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Hepaticae
The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information. It is estimated that there are about 9000 species of liverworts. Some of the more familiar species grow as a flattened leafless thallus, but most species are leafy with a form very much like a flattened moss. Leafy species can be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses on the basis of a number of features, including their single-celled rhizoids. Leafy liverworts also differ from most (but not all) mosses in that their leaves never have a costa (present in many mosses) and may bear marginal cilia (very rare in mosses). Other differences are not universal for all mosses and liverworts, but the occurrence of leaves arranged in three ranks, the presence of deep lobes or segmented leaves, or a lack of clearly dif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metzgeriales
Metzgeriales is an Order (biology), order of Marchantiophyta, liverworts. The group is sometimes called the simple thalloid liverworts: "thallus, thalloid" because the members lack structures resembling stems or leaves, and "simple" because their tissues are thin and relatively cellular differentiation, undifferentiated. All species in the order have a small gametophyte stage and a smaller, relatively short-lived, sporophyte, spore-bearing stage. Although these plants are almost entirely restricted to regions with high humidity or readily available moisture, the group as a whole is widely distributed, and occurs on every continent except Antarctica. Description Members of the Metzgeriales typically are small and thin enough to be translucent, with most of the tissues only a single cell layer in thickness. Because these plants are thin and relatively undifferentiated, with little evidence of distinct tissues, the Metzgeriales are sometimes called the "simple thalloid liverwor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lunulariales
''Lunularia cruciata'', the crescent-cup liverwort, is a liverwort of the order Marchantiales (until recently included in the order Lunulariales), and the only species in the genus ''Lunularia'' and family Lunulariaceae. The name, from Latin ''luna'', moon, refers to the moon-shaped gemma cups. Distribution ''L. cruciata'' is distributed across the world, found in continents including Europe, Australasia, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. It occurs commonly in western Europe, and is native to the Mediterranean region, where the morphological forms from sexual reproduction are more frequently found there. It is also common in California, where it now grows "wild", and is known as an introduced weed in gardens and greenhouses in Australia.Schuster, Rudolf M. ''The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America'', volume VI, pages 80-91. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). . Ella Orr Campbell believed that ''L. cruciata'' was introduced into New Zealand sometime after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haplomitriopsida
Haplomitriopsida is a newly recognized class of liverworts comprising fifteen species in three genera. Recent cladistic analyses of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid gene sequences place this monophyletic group as the basal sister group to all other liverworts. The group thus provides a unique insight into the early evolution of liverworts in particular and of land plants in general. Description Plants of ''Treubia'' grow as a prostrate leafy thallus. The bifid leaves extend like wings on either side of the midrib, or may be folded upwards and pressed close together, giving the plants a ruffled appearance. By contrast, ''Haplomitrium'' grows as a subterranean rhizome with erect leafy stems. The thin, rounded leaves are arranged around the upright stems, giving the appearance of a soft moss. The species ''Haplomitrium ovalifolium'' of Australia often has bifid leaves that are asymmetrical, somewhat like those in ''Treubia''. ''Haplomitrium'' has a number of unique charact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleuroziales
''Pleurozia'' is the only genus of liverworts in the family Pleuroziaceae, which is now classified in its own order Pleuroziales, but was previously included in a broader circumscription of the Jungermanniales. The genus includes twelve species, and as a whole is both physically distinctive and widely distributed. The lower leaf lobes of ''Pleurozia'' species are fused, forming a closed water sac covered by a movable lid similar in structure to those of the angiosperm genus ''Utricularia''. These sacs were assumed to play a role in water storage, but a 2005 study on '' Pleurozia purpurea'' found that the sacs attract and trap ciliates, much in the same way as ''Utricularia''. Observations of plants ''in situ'' also revealed a large number of trapped prey within the sacs, suggesting that the species in this genus obtain some benefit from a carnivorous habit. After '' Colura'', this was the second report of zoophagy among the liverworts. Taxonomy The genus ''Pleurozia'' has been s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatica
''Hepatica'' (hepatica, liverleaf, or liverwort) is a genus of herbaceous perennials in the buttercup family, native to central and northern Europe, Asia and eastern North America. Some botanists include ''Hepatica'' within a wider interpretation of ''Anemone''. Description Bisexual flowers with pink, purple, blue, or white sepals and three green bracts appear singly on hairy stems from late winter to spring. Butterflies, moths, bees, flies and beetles are known pollinators. The leaves are basal, leathery, and usually three-lobed, remaining over winter. Taxonomy ''Hepatica'' was described by the English botanist Philip Miller in 1754. It was proposed as a subgenus of ''Anemone'' in 1836, but later segregated into genus ''Hepatica''. Taxa , Kew's Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts 7 species and one hybrid in the genus ''Hepatica'': One infraspecific taxon is also recognized by POWO: * ''Hepatica nobilis'' var. ''japonica'' ** Synonym: ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moss
