Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
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''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (1887–1915) by
Adolf Engler Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as ''Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' (''The Natural Plant Families''), edited with ...
(1844–1930) and
Karl Anton Prantl Karl Anton Eugen Prantl (10 September 1849 – 24 February 1893), also known as Carl Anton Eugen Prantl, was a German botanist. Prantl was born in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria, and studied in Munich. In 1870 he graduated with the dissertatio ...
is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the
Engler system One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or co-authored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" an ...
of
plant taxonomy Plant taxonomy is the science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and names plants. It is one of the main branches of taxonomy (the science that finds, describes, classifies, and names living things). Plant taxonomy is closely allied ...
. Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use
phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
principles, and reflected the new post-
Darwinian Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that ...
perspective, although Engler himself did not think that his was. His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his ''Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden'' (of which he was the director). ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' appeared in 23 volumes. An incomplete second edition was issued in 28 parts (1924-1980), although Engler had died in 1930. It is still considered one of the few true World Floras.


First edition (1887–1915)

The complete 23 volume work was published in four parts (''Teil''), together with supplements and indices. The volumes are arranged as follows: * Teil (section) 1: ** Abt. 1, 1897; Myxothallophyta (Abt. I): Myxomycetes. Euthallophyta (Abt. II): Fungi (Eumycetes): Phycomycetes & Ascomycetes. ** Abt. 1*, 1907; Euthallophyta (Abt. II): Eumycetes: Lichenes. ** Abt. 1**, 1900; Euthallophyta (Abt. II): Eumycetes: Basidiomycetes & Fungi imperfecti. ** Abt. 1a, 1900; Euthallophyta (Abt. II): Schyzophyta & Flagellata. ** Abt. 1b, 1896; Euthallophyta (Abt. II): Peridiniales (Gymnodiniaceae, Prorocentraceae, Peridiniaceae) and Bacillariaceae. ** Abt. 2, 1897; Euthallophyta (Abt. II): Euphyceae. ** Abt. 3, Hälfte 1, 1909; Embryophyta zoidiogama (Abt. III): Hepaticae & Musci. ** Abt. 3, Hälfte 2, 1909; Embryophyta zoidiogama (Abt. III): Musci. ** Abt. 4 1902; Embryophyta asiphonogama (Abt. III): Pteridophyta. * Teil 2: ** Abt. 1, 1889; Embroyophyta siphonogama (Abt. IV): Gymnospermae & Angiospermae (Monocotyledoneae: Thyphaceae etc.). ** Abt. 2, 1887; Monocotyledoneae: Gramineae & Cyperaceae. ** Abt. 3, 1889; Monocotyledoneae: Palmae etc. ** Abt. 4, 1888; Monocotyledoneae: Flagellariaceae etc. ** Abt. 5, 1888; Monocotyledoneae: Juncaceae etc. ** Abt. 6, 1889; Monocotyledoneae: Musaceae etc. * Teil 3: ** Abt. 1, 1889; Dicotyledonae: Saururaceae etc. ** Abt. 1a, 1893; Dicotyledoneae: Polygonaceae etc. ** Abt. 1b, 1889; Dicotyledoneae: Phytolaccaceae etc. ** Abt. 2, 1891; Dicotyledoneae: Nymphaeaceae etc. ** Abt. 2a, 1891; Dicotyledoneae: Podostomataceae etc. ** Abt. 3. 1894; Dicotyledoneae: Rosaceae etc. ** Abt. 4, 1896; Dicotyledoneae: Geraniaceae etc. ** Abt. 5, 1896; Dicotyledoneae: Euphorbiaceae etc. ** Abt. 6, 1895; Dicotyledoneae: Elaeocarpaceae etc. ** Abt. 6a, 1894; Dicotyledoneae: Flacourtiaceae etc. (Index 6–8 p. 272) ** Abt. 7, 1893; Dicotyledoneae: Lythraceae etc. ** Abt. 8, 1894; Dicotyledoneae: Araliaceae etc. * Teil 4: ** Abt. 1, 1897; Dicotyledoneae: Clethraceae etc. ** Abt. 2, 1895; Dicotyledoneae: Oleaceae etc. ** Abt. 3a, 1897; Dicotyledoneae: Convolvulaceae etc. ** Abt. 3b, 1895; Dicotyledoneae: Nolanaceae etc. ** Abt. 4, 1891; Dicotyledoneae: Rubiaceae etc. ** Abt. 5, 1894; Dicotyledoneae: Cucurbitaceae etc. * Nachträge (supplements) ** Teil 1, Abt. 2, Nachträge, 1911 ** Teilen 2–4, Nachträge 1, 1897 ** Teilen 2–4, Nachträge 2, 1900 ** Teilen 2–4, Nachträge 3 (or Ergänzungshefte 2), 1908 ** Teilen 2–4, Nachträge 4 (or Ergänzungshefte 3), 1915 * Gesamtregister (index) ** Teil 1, Gesamtregister, 1909. ** Teil 2–4, Gesamtregister, 1899.


Synopsis

The major groupings (''Abteilung'', ''Unterabteilung''), with selected lower rankings are shown here with olume numberand page number. N (''Nachträge'' = supplement). * Abteilung Myxothallophyta (Myxomycetes) (1)1897 * Abteilung Euthallophyta ** Unterabteilung Fungi (Eumycetes) ** Unterabteilung Schizophyta (1a)1900 *** Klasse Schizomycetes (Bacteria) *** Klasse Schizophyceae (Myxophycaceae) p. 45 *** Klasse Flagellata p. 93 **** Unterklasse
Peridiniales Peridiniales is an order of dinoflagellates. Below is a uncritical list of the families in Peridinales, but molecular phylogenetics circumscribe the group in a stricter sense.Žerdoner Čalasan A, J Kretschmann & M Gottschling (2019): ''They are ...
(1b)p. 1 **** Unterklasse Bacillariales (Diatomeae) p. 34 ***** Fam. Bacillariaceae ** Unterabteilung Euphyceae (Algae) (2)*** Klasse Conjugatae *** Klasse Chlorophyceae *** Klasse Characeae *** Klasse Phaeophyceae (Fucoideae) *** Klasse
Dictyotales Dictyotales is a large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). Members of this order generally prefer warmer waters than other brown algae. One genus in this order is calcareous, '' Padina'', the only calcareous member of this phylum. ' ...
*** Klasse
Rhodophyceae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...
* Abteilung
Embryophyta The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
Zoidiogama (
Archegoniatae Archegoniatae was a higher Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic term that indicated those embryophytes having a female sexual organ in the form of an archegonium. The term was first introduced by the Russian botanist Ivan Nikolaevich Gorozhankin (1848–19 ...
) (later Embryophyta Asiphonogama) (3)1909 ** Unterabteilung Bryophyta (Muscinei) *** Klasse
Hepaticae The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of g ...
p. 1 *** Klasse
Musci Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornw ...
p. 142 ** Unterabteilung
Pteridophyta A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns ...
(4)1902 * Abteilung
Embryophyta The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
Siphonogama I (1)1889 ** Unterabteilung
Gymnospermae The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμνό ...
I(1)p. 6 ** Unterabteilung
Angiospermae Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
I (1)p. 128 *** Klasse
Monocotyledoneae Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...
p. 183 I–III**** Fam. Gramineae I (2)p. 1 **** Fam. Palmae I(3)p. 1 **** Fam. Flagellariaceae I(4)p. 1 **** Fam. Juncaceae II(5) p. 1 1888 **** Fam.
Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair a ...
pp. 10–91 12 subfamilies ***** Melanthioideae ***** Herrerioideae ***** Asphodeloideae ***** Allioideae *****
Lilioideae The Lilioideae are a subfamily of monocotyledonous perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are found predominantly in the temperate and colder regions of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly Eas ...
p. 60 2 tribes ******
Tulipeae The Tulipeae ( syn. Tulipoideae) Duby is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting ...
p. 60 ******
Scilleae Scilloideae (named after the genus ''Scilla'', "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family '' Asparagaceae''. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus '' Hyacinthus''. Scilloidea ...
p. 63 ***** Dracaenoideae ***** Asparagoideae ***** Ophiopogonoideae **** Fam. Haemodoraceae p. 92 **** Fam.
Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus ''Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryllis fa ...
Pax Pax or PAX may refer to: Peace * Peace (Latin: ''pax'') ** Pax (goddess), the Roman goddess of peace ** Pax, a truce term * Pax (liturgy), a salutation in Catholic and Lutheran religious services * Pax (liturgical object), an object formerly ki ...
I(5)pp. 97–124 4 subfamilies ***** Amaryllidoideae p. 103 ***** Agavoideae p. 115 ***** Hypoxidoideae p. 119 ***** Campynematoideae p. 124 **** Fam. Musaceae I (6)p. 1 1889 **** Fam. Saururaceae II (1)p. 1 1889 *** Klasse
Dicotyledoneae The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...
V1897 **** Unterklasse Archichlamydeae II(6) p. 1 ***** Fam. Elaeocarpaceae p. 1 ***** ... ***** Fam. Violaceae p. 322 ***** Fam. Flacourtiaceae (6a) p. 1 ***** ... ***** Fam. Elaeagnaceae p. 246 *Index to Teil I (6a) *Index to Teil 2–IV *Index to II(5)


