The Danubian Limes (german: Donaulimes), or Danube Limes, refers to the Roman military frontier or ''

limes Limes may refer to: * the plural form of lime (disambiguation) * the Latin word for ''limit'' which refers to: ** Limes (Roman Empire) (Latin, singular; plural: ) is a modern term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting ...

'' which lies along the

River Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...

in the present-day German state of

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...

, in

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...

and

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

. The Danube was not always or everywhere used by the Romans as the military frontier which was moved north or south in some locations according to military conquests, but it was maintained in many places as a fairly permanent defensive structure for long periods. The border was reinforced with numerous

watchtower A watchtower or watch tower is a type of fortification used in many parts of the world. It differs from a regular tower in that its primary use is military and from a turret in that it is usually a freestanding structure. Its main purpose is to ...

s, legion camps (''castra'') and

forts A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere'' ...

(''castella''). Due to the boggy and

dendritic Dendrite derives from the Greek word "dendron" meaning ( "tree-like"), and may refer to: Biology *Dendrite, a branched projection of a neuron *Dendrite (non-neuronal), branching projections of certain skin cells and immune cells Physical * Dendr ...

nature of the Danube's river banks no border ramparts were built, unlike the

Neckar-Odenwald Limes The Neckar-Odenwald Limes (german: Neckar-Odenwald-Limes) is a collective term for two, very different early sections of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes, a Roman defensive frontier line that may have been utilised during slightly different perio ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

. The camps were built in the mid-1st century. Later, under

Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...

, the camps, which had originally only been surrounded by earthen embankments, were enclosed by stone walls. A

Roman road Roman roads ( la, viae Romanae ; singular: ; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Re ...

, the Danube Way ( la, Via Istrum) was laid along the ''limes'', which linked the stations, camps and forts as far as the

Danube Delta The Danube Delta ( ro, Delta Dunării, ; uk, Дельта Дунаю, Deľta Dunaju, ) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent. The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Ro ...

. In 2021, the western segment of the Danube Limes were inscribed on the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

World Heritage List A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNES ...

as part of the set of "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" World Heritage Sites.

Subdivisions

Because of the sheer length of this border, the Danubian Limes is often divided into the following subdivisions: *

Rhaetian Limes The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (german: Obergermanisch-Raetischer Limes), or ORL, is a 550-kilometre-long section of the former external frontier of the Roman Empire between the rivers Rhine and Danube. It runs from Rheinbrohl to Eining on the ...

, only those elements along the Danube being counted as part of the Danubian Limes. * Noric Limes *

Pannonian Limes The Pannonian Limes ( lat, Limes Pannonicus, german: Pannonischer Limes) is that part of the old Roman fortified frontier known as the Danubian Limes that runs for approximately from the Roman camp of Klosterneuburg in the Vienna Basin in Austria ...

(in Upper and Lower Pannonia) * Moesian Limes File:Limes2.png, The Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes between the Rhine and the Danube File:Limes3.png, The Noric-Pannonian Limes in present-day Austria File:Limes4.png, The Pannonian Limes in present-day Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and Serbia File:Limes5.png, A snapshot of The Moesian Limes of one period in present-day Bulgaria and Romania

Germany and Austria

The oldest Roman camp in Austria was

Carnuntum Carnuntum ( according to Ptolemy) was a Roman legionary fortress ( la, castra legionis) and headquarters of the Roman navy, Pannonian fleet from 50 AD. After the 1st century, it was capital of the Pannonia Superior province. It also became ...

. Fourteen kilometres away to the west an auxiliary fort (''Hilfskastell'') was built near

Schlögen Haibach ob der Donau is a municipality in the district of Eferding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria, Austria. It is situated near the Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and ...

(today in the municipality of

Haibach ob der Donau Haibach ob der Donau is a municipality in the district of Eferding in the Austrian state of Upper Austria, Austria. It is situated near the Danube. Geography Haibach lies in the Hausruckviertel The Hausruckviertel (literally German for the ' ...

) in

Upper Austria Upper Austria (german: Oberösterreich ; bar, Obaöstareich) is one of the nine states or of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria, a ...

. At that time, the ''limes'' ran from

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

Linz Linz ( , ; cs, Linec) is the capital of Upper Austria and third-largest city in Austria. In the north of the country, it is on the Danube south of the Czech border. In 2018, the population was 204,846. In 2009, it was a European Capital of ...

roughly following the present-day Wiener Straße (''B 1''). Because the Danube did not always provide adequate protection, bridgeheads were built on its northern banks against the

Marcomanni The Marcomanni were a Germanic people * * * that established a powerful kingdom north of the Danube, somewhere near modern Bohemia, during the peak of power of the nearby Roman Empire. According to Tacitus and Strabo, they were Suebian. Origin ...

, such as the one in Stillfried or at the Oberleiser Berg. However, these were cleared again under

Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good ...

' son,

Commodus Commodus (; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 to 192. He served jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 176 until the latter's death in 180, and thereafter he reigned alone until his assassination. ...

, and a seven-kilometre-wide 'death strip' was laid along the Danube. The increasing number of fortifications that were falling into decay were renovated again under Emperor

Valentinian I Valentinian I ( la, Valentinianus; 32117 November 375), sometimes called Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor, he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces. Vale ...

(364–375) and upgraded to the conform to the latest military tactics. Walls were thickened, and defensive ditches renewed. In addition, towers were built along the walls, such as a watchtower discovered near Oberranna in 1960. These fortifications lasted only another hundred years before the fall of the Roman Empire. In 488 the land of present-day Austria was cleared. The Roman fortifications along the lower courses of the Danube were overhauled once again, especially under

Anastasios I Anastasius I Dicorus ( grc-gre, Ἀναστάσιος, Anastásios; – 9 July 518) was Eastern Roman emperor from 491 to 518. A career civil servant, he came to the throne at the age of 61 after being chosen by the wife of his predecessor, ...

and

Justinian I Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovat ...

. They finally served during

Maurice's Balkan campaigns Maurice's Balkan campaigns were a series of military expeditions conducted by Roman Emperor Maurice (reigned 582–602) in an attempt to defend the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire from the Avars and the South Slavs. Maurice was the only Eas ...

his successor,

Phocas Phocas ( la, Focas; grc-gre, Φωκάς, Phōkás; 5475 October 610) was Eastern Roman emperor from 602 to 610. Initially, a middle-ranking officer in the Eastern Roman army, Phocas rose to prominence as a spokesman for dissatisfied soldiers ...

, as a basis for larger military operations and some were maintained in the province of

Moesia Secunda Moesia (; Latin: ''Moesia''; el, Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Alban ...

until the invasion of the

Bulgars The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomad ...

in 679. A few defensive towers survive: in Bacharnsdorf in Lower Austria, in Mautern (Favianis) and in

Traismauer Traismauer is a municipality in the district of Sankt Pölten-Land in Lower Austria, Austria. It was established by the Romans, probably on a location of prior settlements. Some Roman buildings survive to this day. Population See also *Gemeinl ...

(Augustiana). In

Tulln Tulln an der Donau () is a historic town in the Austrian state of Lower Austria, the administrative seat of Tulln District. Because of its abundance of parks and gardens, Tulln is often referred to as ''Blumenstadt'' ("City of Flowers"), and "The C ...

and Zeiselmauer, too, there are surviving remnants. In the Kürnberg Forest near Linz there are remains of a watchtower from the Roman period. Legion camps were established in:The Roman Limes in Austria
retrieved 25 May 2009 *

Lauriacum Map of the Danubeian Limes. Reconstruction of the camp and adjoining oppidium.Lauriacum was an important legionary Roman town on the Danube Limes in Austria. History Roman Era Where only a small Roman settlement was located at a ford over the ...

( Enns) * ? ( Albing) *

Vindobona Vindobona (from Gaulish ''windo-'' "white" and ''bona'' "base/bottom") was a Roman military camp on the site of the modern city of Vienna in Austria. The settlement area took on a new name in the 13th century, being changed to Berghof, or now si ...

(

Wien en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

) *

Camps (''castra'') and forts (''castella'') in Austria from west to east: * Stanacum ( Engelhartszell) * Ioviacum (

) * Ad Mauros (

Eferding Eferding () is the capital of the Eferding district in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Geography Eferding is the center of the Eferding basin. The city is 2 km away from the Danube River. It has in Upper Austria. History Eferding w ...

) * Lentia (

) * Ad Iuvense ( Wallsee) * Arelape (

Pöchlarn Pöchlarn ( bar, Böchlarn) is a town in the district of Melk in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. The painter and writer Oskar Kokoschka was born here in 1886. Population Personalities * Rüdiger von Bechelaren * Oskar Kokoschka, painte ...

) * Namare ( Melk an der Donau) * Favianis ( Mautern) * Barbaricum (

Fels am Wagram Fels am Wagram is a municipality in the district of Tulln in the Austrian state of Lower Austria Lower Austria (german: Niederösterreich; Austro-Bavarian: ''Niedaöstareich'', ''Niedaestareich'') is one of the nine states of Austria, located in ...

– nördlich der Donau) * Augustianis (

) * Asturis (

Zwentendorf Zwentendorf an der Donau is a small market municipality in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is located at , in the Tulln Basin on the southern bank of the Danube. The place attained public attention as the site of the only Austrian nuclear ...

) *

Comagena Comagena was a fortified Roman camp on the Danube, on the site of the modern town of Tulln on the Danube in Lower Austria, Austria. Built as a defensive work along the Norican frontier, it originally housed an '' ala'' of up to 500 cavalry troo ...

(

) * Cannabiaca ( Zeiselmauer) * Arrianis/Asturis (

Klosterneuburg Klosterneuburg (; frequently abbreviated as Kloburg by locals) is a town in Tulln District in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It has a population of about 27,500. The Klosterneuburg Monastery, which was established in 1114 and soon after give ...

) * Ala Nova (

Schwechat Schwechat () is a town southeast of Vienna known for the Vienna International Airport and Schwechater beer. The city is home to the refineries of the Austrian national oil company OMV. Geography Schwechat is named after the river Schwechat, whi ...

) * ? (

Mikulov Mikulov (; german: Nikolsburg; yi, ניקאלשבורג, ''Nikolshburg'') is a town in Břeclav District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 7,400 inhabitants. The historic centre of Mikulov is well preserved and i ...

-Tschechien) * Aequinoctium (

Fischamend Fischamend () is a town in the district of Bruck an der Leitha District, Bruck an der Leitha in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It belonged to Wien-Umgebung District which was dissolved in 2016. Population Geography Fischamend lies in th ...

) * Roman fort, Höflein ( Höflein) * Roman fort, Stopfenreuth (

Engelhartstetten Engelhartstetten is a town in the district of Gänserndorf in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Geography Engelhartstetten lies near Vienna in the southeast corner of the Marchfeld. On the east is the March River and on the south the Danube. A ...

)

Lower Pannonia

In 103 AD, Emperor

divided the province of

Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now wes ...

into two parts:

Pannonia Superior Pannonia Superior, lit. Upper Pannonia, was a province of the Roman Empire. Its capital was Carnuntum. It was one on the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor Trajan who divided the former province of Pannon ...

and

Pannonia Inferior Pannonia Inferior, lit. Lower Pannonia, was a province of the Roman Empire. Its capital was Sirmium. It was one of the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor Trajan who divided the former province of Pannonia ...

, or Lower Pannonia. The Lower Pannonia province ran along the eastern side of the Danube, today a part of

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

, and

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

. Colonies and towns were built throughout the area on both sides of the Danube, in addition to Roman forts, garrisons, and bases. Some of the most notable were: * Transaquincum, Contra Aquincum ( Pest) * Matrica (

Százhalombatta Százhalombatta (; hr, Bata; la, Matrica; sr, Бата, Bata) is a town in Pest County, Hungary. The name of this town in Hungarian literally means "One hundred tumuli" referring to the tumulus field at the edge of the town. History Grou ...

) * Gorsium (

Tác Tác is a village in Hungary. In the time of Roman Empire it was known as ''Gorsium-Herculia''. An open-air museum An open-air museum (or open air museum) is a museum that exhibits collections of buildings and artifacts out-of-doors. It is a ...

) * Vetus Salina (

Adony Adony (formerly ''Duna-Adony''; german: Adam; la, Vetus Salina or ) is a town in Fejér County, Hungary. Twin towns – sister cities Adony is twinned with: * Oberweser, Germany (1995) * Szczekociny, Poland (2001) * Cehu Silvaniei, Romania ...

) * Intercisa (

Dunaújváros Dunaújváros (; also known by other alternative names) is an industrial city in Fejér County, Central Hungary. It is a city with county rights. Situated 70 kilometres (43 miles) south of Budapest on the Danube, the city is best known for its ...

) * Lussonium ( Dunakömlőd) * Alisca ad latus (

Őcsény Őcsény is a village in Tolna county, Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, ...

) * Ad Statuas ( Várdomb) * Lugio/Florentia (

Dunaszekcső Dunaszekcső (german: Seetschke, ; la, Florentina, ; sh, Sečuv, , ) is a village in Baranya County, Hungary, situated on the right bank (west side) of the River Danube. The inhabitants are ethnic Hungarian, with minorities of Danube Swabians an ...

) * Altinum ( Kölked) * Ad Militare (

Batina Batina ( hu, Kiskőszeg) is a port village on the right bank of the Danube in Baranja, Croatia. Its elevation is 105 m. Administratively, it is located in the Draž municipality within the Osijek-Baranja County. Geography Batina is locate ...

) * Ad Novas ( Zmajevac) * Colonia Aelia Mursa (

Osijek Osijek () is the fourth-largest city in Croatia, with a population of 96,848 in 2021. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja ...

) * Teutoburgium (

Dalj Dalj ( sr-Cyrl, Даљ, hu, Dálya, german: Dallia, la, Teutoburgium) is a village on the Danube in eastern Croatia, near the confluence of the Drava and Danube, on the border with Serbia. It is located on the D519 road, south of its intersecti ...

) * Cuccium (

Ilok Ilok () is the easternmost town in Croatia forming a geographic salient surrounded by Vojvodina. Located in the Syrmia region, it lies on a hill overlooking the Danube river, which forms the border with the Bačka region of Serbia. The populati ...

) * Cusum (

Petrovaradin Petrovaradin ( sr-cyr, Петроварадин, ) is a historic town in the Serbian province of Vojvodina, now a part of the city of Novi Sad. As of 2011, the urban area has 14,810 inhabitants. Lying on the right bank of the Danube, across from t ...

) * Burgenae (

Novi Banovci Novi Banovci () is a settlement in Serbia by the Danube River. It is situated in the Stara Pazova municipality, in the Srem District, in Vojvodina province. It is located 5 kilometers away from Batajnica and 20 km from the capital, Belgrade. ...

) * Colonia Singidunum (

Belgrade Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...

)

Lower Danube

On the Lower Danube, between the present-day Bulgaria and Romania, the Lower Danubian Road was built under Emperor

Tiberius Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...

in the 1st century AD on the Bulgarian side of the river.

Roman camp In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word ''castrum'', plural ''castra'', was a military-related term. In Latin usage, the singular form ''castrum'' meant 'fort', while the plural form ''castra'' meant 'camp'. The singular and ...

s, smaller garrisons and watchtowers were built on both sides of the Danube. Civilian settlements, predominantly for veterans and former

legionaries The Roman legionary (in Latin ''legionarius'', plural ''legionarii'') was a professional heavy infantryman of the Roman army after the Marian reforms. These soldiers would conquer and defend the territories of ancient Rome during the late Republi ...

were also built. The following Roman garrisons were the first to be established during the 1st century on the Lower Danube: * Augustae (near the village of Hurlets) * Valeriana (near the village of Dolni Vadin) * Variana (near the village of Leskowez) * Almus (near the town of Lom) * Regianum (near the town of

Kozloduy Kozloduy ( ) is a town in northwest Bulgaria, located in Vratsa Province, on the Danube River. The city was liberated from Ottoman rule on 23 November 1877 by the Romanian Army under the command of the Imperial Russian Army. Kozloduy is best kno ...

) * Sexaginta Prista (near the town of

Ruse Ruse may refer to: Places *Ruse, Bulgaria, a major city of Bulgaria **Ruse Municipality ** Ruse Province ** 19th MMC – Ruse, a constituency *Ruše, a town and municipality in north-eastern Slovenia * Ruše, Žalec, a small settlement in east-ce ...

) * Dorostorum (near the town of

Silistra Silistra ( bg, Силистра ; tr, Silistre; ro, Silistra) is a town in Northeastern Bulgaria. The town lies on the southern bank of the lower Danube river, and is also the part of the Romanian border where it stops following the Danube. Sil ...

) *

Ratiaria Ratiaria (or: Raetiaria, