators disagree whether it is a messianic expression, or wheter it is directed towards some other biblical figure such as Noah himself, or

Enoch Enoch () ''Henṓkh''; ar, أَخْنُوخ ', Qur'ān.html"_;"title="ommonly_in_Qur'ān">ommonly_in_Qur'ānic_literature__'_is_a_biblical_figure_and_Patriarchs_(Bible).html" "title="Qur'ānic_literature.html" ;"title="Qur'ān.html" ;"title="o ...

.Hempel, Charlotte. Reviewed Work(s): Qumrân Grotte 4. Textes araméens. Première partie 4Q529—549.(Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, 31.) by Émile Puech. ''The Journal of Theological Studies'', NEW SERIES, Vol. 55, No. 2 (OCTOBER 2004),pp. 625-628 ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 33: Qumran Cave 4.XXIII: Unidentified Fragments'', edited by D. Pike and A. Skinner, included unidentified fragments of text.Pike, D. and Skinner, A. (2001). Qumran Cave 4.XXIII: Unidentified Fragments. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert'', volume 33. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ( xv + 376 pp. + xli plates.) 2002 saw the release of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 39: The text from the Judaean Desert: Indices and an Introduction to the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series''. The volume was edited by Emanuel Tov and was an introduction to, and an overview of, the whole DJD-series. The book also included a list of all the texts from the Judaean Desert; a categorization of the texts; and a chronological index.Brooke, G.J. p. 28 in 2005 saw the publication of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 17: Qumran Cave 4. XII. 1–2 Samuel'', edited by Frank More Cross, Donald W. Parry, Richard Saley and Eugene Ulrich. The volume included the texts of 1 and 2 Samuel. The researchers found that part of this text (4QSamc) was copied by the same scribe that had also copied several texts from Cave 1. 2009 saw the release of two volumes. ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 37: Qumrân Grotte 4. XXVII – Textes araméens, deuxième partie: 4Q550–4Q575a, 4Q580–4Q587 et appendices'', edited by

Émile Puech Émile Puech (born 9 May 1941, at Cazelles de Sébrazac, Estaing, Aveyron, France) is a French Catholic priest, epigrapher and editor in chief of ''Manuscrits de la mer Morte.'' He is a government employed director of research at Paris' Centre nati ...

, marked the end of publication of Aramaic texts from cave 4 and included the following titles: ''Jews at the Persian Court''; ''Account''; ''Four Kingdoms''; ''New Jerusalem''; ''Prophecy''; ''Biblical Chronology''; ''Magical Booklet''; ''Horoscope''; ''Wisdom Composition''; ''Proverbs''; ''Words of Michael''; and ''Testament''. One of the texts that had already attracted academic attention was ''New Jerusalem'', which describes «the tour of a visionary guided by an angel around the city of Jerusalem». ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 40: Qumran Cave 1. III. 1QHodayota with Incorporation of 1QHodayotb and 4QHodayot a–f'', edited by

Hartmut Stegemann Hartmut Stegemann (December 18, 1933, Gummersbach – August 22, 2005, Marburg/Lahn) was a German theologian with an interest in the New Testament and who specialized in Dead Sea Scrolls research. He was responsible for developing standard methods ...

with Eileen Schuller, included the principle edition of the Hodayot scroll, also called the Thanksgiving Scroll. In the book Eileen Schuller completes the previous work of Hartmut Stegemann.Maston, J. (2009). Review of Qumran Cave 1.III: 1QHodayot with Incorporation of 1QHodayot and 4QHodayot. ''European Journal of Theology'', 18(2), 175–176. Emanuel Tov resigned as editor-in-chief the same year. 2010 saw the release of ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 32: Qumran Cave 1. II: The Isaiah Scrolls. Part 1: Plates and Transcriptions. Part 2: Introductions, Commentary, and Textual Variants'', edited by Eugene Ulrich and Peter W. Flint, with a contribution by Martin G. Abegg, Jr. The volume included the Isaiah scrolls from cave 1. The book was the last volume to be published in the DJD-series.

Reception - recognition and criticism

Most of the volumes have been reviewed in academic journals and have been the object of recognition, as well as balanced criticism. Roberts and Marcus reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 1: Qumran Cave I''. Roberts pointed out a few lapses in the transliterations, questioned a few of the interpretations, but concluded that it was an "extremely important edition of scroll-material". Marcus complimented the authors on their great effort and their contribution to the knowledge of the Qumran findings. On the other hand, he pointed out a few inconsistencies in the translation of texts, but only as a fair remark to an otherwise admirable publication. Roberts reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 3: Les ‘petites grottes’ de Qumrân'', and observed a problem with different readings of the Copper Scroll. However, he remarked that the publication of the scroll marks a great achievement. Dahood and Di Lella reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 4: The Psalms Scroll of Qumrân Cave 11 (11QPsa)''. Dahood praised the achievement of J. Sanders but also commented upon a number of

hermeneutical Hermeneutics () is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. Hermeneutics is more than interpretative principles or methods used when immediate c ...

and

philological Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as t ...

problems in Sanders' translation. Di Lella brought attention to the Sir fragment and argued for a more thorough analysis of this text. Winton, Roberts, and Fitzmyer reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 5: Qumrân Cave 4.I (4Q158–4Q186)''. Winton commented upon the lack of an introduction to the texts and "the absence of any statement about the nature and significance of the text", but concluded with praising the achievement of the editor. Roberts observed that a change "in the editorial policy has left the volume rather bare and factual compared to its predecessors", but concluded that the volume was an "outstanding achievement". Fitzmyer offered several corrections and suggestions to the text of the volume. Brooke, Knohl, and Sievers reviewed '' Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 10: Qumran Cave 4, V. Miqṣat Ma῾ase ha-Torah''. Brooke observed that the editors "with help from other scholars have tried to produce both an edition and a detailed commentary on the text", but "in this volume the two do not sit comfortably together". Knohl complimented the work of the editors, Strugnell and Qimron, but suggested a different dating for the scroll than the dating stated by the authors. Sievers discussed the inclusion of the calendar and concluded that it is «unlikely that a complete calendar formed part of the manuscript». He also brought attention to «textual uncertainties», but concluded that the editors had «produced a superb tool for future research». Lim, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 11: Qumran Cave 4.VI: Poetical and Liturgical Texts'', observed syntactical difficulties in relation to the «King Jonathan fragment». Fitzmyer, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 14: Qumran Cave 4.IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings'', observed that even though the texts were fragmentary «the testimony they bear is invaluable and will affect future text-critical study of the Pentateuch». Brook, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 15: Qumran Cave 4.X: The Prophets'', questioned whether "some of these fragments, or groups of fragments", were proper biblical manuscripts, or whether they were excerpts that served other functions. Davila, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 16: Qumran Cave 4.XI: Psalms to Chronicles'', noted that the «editor is to be commended for an especially full edition which includes very welcome detailed discussion and evaluation of the variant readings». Hempel, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 17: Qumran Cave 4. XII. 1–2 Samuel'', concluded that «the value of the Qumran manuscripts of Samuel published here for the text of Samuel in particular as well for the field of textual criticism and Septuagint studies more broadly cannot be overestimated». Bernstein, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 18: Qumran Cave 4.XIII: The Damascus Document (4Q266–273)'', noted that «Baumgarten's edition is only a first step toward a comprehensive study of the Damascus Document in all of its textual witnesses, and of its interpretation within the larger Qumran legal corpus». Lim and Douglas reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 22: Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3''. Lim thanked the editors for producing «reliable editions of the text», and went on to observe that the «volume, published without delay, more than satisfactorily justifies the new policy of open access to the scrolls and the co-operation of an expanded team of scholars». Douglas complimented the editors for doing an "exemplary job of transcription", where they have "rendered the Aramaic and Hebrew into prose" and succeeded in making "these Dead Sea Scrolls accessible to the scholarly public". Campbell, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 23: Qumran Cave 11.II: 11Q2–18, 11Q20–30'', concluded that the book was an "important addition to the series" for all "concerned with the text of the Bible, Second Temple Judaism and the identity of the group behind the Qumran scrolls". Garrison, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 24: Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions'', had some minor criticisms to the presentation of seal imagery, but concluded that the «publication marks an extremely important contribution to the study of the material culture of Western Asia in the fourth century B.C.» Douglas, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 26: Qumran Cave 4.XIX: 4QSerekh Ha-Yah ad and Two Related Texts'', remarked that the volume suffered from «belatedness», since the texts had already been made available in other publications. He then went on to observe that «yet laboring with full cognizance of their belatedness has spurred the authors to produce a work of extraordinary excellence». Bagnall, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 27: Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites, with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts (The Seiyâl Collection II)'', noted that «papyrological researchers (and not they alone) may find the DJD numbering by cave number, site, and text number to have reached absurdity...», but concluded by praising the tedious work of the editors. Hempel and Kugler reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 31: Qumran Cave 4.XXII: Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529–549''. Hempel found it unfortunate that the publishing of the ''Book of Giants'' should span two volumes, volume 31 and 36, but concluded by praising the editor's «skills and experience as an epigrapher». Kugler praised the editor for his «very careful work with the manuscripts themselves and of highly original, imaginative reconstructions». van der Kooij, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 32: Qumran Cave 1. II: The Isaiah Scrolls. Part 1: Plates and Transcriptions. Part 2: Introductions, Commentary, and Textual Variants'', had som critical remarks about spelling, readings, and the list of textual variants, but concluded that «this two-part Isaiah volume marks a major step in the study of the two Isaiah scrolls from Cave 1». Crawford, who reviewed ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 39: The text from the Judaean Desert: Indices and an Introduction to the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series'', disagreed with some of the categorizations of the texts presented in the book, but concluded that «Tov and his collaborators are to be congratulated for producing this monumental final volume for what is a monumental series.»

List of Volumes

* ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 1'': D. Barthélemy, O.P. and J. T. Milik (1955). ''Qumran Cave 1''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xi + 163 pp. + xxxvii plates) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 2'': P. Benoit, O.P., J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (1961). ''Les grottes de Murabba ât''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xv + 314 pp. + cvii plates) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 3'': M. Baillet, J. T. Milik, and R. de Vaux (1962). ''Les ‘petites grottes’ de Qumrân''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xiii + 315 pp. + lxxi plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 4'': J. A. Sanders (1965). ''The Psalms Scroll of Qumrân Cave 11 (11QPsa)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xi + 97 pp. + xvii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 5'': J. M. Allegro with A. A. Anderson (1968). ''Qumrân Cave 4.I (4Q158–4Q186)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press ( xii + 111 pp. + xxxi plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 6'': R. de Vaux and J. T. Milik (1977). ''Qumrân grotte 4.II: I. Archéologie, II. Tefillin, Mezuzot et Targums (4Q128–4Q157)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xi + 91 pp. + xxviii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 7'': M. Baillet (1982). ''Qumrân grotte 4.III (4Q482–4Q520)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xiv + 339 pp. + lxxx plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 8'': E. Tov with the collaboration of R. A. Kraft (1990). ''The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nah al H ever (8H evXIIgr)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Reprinted with corrections 1995. x + 169 pp. + xx plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 9'': P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, and J. E. Sanderson (1992). ''Qumran Cave 4.IV: Palaeo-Hebrew and Greek Biblical Manuscripts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xiii + 250 pp. + xlvii plates). * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 10'': E. Qimron and J. Strugnell (1994). ''Qumran Cave 4.V: Miqs a t Ma as ´e ha-Torah''.Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xiv + 235 pp. + viii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 11'': E. Eshel and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady (1998). ''Qumran Cave 4.VI: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 1''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xi + 473 pp. + xxxii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 12'': E. Ulrich, F. M. Cross, and others (1994). ''Qumran Cave 4.VII: Genesis to Numbers''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xv + 272 pp. + xlix plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 13'': H. Attridge and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam (1994). ''Qumran Cave 4.VIII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 1''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (x + 470 pp. + xliii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 14'': E. Ulrich, F. M. Cross, and others (1995). ''Qumran Cave 4.IX: Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Kings''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xv + 183 pp. + xxxvii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 15'': E. Ulrich and others (1997). ''Qumran Cave 4.X: The Prophets''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xv + 325 pp. + lxiv plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 16'': E. Ulrich and others (2000). ''Qumran Cave 4.XI: Psalms to Chronicles''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xv + 302 pp. + xxxviii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 17'': Frank More Cross, Donald W. Parry, Richard Saley and Eugene Ulrich (Editors) (2005). ''Qumran Cave 4. XII. 1–2 Samuel''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (Pp. xix + 267. 17 Plates) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 18'': J. M. Baumgarten (1996). ''Qumran Cave 4.XIII: The Damascus Document (4Q266–273)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xix + 236 pp. + xlii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 19'': M. Broshi and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam (1995). ''Qumran Cave 4.XIV, Parabiblical Texts, Part 2''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xi + 267 pp. + xxix plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 20'': T. Elgvin and others, in consultation with J. A. Fitzmyer, S.J. (1997). ''Qumran Cave 4.XV: Sapiential Texts, Part 1''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xi + 246 pp. + xviii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 21'': S. Talmon, J. Ben Dov, and U. Glessmer (2001). ''Qumran Cave 4.XVI: Calendrical Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xii + 263 pp. + xiii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 22'': G. Brooke and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam (1996). ''Qumran Cave 4.XVII: Parabiblical Texts, Part 3''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xi + 352 pp. + xxix plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 23'': F. García Martínez, E. J. C. Tigchelaar, and A. S. van der Woude (1998). Qumran Cave 11.II: 11Q2–18, 11Q20–30. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xiii + 487 pp. + liv plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 24'': M. J. W. Leith (1997). ''Wadi Daliyeh Seal Impressions''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xxv + 249 pp. + xxiv plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 25'': É. Puech (1998). ''Qumran Cave 4.XVIII: Textes hébreux (4Q521–4Q528, 4Q576–4Q579)''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xii + 229 pp. + xv plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 26'': P. Alexander and G. Vermes (1998). ''Qumran Cave 4.XIX: 4QSerekh Ha-Yah ad and Two Related Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xvii + 253 pp. + xxiv plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 27'': H. M. Cotton and A. Yardeni (1997). ''Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever and Other Sites, with an Appendix Containing Alleged Qumran Texts''. (The Seiyâl Collection II). Oxford: Clarendon, Press.(xxvii + 381 pp. + 33 figures + lxi plates.) *''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 28'': D. M. Gropp (2001). ''Wadi Daliyeh II: The Samaria Papyri from Wadi Daliyeh''; E. Schuller and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, ''Qumran, Qumran Cave 4.XXVIII: Miscellanea, Part 2''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (xv + 254 pp. + lxiii plates.) *''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 29'': E. Chazon and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady (1999). ''Qumran Cave 4.XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xiii + 478 pp. + xxviii plates.) *''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 30'': D. Dimant (2001). ''Qumran Cave 4.XXI: Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xiv + 278 pp. + xii plates.) *''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 31'': E. Puech (2001). ''Qumran Cave 4.XXII: Textes araméens, première partie: 4Q529–549''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xviii + 439 pp. + xxii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 32'': Eugene Ulrich and Peter W. Flint, with a contribution by Martin G. Abegg, Jr. (2010). ''Qumran Cave 1. II: The Isaiah Scrolls. Part 1: Plates and Transcriptions. Part 2: Introductions, Commentary, and Textual Variants''. Oxford: Clarendon Press (pp. xxvii + 151; xviii + 260) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 33'': D. Pike and A. Skinner (2001) ''Qumran Cave 4.XXIII: Unidentified Fragments''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ( xv + 376 pp. + xli plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 34'': J. Strugnell, D. J. Harrington, S.J., and T. Elgvin, in consultation with J. A. Fitzmyer, S.J. (1999). ''Qumran Cave 4.XXIV: 4QInstruction (Mu sa r le Me vîn): 4Q415 ff''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xvi + 584 pp. + xxxi plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 35'': J. Baumgarten and others (1999). ''Qumran Cave 4.XXV: Halakhic Texts''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xi + 173 pp. + xii plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 36'': S. J. Pfann (2000). ''Cryptic Texts''; P. Alexander and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady, ''Miscellanea, Part 1: Qumran Cave 4.XXVI''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (vi + 739 + xlix plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 37'': Émile Puech (2009). ''Qumrân Grotte 4. XXVII – Textes araméens, deuxième partie: 4Q550–4Q575a, 4Q580–4Q587 et appendices''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (pp. xxvi + 561 + 26 plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 38'': J. Charlesworth and others, in consultation with J. VanderKam and M. Brady (2000). Miscellaneous Texts from the Judaean Desert. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (xvii + 250 pp. + xxxvi plates.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 39'': E. Tov (2002). The Text from the Judaean Desert: Indices and an Introduction to the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert Series. Oxford: Clarendon Press (x + 452 pp.) * ''Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, volume 40'': Hartmut Stegemann with Eileen Schuller (Editors) (2009). Translation of Texts by Carol Newsom. ''Qumran Cave 1. III. 1QHodayota with Incorporation of 1QHodayotb and 4QHodayot a–f''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (pp. xxi + 402 + 29 plates.)

References

External links

*
DJD Index – List of all volumes published.
{{Authority control Hebrew manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Book series introduced in 1955