Second edition 1924–

* Bd. 1b: Schizophyta. Klasse Schizophyceae. 1942 (reprint 1959) * Bd. 2: Peridineae (Dinoflagellatae) - Diatomeae (Bacillariophyta) - Myxomycetes. 1928 ** E. Lindemann, Peridineae - G. Karsten, Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae) - E. Jahn, Myxomycetes * Bd. 3: Chlorophyceae (nebst Conjugatae, Heterocontae und Charophyta). 1927 (reprint 1959) * Bd. 5a: I: Eumycetes: Allgemeiner Teil: Bau, Entwicklung und Lebensweise der Pilze. 1943 (reprint 1959) * Bd. 5b. 8: Eumycecetes (Fungi) – Klasse: Ascomycetes, Reihe Euascales, Unterreihe VIII: Tuberineae. 1938 * Bd. 6: Eumycetes (Fungi): Basidiomycetes. 1928 ** P. Dietel, 1. Unterklasse: Hemibasidii - S. Killermann, 2. Unterklasse: Eubasidii, Reihe Hymenomyceteae * Bd. 7a: Eumycetes (Fungi) – Klasse: Basidiomycetes. 1933 (reprint 1959) * Bd. 8: Lichenes (Flechten). 1926 ** M. Fünfstück, A. Allgemeiner Teil - A. Zahlbruckner, B. Spezieller Teil: Ascolichenes (Schlauchflechten); Hymenolichenes (Basidiomycetenflechten) * Bd. 10-11: Embryophyta zoidiogama (Archegoniatae): Musci (Laubmoose), Hälfte 1–2. 1924- ** Bd. 10: Musci (Laubmoose), 1. Hälfte. 1924 (reprint 1960) ** W. Ruhland, Musci, Allgemeiner Teil - W. Ruhland, I. Unterklasse Sphagnales: Allgemeine Verhältnisse - H. Paul, Sphagnaceae (Torfmoose) - W. Ruhland, II. Unterklasse Andreaeales: Allgemeine Verhältnisse - V. F. Brotherus, Andreaeaceae - W. Ruhland, III. Unterklasse Bryales: I. Allgemeine Verhältnisse - V. F. Brotherus, II. Spezieller Teil - 1. Reihengruppe Eubryinales; 1. Reihe Fissidentales, 2. Reihe Dicranales, 3. Reihe Pottiales, 4. Reihe Grimmiales, 5. Reihe Funariales, 6. Reihe Schistostegiales, 7. Reihe Tetraphidales, 8. Reihe Eubryales ** Bd. 11: Musci (Laubmoose), 2. Hälfte. 1925 (reprint 1960)
Bd. 13: Embryophyta siphonogama: Gymnospermae. 1926 (reprint 1960)
** W. Gothan, Cycadofilices - R. Pilger, Cycadales - R. Kräusel, Fossile Cycadaceae, Bennettitales - R. Pilger, Ginkgoales - R. Kräusel, Fossile Ginkgoaceae, Cordaitales - R. Pilger, Coniferae - A. Engler, Geographische Verbreitung der Coniferae - R. Kräusel, Fossile Coniferae - F. Markgraf, Gnetales * Bd. 14a-20d: Embryophyta siphonogama: Angiospermae. 1926-1959 ** Bd. 14a: Angiospermae: Kurze Erläuterung der Blüten- und Fortpflanzungsverhältnisse. 1926 ** Bd. 14d: Angiospermae: Reihe Graminales (Glumiflorae). Gramineae II. 1956 ** Unterfamilien: Micrairoideae, Eragrostoideae, Oryzoideae, Olyroideae ** Bd. 14e: Gramineae III. 1956–1960 ** Bd. 15a: Angiospermae: Reihen Farinosae, Liliiflorae, Scitamineae. 1930 ** A. Engler, ''Flagellariaceae, Cyanastraceae'' - C. Gilg-Benedict, ''Restionaceae, Centrolepidaceae'' - R. Pilger, ''Mayacaceae, Thurniaceae, Rapateaceae, Philydraceae'' - G. O. A. Malme, ''Xyridaceae'' - W. Ruhland, ''Eriocaulaceae'' - H. Harms, ''Bromeliaceae'' - G. Brückner, ''Commelinaceae'' - O. Schwartz, ''Pontederiaceae'' - F. Vierhapper, ''Juncaceae'' - K. Krause, ''Stemonaceae, Liliaceae'' - F. Pax, ''Haemodoraceae, Amaryllidaceae'' - F. Pax / K. Hoffmann, ''Velloziaceae, Taccaceae'' - R. Knuth, ''Dioscoreaceae'' - L. Diels, ''Iridaceae'' - H. Winkler, ''Musaceae, Cannaceae'' - T. Loesener, ''Zingiberaceae, Marantaceae'' ** Bd. 16b: Angiospermae: Reihen Santalales, Aristolochiales, Balanophorales. 1935 (reprint 1960) ** Bd. 16c: Angiospermae: Reihe Centrospermae. 1934 (reprint 1960) ** H. Schinz, Amaranthaceae - A. Heimerl, Nyctaginaceae - A. Heimerl, Phytolaccaceae - A. Heimerl, Gyrostemonaceae - A. Heimerl, Achatocarpaceae - F. Pax / K. Hoffmann, Aizoaceae - F. Pax / K. Hoffmann, Portulacaceae - E. Ulbrich, Basellaceae - F. Pax / K. Hoffmann, Dysphaniaceae; Caryophyllaceae - J. Mattfeld, Nachtrag zu den Caryophyllaceae - E. Ulbrich, Thelygonaceae - E. Ulbrich, Chenopodiaceae ** Bd. 17a: II: Angiospermae: Reihe Magnoliales. (2. Teil). 1959 ** Bd. 17a: IV: Angiospermae: Reihen Rhoeadales und Sarraceniales: Ordnung Ranunculales, Fam. Ranunculaceae 1995 ** Bd. 17b: Angiospermae: Reihen Rhoeadales und Sarraceniales: Reihen Rhoeadales und Sarraceniales. 1936 (reprint 1960) ** F. Fedde, Papaveraceae - F. Pax / K. Hoffmann, Capparidaceae, Tovariaceae - O. E. Schulz, Cruciferae - F. Bolle, Resedaceae - F. Pax, Moringaceae, Bretschneideraceae - J. C. T. Uphof, Sarraceniaceae - H. Harms, Nepenthaceae - L. Diels, Droseraceae ** Bd. 18a: Angiospermae: Reihe Podostemonales – Reihe Rosales, Unterreihe Saxifragineae. 1930 ** A. Engler, Podostemonaceae - L. Diels, Cephalotaceae - A. Engler, Saxifragaceae, Brunelliaceae, Cunoniaceae - F. Niedenzu / A. Engler, Myrothamnaceae - E. Pritzel, Pittosporaceae - L. Diels, Byblidaceae - F. Niedenzu / H. Harms, Bruniaceae - H. Harms, Hamamelidaceae - L. Diels, Roridulaceae - H. Harms, Eucommiaceae - A. Berger, Crassulaceae ** Bd. 19a: Angiospermae: Reihe Pandales – Reihe Geraniales, Unterreihe Geraniineae (erster Teil). 1931 ** Bd. 19b: I: Angiospermae, Reihe Geraniales, Unterreihe Geraniineae (2. Teil) 1960 ** Bd. 19c: Angiospermae: Reihe Geraniales, Unterreihen Dichapetalineae, Tricoccae, Callitrichineae. 1931 ** Bd. 20b: Angiospermae: Reihe Sapindales, Unterreihen Celastrineae und Icacinineae. 1942 (reprint 1960) ** Bd. 20d: Angiospermae, Reihe Rhamnales. 1953
Bd. 21: Embryophyta siphonogama: Angiospermae, Dicotyledoneae, Archichlamydeae. 1925, reprint 1960
** Parietales und Opuntiales. ** E. Gilg / E. Werdermann, Dilleniaceae - E. Gilg / E. Werdermann, Actinidiaceae - E. Gilg, Eucryphiaceae - E. Gilg, Ochnaceae - R. Pilger, Caryocaraceae - E. Gilg / E. Werdermann, Marcgraviaceae - A. Engler, Quiinaceae - H. Melchior, Theaceae - A. Engler, Guttiferae - E. Gilg, Dipterocarpaceae - F. Niedenzu, Elatinaceae - F. Niedenzu, Frankeniaceae - F. Niedenzu, Tamaricaceae - E. Janchen, Cistaceae - R. Pilger, Bixaceae - F. Pilger, Cochlospermaceae - E. Gilg, Canellaceae - H. Melchior, Violaceae - W. Becker, Viola - E. Gilg, Flacourtiaceae - E. Gilg, Stachyuraceae - E. Gilg, Turneraceae - H. Harms, Malesherbiaceae - H. Harms, Passifloraceae - H. Harms, Achariaceae - H. Harms, Caricaceae - E. Gilg, Loasaceae - E. Gilg, Datiscaceae - E. Irmscher, Begoniaceae - E. Gilg, Ancistrocladaceae - F. Vaupel, Cactaceae * Bd. 28b: I: Angiospermae: Ordnung Gentianales, Fam. Loganiaceae 1980 ''For comparative indices between the first and second editions (Parts 1–24), see Morley 1984.''


References


Bibliography


Works by Engler

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