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants. Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically tall, though some species are much larger. ''Dawsonia'', the tallest moss in the world, can grow to in height. There are a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hornworts
Hornworts are a group of non-vascular Embryophytes (land plants) constituting the division Anthocerotophyta (). The common name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte. As in mosses and liverworts, hornworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of genetic information; the flattened, green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte stage of the plant. Hornworts may be found worldwide, though they tend to grow only in places that are damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Large tropical and sub-tropical species of ''Dendroceros'' may be found growing on the bark of trees. The total number of species is still uncertain. While there are more than 300 published species names, the actual number could be as low as 100-150 species. Description Like all bryophytes, the dominant life phase of a hornwort is the haploid gametophyte. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosses
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) ''sensu stricto''. Bryophyta (''sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants. Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically tall, though some species are much larger. ''Dawsonia'', the tallest moss in the world, can grow to in height. There are app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jungermanniales
Jungermanniales is the largest order of liverworts. They are distinctive among the liverworts for having thin leaf-like flaps on either side of the stem. Most other liverworts are thalloid, with no leaves. Due to their dorsiventral organization and scale-like, overlapping leaves, the Jungermanniales are sometimes called "scale-mosses". Families of Jungermanniales An updated classification by Söderström et al. 2016 * Cephaloziineae Schljakov amesoniellineae** Adelanthaceae Grolle 1972 amesoniellaceae He-Nygrén et al. 2006** Anastrophyllaceae Söderström et al. 2010b ** Cephaloziaceae Migula 1904 ** Cephaloziellaceae Douin 1920 hycolepidoziaceae Schuster 1967** Lophoziaceae Cavers 1910 ** Scapaniaceae Migula 1904 iplophyllaceae Potemk. 1999; Chaetophyllopsaceae Schuster 1960* Jungermanniineae Schuster ex Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000 eocalycineae Schuster 1972** Acrobolbaceae Hodgson 1962 ** Antheliaceae Schuster 1963 ** Arnelliaceae Nakai 1943 ** Balantiopsid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blasiales
Blasiales is an order of liverworts with a single living family and two species. The order has traditionally been classified among the Metzgeriales, but molecular cladistics suggests a placement at the base of the Marchantiopsida. Taxonomy * Blasiales Stotler & Crandall-Stotler 2000 ** Blasiaceae von Klinggräff 1858 *** ''Blasia'' Linnaeus 1753 **** ''Blasia pusilla'' Linnaeus 1753 *** ''Cavicularia'' Stephani 1897 non Pavesi 1881 **** ''Cavicularia densa'' Stephani 1897 ** †Treubiitaceae Schuster 1980 *** †''Treubiites ''Treubiites kidstonii'' is a fossil species of liverworts in the family Treubiitaceae. The only known fossils come from Late Carboniferous deposits of Shropshire, England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It sh ...'' Schuster 1966 **** †''Treubiites kidstonii'' (Walton 1925) Schuster 1966 References External links Liverwort Tree of Life Liverwort orders {{Bryophyte-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porellales
Porellales is an order of liverworts. Taxonomy * Jubulineae Müller 1909 ** Frullaniaceae Lorch 1914 *** '' Frullania'' Raddi 1818a 'Amphijubula'' Schuster 1970a; ''Schusterella">Amphijubula.html" ;"title="'Amphijubula">'Amphijubula'' Schuster 1970a; ''Schusterella'' Hattori, Sharp & Mizutani 1972; ''Steerea'' Hattori & Kamimura 1971; ''Mylia'' Leman 1825 non Gray 1821] ** Jubulaceae von Klinggräff 1858 *** ''Jubula (plant), Jubula'' Dumortier 1822 nom. cons. non Bates 1929 Salviatus.html"_;"title="'Salviatus">'Salviatus''_Gray_1821***_''Neohattoria.html" ;"title="Salviatus">'Salviatus'' Gray 1821">Salviatus.html" ;"title="'Salviatus">'Salviatus'' Gray 1821*** ''Neohattoria">Salviatus">'Salviatus'' Gray 1821">Salviatus.html" ;"title="'Salviatus">'Salviatus'' Gray 1821*** ''Neohattoria'' Kamimura 1962 [''Hattoria'' Kamimura 1961 non Schuster 1961] *** ''Nipponolejeunea'' Hattori 1944d ** Lejeuneaceae Cavers 1910 [Metzgeriopsaceae] *** Lejeuneoideae **** Brachiolejeuneeae *** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizoid
Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. Similar structures are formed by some fungi. Rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular. Evolutionary development Plants originated in aquatic environments and gradually migrated to land during their long course of evolution. In water or near it, plants could absorb water from their surroundings, with no need for any special absorbing organ or tissue. Additionally, in the primitive states of plant development, tissue differentiation and division of labor was minimal, thus specialized water absorbing tissue was not required. The development of specialized tissues to absorb water efficiently and anchor themselves to the ground enabled the spread of plants to the land. Description Rhizoids absorb water mainly by capillary action, in which water moves up between threads of rhizoids and not through ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
