Dental Education Throughout The World
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Dentistry throughout the world is practiced differently, and training in
dentistry Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. It consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions o ...
varies as well.


Africa and Middle East


Egypt

Dentistry in Egypt has a long history, with the dentist occupation first appearing as early as 3000 BC. There is a syndicate for all dentists which regulate the work in dental clinics in association with the Ministry of Health. For dental clinicians to practise, they should be enrolled in the dental syndicate. Dentists complete a 5-year-study course plus 1 year of practice in their dental school or general hospitals in the country. Most governmental dental schools give degrees of Bachelor, Master's degree & PhD in all dental fields. However, obtaining a chance for postgraduate studies in the field of orthodontics is somehow difficult according to many of Egypt general dental practitioners.


Iran

In Iran dentists require six years of post-secondary education. The whole program is one single degree of D.D.S. (Doctor of Dental Surgery). After this, those wishing to specialize in a particular field may pursue higher education. Upon graduation, a dentist may need to fulfill two years of military service (as a dentist in uniform for males) or governmental service (both males and females) in order to collect enough scores to start in private practice. The current universities offering Dentistry are: *
Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) ( fa, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران, ''Danushgah-e 'lum Pezeshki-ye Tehran'') is the largest and most highly ranked medical university of Iran. In September 2008, Iran's Mini ...
br>خانه
*
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences ( fa, دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی-درمانی شهيد بهشتی, ''Danushgah-e 'lum-e Pezeshki-ye vâ Xedâmat-e Behedashti - Dârmani-ye Shihid Beheshti'') is o ...
* Isfahan University of Medical Sciences * Mashhad University of Medical Sciences * Shiraz University of Medical Sciences *
Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS) is a medical school in Khuzestan Province of Iran. Located in southwestern Iran in the city of Ahvaz, the university was established as a ''College of Medicine'' administered by the Shahid ...
*Kermanshah University *Ghazvin University *Zahedan University *
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TUOMS) ( Persian: دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز, ''Danushgah-e 'lum-e Pezeshki-ye Tebriz'') is public medical sciences university located in Tabriz, East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. It is ran ...
* Babol University * Rasht University *
Yazd University Yazd University (YU, , ''Danushgah-e Yezd'') is a public research university in Yazd, Iran. It is a major state-funded research center in central Iran and the academic center of Yazd province and was the first comprehensive institute of higher e ...
*Kerman University *Hamedan University *Azad (Khorasgan-Isfahan) University *Azad (Tehran) University


Israel

In Israel there are two dental schools, The Hebrew University-
Hadassah Hadassah () means myrtle in Hebrew. It is given as the Hebrew name of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. Hadassah may also refer to: * Hadassah (dancer) (1909–1992), Jerusalem-born American dancer and choreographer * Hadassah Lieberman (born 1948) ...
School of Dental Medicine in Jerusalem, founded by the Alpha Omega Fraternity, and The Tel Aviv University School of Dental Medicine in Tel Aviv. The two schools provide Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) degrees. In addition, there are several post-graduation training centers such as
Rambam Health Care Campus Rambam Health Care Campus ( he, רמב"ם - הקריה הרפואית לבריאות האדם) commonly called Rambam Hospital, is a teaching hospital in the Bat Galim neighborhood of Haifa, Israel founded in 1938, 10 years before the establishm ...
in Haifa and Barzilai Medical Center in Ashkelon. The post-graduation programs in the Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer are held by the Medical Corps of the
Israel Defense Forces The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; he, צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the Israel, State of Israel. It consists of three servic ...
.


Americas


Brazil

The first step to becoming a dentist in Brazil is to take a 10-subject examination (Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Literature, one of the 5 main Languages offered by the institutions, Portuguese, History, Geography and an Essay) which might be compared to the SAT exam in the US. These examinations vary from institution to institution; however, odontology is one of the hardest courses to get in and most students come from upper classes due to the level of difficulty and steep tuition prices. Students must complete the 5-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.). Skills capacitation courses after graduation are required in different dental areas, which take between 2 and 3 years (D.D.S). Universities of dental care are provided by both the private and public sector. The course's conclusion must be registered and licensed by the nationalized Dental Board of Brazil so that the students obtain the Dentistry Certificate. However, private clinics are the most common place a person would go if a dentist is needed. Today, the private market is dominated by large companies that hire mostly recently graduated dentists. Nevertheless, there are thousands of small clinics spread throughout the country. The practice of dentistry in Brazil is overseen by CFO ''Conselho Federal de Odontologia'', a federal entity that coordinates the 27 state bodies. This institution has 340,000 registered dentists and 191 universities and/or colleges in Brazil. Brazil has become a leading country at the international level in areas such as Dentistry International Research, implantology, Periodontics, Endodontic, Protesis, Aesthetics Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Functional Jaw Orthopaedics, and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. The Brazilian Dentistry Department develops, all over the country, many innovative techniques and conducts dentistry research related to different aspects. Dentists in the Mercosur are eligible to work in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and Peru.


Canada

The practice of dentistry in Canada is overseen by the National Dental Association Examination Board of Canada (NDAEB), while specialization is overseen by the
Royal College of Dentists The Royal College of Dentists of Canada (RCDC; french: Collège royal des chirurgiens dentistes du Canada) is a regulatory college which administers examinations for qualified dental specialists as part of the dentistry profession in Canada. Its h ...
. Today, Canada has about 16,000 dentists. Canadian dentistry is not publicly run (see Medicare (Canada)); however, some provinces provide for free dental care for children and the elderly. Other Canadians are mostly covered by workplace dental plans, but many have to pay
out-of-pocket An out-of-pocket expense (or out-of-pocket cost, OOP) is the direct payment of money that may or may not be later reimbursed from a third-party source. For example, when operating a vehicle, gasoline, parking fees and tolls are considered out-of ...
. For most of the early colonial period dentistry was a rare and unusual practice in Canada. In severe situations, barbers or blacksmiths would pull a tooth, but for many years Canada lagged behind European advances. The first dentists in Canada were United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. The first recorded dentist in Canada was a Mr. Hume who advertised in a Halifax newspaper in 1814. During the first half of the 19th century, dentistry expanded rapidly. In 1867 the
Ontario Dental Association The Ontario Dental Association is a professional organization for dentists in the Canadian province of Ontario. It establishes a fee schedule and represents the interests of its members in dealing with the Ontario government and insurance companie ...
was formed and in 1868 they founded Canada's first dental school in Toronto, the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario. The University of Toronto agreed to be affiliated with the dental school. As time passed, other Canadian universities also created dentistry programmes. However, the University of Toronto still has the largest dental school in Canada that features the most postgraduate research opportunities as well as certifications for all the dental specialties. The UBC Faculty of Dentistry supports five specialty programs being Prosthodontics, Endodontics,
Orthodontics Orthodontics is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as dentofacial ...
,
Pedodontics Pediatric dentistry (formerly pedodontics in American English or paedodontics in Commonwealth English) is the branch of dentistry dealing with children from birth through adolescence. The specialty of pediatric dentistry is recognized by the Ame ...
and Periodontics. Dental care is not covered by the
Canadian health care system Healthcare in Canada is delivered through the provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded health care, informally called Medicare. It is guided by the provisions of the ''Canada Health Act'' of 1984, and is universal. The 2002 Royal ...
, as it is in many other countries with public health care, although public dental services have long been provided to certain categories of the population. Nevertheless, studies have estimated that at least 6 million Canadians avoid going to a dentist because of the cost. ;Canadian dental schools * University of Toronto (1868) * McGill University (1905) * Université de Montréal (1905) *
Dalhousie University Dalhousie University (commonly known as Dal) is a large public research university in Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the fou ...
(1908) * University of Alberta (1923) * University of Manitoba (1958) * University of British Columbia (1964) * University of Western Ontario (1966) * University of Saskatchewan (1968) * Université Laval (1971)


Chile

In Chile, dentists require six years of post secondary education which, after 2 years dedicated to fundamental scientific and medical knowledge (chemistry, physics, biology, morphology, anatomy, histology, etc.) puts a particular emphasis on practice and the accountability to patients in the last 4 years. Specialization programs of 3–4 years (admission by competition) are possible after a minimum of 3 years' working experience has been completed. The first dental school was established at the Universidad de Chile in the year 1888. Other institutions providing professional dental education in Chile are
Universidad Austral de Chile Austral University of Chile ( es, Universidad Austral de Chile or UACh) is a Chilean research university based primarily in Valdivia, Chile, Valdivia, with a satellite campus in Puerto Montt. Founded on September 7, 1954, it is one of the eight or ...
since 2004, Universidad de Concepción since 1919, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (since 2009),
Universidad de Valparaíso Universidad (Spanish for "university") may refer to: Places * Universidad, San Juan, Puerto Rico * Universidad (Madrid) Football clubs * Universidad SC, a Guatemalan football club that represents the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ...
since 1952,
Universidad de la Frontera University of the Frontier ( es, Universidad de La Frontera) or UFRO is a public university in Temuco, Araucanía Region, Chile. It is a derivative university and part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. UFRO boasts a student body with a varie ...
(since 1992), Universidad de Talca, which are public universities, and the following private universities: Universidad Finis Terrae,
Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello Universidad (Spanish for "university") may refer to: Places * Universidad, San Juan, Puerto Rico * Universidad (Madrid) Football clubs * Universidad SC, a Guatemalan football club that represents the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ...
,
Universidad Mayor Universidad Mayor is a private university in Santiago, Chile. It was founded in 1988. Foundation, Growth and Development (1988-2015) Universidad Mayor opened its first academic programs in 1988 with bachelor's degrees in Architecture and Engine ...
, Universidad de los Andes,
Universidad Diego Portales Diego Portales University ( es, Universidad Diego Portales, UDP) is one of the first private universities founded in Chile and is named after the Chilean statesman Diego Portales. UDP has campuses in the Barrio Universitario de SantiagoA litera ...
, Universidad del Desarrollo,
Universidad San Sebastián Universidad (Spanish for "university") may refer to: Places * Universidad, San Juan, Puerto Rico * Universidad (Madrid) Football clubs * Universidad SC, a Guatemalan football club that represents the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ...
and
Universidad de Antofagasta The University of Antofagasta (also referred to as UA) is a public research university located in Antofagasta, Chile. It is a derivative university part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. History The university was formed in 1981 via the f ...
. After having been influenced for decades by both the European (especially from German-speaking countries) and North American dentistry, Chilean education and practice in dentistry have now reached a self-sufficient level and benefits from a range of top-level institutes, professors and practitioners. Research has developed at a fast pace and many articles find their path to international publications.


Costa Rica

Dentistry is overseen by the Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica. Dentists complete 6-year courses from the University of Costa Rica in D.D.S. ( Doctor of Dental Surgery), or similar courses from various private universities. Costa Rica is often cited as being one of the top ten countries in the world for medical tourism, including dentistry.


Guyana

The University of Guyana School of Dentistry is dedicated to excellence in Dentistry through hard work and dedication. The School of Dentistry is the National Tertiary Educational Institution for Dentistry and it has been in existence for 15 years. UGSOD is devoted to the recruitment and training of Guyanese, Caricom nationals, and other students in the field of Dentistry. The school offers an exceptional Bachelors of Dental Surgery program which consists of five (5) years, where two (2) of those five (5) years are dedicated solely to preclinical studies and the other three (3) years are dedicated to clinical studies. Students intern at Cheddi Jagan dental clinic. Admission into the BDS program requires at a minimum, three (3) passes in CAPE or its equivalent in physics, chemistry, biology, or mathematics. Alternatively, students can be admitted into the program with at least one year of study in a science-based program with a minimum GPA of 3.0 After admission into the program, students are trained to provide the full range of comprehensive Dental Care, deliver quality care in all Clinical disciplines of General Dentistry, through the making of clinical judgments using evidence-based diagnoses and treatment planning.


Peru

In Peru, dentists require five years of post secondary education in a university. There are several universities that provides dental education. The three first study years are similar education to the Human Medicine schools, then fourth and fifth years are dental studies and practices in the school clinic. In the last year, students have to complete evaluated and paid services in a public hospital and in a rural medical post (where there are no hospitals or doctors nearby, they will frequently have to deal with general medicine cases). The students obtain their degree in Dentistry ( Bachellor in Dentistry), if they want to practice in Peru the students have to prepare and defend a thesis to obtain the ''Cirujano Dentista'' (C.D.) degree (Dental Surgeon). Dentistry is overseen by the Colegio Odontológico del Perú (COP). ;Peruvian dental schools Lima * Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. *
Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal Federico Villarreal National University ( es, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, UNFV) is a public university located in Lima, Peru. It was named in honor of the Peruvian mathematician Federico Villarreal. History It first functioned ...
. *
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Cayetano Heredia University ( es, link=no, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, UPCH; or simply ''Cayetano Heredia'') is a private nonprofit university located in Lima, Peru. It was named in honor of Cayetano Heredia, one of the eminent Peru ...
. *
Universidad de San Martín de Porres Universidad (Spanish for "university") may refer to: Places * Universidad, San Juan, Puerto Rico * Universidad (Madrid) Football clubs * Universidad SC, a Guatemalan football club that represents the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ...
. *
Universidad Alas Peruanas Universidad Alas Peruanas (UAP or Peruvian Wings University) is a university located in Lima, Peru, founded on April 26, 1996, by Joaquin Ramirez thorough an Cooperativa Alas Peruanas, composed of members of the Peruvian Armed Forces. In January ...
. *
Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista is a private university in the city of Lima, Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the Stat ...
. *
Universidad Científica del Sur The Universidad Científica del Sur or Scientific University of the South (UCSUR) is a private institution of higher education, located at 19 km south from the city of Lima, nearby Pantanos de Villa Reserved Zone. The university was founde ...
. *
Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas The Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) is a private university in Lima, Peru, founded on January 5, 1994. Currently, it offers 46 career programs categorized in 13 schools. History The Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas was ...
. Chimbote * Universidad Los Ángeles de Chimbote – ULADECH. Tacna * Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann. Trujillo *
Universidad Nacional de Trujillo The National University of Trujillo ( es, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo) (UNT) is a major public university located in Trujillo, Peru, capital of the department of La Libertad. The university was founded by Simón Bolívar and José Faustino ...
. * Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego.
Iquitos Iquitos (; ) is the capital city of Peru's Maynas Province and Loreto Region. It is the largest metropolis in the Peruvian Amazon, east of the Andes, as well as the ninth-most populous city of Peru. Iquitos is the largest city in the world th ...
*
Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana The Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana (UNAP) was created on 14 January 1961 by Law 13498, given by the government of Peru's President Manuel Prado Ugarteche, responding to various needs that the Loreto community had, until then, ...
– UNAP.
Puno Puno (Aymara and qu, Punu) is a city in southeastern Peru, located on the shore of Lake Titicaca. It is the capital city of the Puno Region and the Puno Province with a population of approximately 140,839 (2015 estimate). The city was establish ...
* Universidad Nacional del Altiplano.


United States

In the United States
dentistry Dentistry, also known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. It consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions o ...
is generally practiced by
dentist A dentist, also known as a dental surgeon, is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry (the diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the mouth, oral cavity and other aspects of the craniofaci ...
s who have completed a post-graduate course of professional education. This has resulted in a high quality of care. With only a few exceptions, neither government-sponsored health care programs such as Medicare nor Medicaid cover routine dental treatment.


Dental education in the United States

In the United States, dentists earn either a D.D.S. ( Doctor of Dental Surgery) or D.M.D. ( Doctor of Dental Medicine) degree. There is no difference in the training for either degree. The degrees are equivalent, and recognized equally by all state boards of dentistry. There are 56 accredited dental schools in the United States requiring 4 years of post graduate study (except for one unique 3-year program at the
University of the Pacific University of the Pacific may refer to: *University of the Pacific (Colombia) *University of the Pacific (Ecuador) *University of the Pacific (Peru) * University of the Pacific (United States) *University of Asia Pacific, Bangladesh * University of ...
). Most applicants to dental school have attained at least a B.S. or B.A. degree, but a small percentage are admitted after only fulfilling specific prerequisite courses. So unlike many other countries (other than US, Canada, and Australia), it usually takes more than 8 years to become a dentist. The difference relates to the history involved in the division of medicine and surgery in medical practice. There are limited opportunities for dental education in the United States with only 4,440 graduating in 2003, down from 5,750 in 1982. There is little or no movement on the part of the
American Dental Association The American Dental Association (ADA) is an American professional association established in 1859 which has more than 161,000 members. Based in the American Dental Association Building in the Near North Side of Chicago, the ADA is the world's ...
, the ADA, or the states to expand dental education. Due to the hands-on training required, dental education is expensive and is not subsidized by the federal government.Alex Berenson
"Boom Times for Dentists, but Not for Teeth"
, '' The New York Times'', October 11, 2007

ikinfo article "Dentistry in the United States"
According to the American Dental Education Association, "average educational debt for all indebted dental school graduates in the Class of 2019 was $292,169." Licensure is organized on three levels in most areas. Many dentists must pass National Boards, Regional Boards, and then take a jurisprudence exam accepted by their state to fulfill their requirements to get a state license. Not all states require or even accept regional boards. Although a state license is only valid in the issuing state, because of the regional boards a dentist may be able to apply for licensure in any other state within the jurisdiction of their regional board. There are many cooperative agreements between states that allow recognition of another state's license so as to procure a license either via "licensure by credentials" or "licensure by reciprocity." Although a national licensure exam has yet to be made, the
American Dental Association The American Dental Association (ADA) is an American professional association established in 1859 which has more than 161,000 members. Based in the American Dental Association Building in the Near North Side of Chicago, the ADA is the world's ...
(ADA) has worked with education and examining groups to form such an exam. A dentist may go on for further training in a dental specialty which requires an additional 1 to 7 years of post-doctoral training. There are 9 recognized dental specialties. These include Endodontics (root canal treatment), Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontics (gums), Prosthodontics (complicated dental reconstruction),
Orthodontics Orthodontics is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as dentofacial ...
(moving teeth), Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (surgery of the mouth and face), and Dental Public Health. There is no specialty in esthetic dentistry or implantology, and no additional training is required for a dentist to make the claim of being an esthetic or cosmetic dentist. Dentists are forbidden to claim that they are specialists in areas of practice in which there is no recognized specialty. They may limit their practices to a single area of dentistry, and claim that their practice is limited to that area. Any general dentist may perform those procedures designated within the enumerated specialties if they deem themselves competent. Many general dentists train in certain aspects of the above specialties such as the placement and restoration of dental implants, advanced prosthodontics and endodontics, and have limited or heavily focused their practices to these areas. When a general dentist performs any procedure that falls within the realm of a specialty, they are expected to perform with the same level of expertise as a certified specialist and are legally held to such standards with respect to any issues of malpractice.


Asia


Australia

Australian dentistry is overseen by the Australian Dental Council and the Dental Board of Australia The professional body for dentists is the
Australian Dental Association The Australian Dental Association (ADA) is a national body for the dental profession in Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia ( ...
. Dentists trained in
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
must meet the entry requirements of one of the Australian institutions offering dental courses, and then complete the required full-time academic training leading to a dental degree. If dentists wish to specialize, they must complete extra study after having had clinical experience. , in order to practice dentistry in Australia you must obtain registration and licensing from the nationalized Dental Board of Australia. Generally, the only persons immediately entitled to apply to be registered as dentists are persons holding the qualifications of DDS, BDS, BDSc, BDent, BDentSc, DMD, MDent, or GradDipDent from an accredited Australian and New Zealand university. Usually registration will not be granted to a foreign graduate until he or she has passed the ADC examinations and/or completed a 2-year advance standing program in order to obtain a locally accredited dental qualification The Universities of Queensland, Adelaide, Western Australia, Griffith, James Cook, Charles Sturt and Latrobe all offer undergraduate dental degree courses of 5 years in length.
Sydney University The University of Sydney (USYD), also known as Sydney University, or informally Sydney Uni, is a public research university located in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is the oldest university in Australia and is one of the country's six ...
offers a graduate entry program which is 4 years duration and requires a previous bachelor's degree for admission. Melbourne University also has a 4-year graduate entry dental program starting in 2011. The qualifications awarded by these schools satisfy the formal academic requirements for registration. Admissions to an undergraduate dental school in Australia is often known as the most difficult admissions among other countries. Only 1% of all qualified applicants yearly pass Australia's dental school admissions and get entry into dentistry programs. Australian dental schools include but are not limited to: * University of Adelaide * University of Melbourne * University of Queensland * University of Sydney * University of Western Australia * La Trobe University * Griffith University *
James Cook University James Cook University (JCU) is a public university in North Queensland, Australia. The second oldest university in Queensland, JCU is a teaching and research institution. The university's main campuses are located in the tropical cities of Cairn ...
* Charles Sturt University


Hong Kong

To become a dentist in Hong Kong, one must complete the 6-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (B.D.S.) course in The University of Hong Kong. Students learn basic health sciences, dental sciences under a problem-based learning curriculum. Besides, formal training and supervised practice are prescribed. It is accepted that only after 5 years of such training would the trainees achieve a superior level of professional competence. Graduates can enter general practice or pursue a specialist M.D.S. degree after gaining one to two years of working experience. Before the dental school was established in the University of Hong Kong (in 1980), most of the practicing dentists obtained their dental degree from the Philippines.


India

In India, dentistry is through the BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) course, which includes 4 years of study and 1-year compulsory internship. As of 2010, there were a total of 291 colleges (39 run by the government and 252 in the private sector) offering dental education. This amounts to an annual intake of 23,690 graduates. Dental education in India is regulated by the Dental Council of India. In most states, 15% of seats in state run Dental Colleges are filled through a national examination conducted by the CBSE (Central Board for Secondary Education). The remaining seats are filled up by the respective state's designated authority. Some autonomous universities conduct their own selection tests. Selection to privately run Dental Colleges vary and usually require payment of higher fees. Post graduate training is for three years in the concerned specialty. Master of Dental Surgery (MDS) is offered in the following subjects - *Prosthodontics *Periodontics *Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery *Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics *Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics *Oral Pathology & Microbiology *Public Health Dentistry *Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry *Oral Medicine Diagnosis and Radiology. Since 2016, NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) has started for all aspirants – Indian & Foreign. No Autonomous University can conduct its own exam anymore. Selection to postgraduate courses are through national / state entrance examinations (NEET) and are very competitive. In addition, certificate courses of 2 years duration are offered in Dental Mechanics and
Dental Hygiene Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping one's mouth clean and free of disease and other problems (e.g. bad breath) by regular brushing of the teeth (dental hygiene) and cleaning between the teeth. It is important that oral hygiene be carried out ...
. List of dental colleges in India
(lisi of dental colleges)


Malaysia

The first dental degree program in Malaysia was offered by University of Malaya. The qualification was moderated and recognised by th
Malaysian Dental Council
and one of the leading associations representing dental surgeons of Malaysia is th
Malaysian Dental Association
Dental surgeries (or better known as dental clinics) in Malaysia are required to be registered and approved by th
Ministry of Health Malaysia
under the Healthcare Facilities And Services Act 1998. It is a requirement that all dental surgeons hold a valid Annual Practising Certificate. Foreign dentists, that is, qualified dentists from other countries are not allowed to hold an annual practising certificate unless they are studying or lecturing at a higher-learning institute.


New Zealand

New Zealand dentistry is overseen by the Dental Council, while specialization is also overseen by the
Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons The Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons (RACDS) is a postgraduate professional education body established in 1965 to provide a broad range of activities to enhance the professional development of both general and specialist dentists thr ...
. University of Otago is New Zealand's only dental school that offers the required academic training. Entry into New Zealand's only dental school requires the student to compete into the second year dentistry course via the Health Sciences First Year course. Once in the course, students will start their dental education in their second year of university study. The total time to complete the course, including the first-year competitive course, is 5 years of full-time academic study.


Pakistan

The history of dentistry in Pakistan started before the country's independence. Pakistan's premier and oldest dental institution De'Montmorency College of Dentistry was established in 1934 at Lahore by then Governor of Punjab Sir Jeff Fitz Harway de' Montmorency. Later in 1974,
Nishtar Institute of Dentistry Nishtar Institute of Dentistry is a dental school and a tertiary care dental and Oral-Maxillofacial trauma/diseases treatment facility located in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. History The Institution was initially established as Dental Section of ...
joined the list. De'Montmorency College of Dentistry has a very rich heritage of academic and clinical excellence both before and after independence. The history of dentistry in Pakistan is in fact the story of progress of de'Montmorency College of Dentistry. At present there are 32 dental schools (public & private) throughout Pakistan, according to the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council the state regulatory body has upwards of 11500 registered dentists. The four-year training culminates in achieving a ''Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS)'' degree, which requires a further one year compulsory internship to be a registered dentist in Pakistan. As per recent stats, According to the Pakistan Medical Commission, there are almost 28,561 registered BDS doctors in January 2021.


Philippines

Most Filipino Dentists must earn a total of 6 years of dental school (2 years preparatory; 4 years proper) to obtain the degree Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D.). Presently, the country has a total of 25 dental schools, in which the board licensing is administered and regulated by the Board of Dentistry of the Professional Regulation Commission. * Adventist University of the Philippines * Cebu Doctors' University *
Centro Escolar University Centro Escolar University ( tl, Pamantasang Centro Escolar) also referred to by its acronym CEU is a private non-sectarian higher education institution in San Miguel Manila, Philippines Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of ...
*
Emilio Aguinaldo College Emilio Aguinaldo College (EAC) is a private, non-sectarian institute of education located in Manila, Philippines. It runs under the management of the Yaman Lahi Foundation Incorporated.. The school is a current member of National Collegiate Athle ...
*
Iloilo Doctors' College Iloilo Doctors' College is an institution of higher education located in Molo, Iloilo City, Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * ...
*
Our Lady of Fatima University Our Lady of Fatima University also referred to by its acronym OLFU is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational basic and higher education institution in Valenzuela City, Metro Manila, Philippines known for its allied medical sciences programs. ...
* Lyceum-Northwestern University *
Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Generally in that type of school the ...
* Manila Central University * Medina College Pagadian City * Mindanao Medical Foundation College *
Misamis University Misamis University (also referred to as MU) is a privately owned, non-sectarian, non-profit educational institution founded by Dr. Hilarion Feliciano and Doña Maria Mercado Feliciano in 1929. Misamis University is currently the only autonomous ...
*
National University (Philippines) The National University (NU), colloquially ''National U'', is a private non–sectarian coeducational university located in Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines. The founder of the university, Mariano F. Jhocson Sr., established the institution on Au ...
* Negros Oriental State University (Philippines) * Southwestern University PHINMA (Philippines) *
University of Baguio The University of Baguio (UB; Filipino: ''Pamantasan ng Baguio''), formerly Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute (Baguio Tech), is a private, Filipino, multidisciplinary, autonomous university in Baguio, Philippines. It was founded by Fernan ...
* University of the East College of Dentistry * University of Perpetual Help System * University of the Philippines * University of the Visayas


Taiwan

All the dental schools are undergraduate entry in Taiwan. After graduating from high school, students are required to take a 6-year dental program to complete their DDS/DMD degree. Dental school admissions are competitive in Taiwan. Only students obtain top 3% of academic results in the Taiwan Joint College Entrance Exam for admission in Taiwan will be admitted. The tuition for dental schools are around TWD 70,000-75,000 (~USD 2,200-2,400) per semester. Students are also required to pay additional fees for tools and other materials most of time. Students should complete 5 years of medical basic and dental professional courses at their own universities, followed by a year of internships before graduation. During summer vacation, clerkship is recommended for students to acquire experience for the future. The first dental school in Taiwan belonged to the School of Dentistry at National Taiwan University which was founded in 1953. Dental schools in Taiwan include: * China Medical University * Chung Shan Medical University *
Kaohsiung Medical University The Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU; ) is a private medical school located in Sanmin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. History The university was originally established as Kaohsiung Medical College in 1954 by the former mayor of Kaohsiung City, Ch ...
* National Defense Medical Center * National Taiwan University * National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University *
Taipei Medical University Taipei Medical University (TMU; ) in Taiwan is located in Taipei's Xinyi District. Founded as Taipei Medical College in 1960, it was renamed as Taipei Medical University in 2000. TMU has expanded into a world class university with ten colleges, ...


Thailand

The Thai Dental Council, established in 1994, is the premier governing body of dental practice, and now on formulating uniform competency requirements for dental practitioners, thus directly influencing the teaching programs at the dental schools. The Ministry of Public Health plays an important role in dental manpower planning for the dental public health services. The Thai Dental Council, the Ministry of Public Health and the Consortium of the Dental Schools work together to promote scientifically based dental education. In addition, the Thai government is placing more importance on the dental public health of its citizens. In 2007 the number of Thai Dentists in the workforce was 7175,2093,1400 and 76 for dentists, dental nurses, chairside assistants, and laboratory technicians. In 2009, the number of dentists in public sector was 3,892 and in private practice 4,551. There were 849 and 218 dentists in the university and military.


Europe

In all European countries, there exist public dental services and/or subsidies that ensure that most (if not all) citizens have access to the dental services they require, regardless of their ability to pay. Information regarding the various levels of dental care provision throughout Europe can be found in the Manual of Dental Practice, published by the Council of European Dentists.


Finland

In Finland, education in dentistry is through a 5.5 year ''Licenciate of Dental Medicine'' (DMD or DDS) course, which is offered after high school graduation. Application is by a national combined dental and medical school entry examination. As of 2011, dentistry is provided by Faculties of Medicine in 4 universities: * University of Helsinki * University of Turku * University of Oulu *
University of Eastern Finland The University of Eastern Finland ( fi, Itä-Suomen yliopisto) is a university in Finland founded in 2010 with campuses in Joensuu and Kuopio. History The Finnish Parliament passed the Universities Act on June 16, 2009, which, among other things ...
, Kuopio Campus 1st phase of training begins with a unified 2-year pre-clinical training for dentists and physicians. Problem-based learning (PBL) is employed depending on the university. 3rd year autumn consists of clinico-theoretical phase in pathology, genetics, radiology and public health and is partially combined with physicians' 2nd phase. 3rd phase clinical training lasts for the remaining 3 years and includes periods of being on call at University Central Hospital Trauma Centre, Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases and at the Children's clinic. Candidates who successfully complete the 4th year of training qualify for a paid summer rotation in a Community health center of their choice. Annual intake of dentists into Faculties of Medicine is a national total 160 students. Ph.D. research is strongly encouraged and is mandatory alongside post graduate training. Post graduate training is available in all 4 universities and lasts an additional 4–6 years.


Italy


Organization

In Italy dentists complete 6 years of undergraduate study to earn a degree. Nevertheless, it is possible to agree on certain basic clinical competences common to all member states of the European Union. Admission to Dentistry school is regulated by an entrance test, also used for Medical schools, composed of 80 questions about five subjects: biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics and general knowledge.


Malta

The first course leading to a degree in Dental Surgery, at the University of Malta, commenced in 1933. The qualification was recognized by the Medical Council of the United Kingdom in 1936. Dental Surgery was established as a separate Faculty in 1954, previous to which the course was under the direction of a Board of Studies within the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. The faculty caters for an undergraduate intake of 8 students annually. A B.Ch.D Degree is awarded at the completion of the 5-year course.


Netherlands


Organization

All practicing dentists must be subscribed in the national medical register called the BIG-register. The registry can be freely consulted through the internet, if one wants to check if his or her dentist has got the right credentials.


Education

The dental curriculum was just changed from 5 years study to 6 years. There are three dental schools in the Netherlands: *Amsterdam (ACTA): a joint venture between the University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU) *Groningen University *Nijmegen University The oldest dental education in the Netherlands used to be taught at the University of Utrecht. The faculty of dentistry in Utrecht was closed because of governmental economizing.


Norway

The 5-year dental education is offered at three universities: * University of Oslo * University of Bergen * University of Tromsø All dentists in Norway are organized through "Tannlegeforeningen". Dental services are free for children. Some complicated procedures such as the fitting of new prosthesis and some oral surgeries are partially covered by the national health service, usually at the rate of 50%.


Poland

NFZ (National Health Fund) in Poland provides 100% cover only for basic dental health services.


Portugal

All the dental schools are undergraduate entry in Portugal. After graduating from high school, students are required to take a 5-year dental program to complete their DDS/DMD degree. There are 7 dental schools with 3 being public.


Slovakia

In Slovakia, dentists complete 6 years of undergraduate study to earn a MDDr. (lat. Medicinae Dentalis Doctor) degree. A MDDr. graduate can perform the therapeutic interventions in area of restorative dentistry, prosthodontics and endodontics. For performing
orthodontics Orthodontics is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, and misaligned bite patterns. It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as dentofacial ...
and dentoalveolar surgery the post graduate course is required in length of 2 years. For oral and maxillofacial surgery the length of 4 yeats of post graduate course is required. Also the absolvent of general medicine (titled as MUDr.) can run course for oral and maxillofacial surgery, but the attestation course takes five years. Dental education is offered at two universities: Comenius University in
Bratislava Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approxim ...
and University of Pavol Jozef Safarik in
Košice Košice ( , ; german: Kaschau ; hu, Kassa ; pl, Коszyce) is the largest city in eastern Slovakia. It is situated on the river Hornád at the eastern reaches of the Slovak Ore Mountains, near the border with Hungary. With a population of app ...
. Junior graduates work under a skilled doctor for at least 3 years to receive their license from The Slovak Chamber of Dentists. Part of dental service is paid from health insurance but mostly treatment (fillings, prosthodontics) is paid cash by patients.


Sweden

The 5-year dental education is offered at four universities: * Malmö University * Karolinska Institutet, at Huddinge Hospital Most dentists in Sweden are organized through "Tandläkarförbundet" which also issues the scientific 'Swedish Dental Journal'. Dental care is provided at public and private dental offices. Dental services are free for everyone up to 20 years of age. From the age of 20 and upwards there is a fixed state refund which usually is, depending on the dentist's fee and what type of dentistry performed, around 10% – 15% of the total cost. For more expensive dental work above the age of 65 the patients only pay 7800 SEK (~ $1,000) plus the cost of the dental material that was used. The English title given to dental graduates in Sweden is D.D.S (University Degree in Dental Surgery) until 2013. Due to the implementation of Bologna the dental high schools changed the title D.D.S to ''Degree of Master of Science in Dental Surgery'' and also awarding a purely academic title of ''Master of Science (120 credits) in Dental Science.'' All dentists in the European Union/EES are eligible to work in Sweden. Dentists with an exam outside EES are required to take a one-year course at Karolinska in Stockholm. From April 15, 2016, fluent Swedish language is required also for Dentists with exam from EES.


United Kingdom


Education and registration

In the United Kingdom, dentists complete 5 years of undergraduate study to earn a B.D.S. or BChD degree. After graduating most dentists will enter a V.T. (vocational training) scheme, of either 1 or 2 years length, to receive their full National Health Service registration. Dentists must register with the G.D.C. (
General Dental Council The General Dental Council (GDC) is an organisation which regulates dental professionals in the United Kingdom. It keeps an up-to-date register of all qualified dentists and other dental care professionals such as: dental hygienists, dental ther ...
), and meet their requirements as the governing body of the profession, before being allowed to practice. The Dentists Act 1957 defines dentistry with the intention of confining the practice of dentistry to those on the Dental Register. It provided the following definition: "For the purposes of this Act, the practice of dentistry shall be deemed to include the performance of any such operation and the giving of any such treatment, advice or attendance as is usually performed or given by dentists." There are sixteen dental schools in the UK, five of which are graduate entry programmes, only admitting applicants with at least an upper 2.1 in a classified undergraduate degree with a significant component of biomedical sciences. Thus the competition for places is fierce (approximately 1 successful candidate admitted in every 26 applicants in 2013). Because of the low numbers of dental schools, funding for building and service developments in the schools can be very high. Well known UK universities providing dental courses are the universities of Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow, Cardiff, Queen's Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol,
Dundee Dundee (; sco, Dundee; gd, Dùn Dè or ) is Scotland's fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2016 was , giving Dundee a population density of 2,478/km2 or ...
, Manchester,
Plymouth Plymouth () is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately south-west of Exeter and south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west. Plymouth ...
, Sheffield, Queen Mary, London and
King's College London King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of King George IV and the Duke of Wellington. In 1836, King's ...
. As of 2013, the only UK universities offering a 4-year graduate-entry BDS programme are Liverpool,
King's College London King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of King George IV and the Duke of Wellington. In 1836, King's ...
, BLSMD,
UCLan , mottoeng = "From the Earth to the Sun" , established = as Institution for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledgere-established 1992 (University status granted) , type = Public , chancellor ...
and Aberdeen.


Dental practice

Dentists may undertake work under the National Health Service or privately. The may opt for either of these alternatives, or both.


See also

* Dental degree


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dentistry Throughout The World Dentistry education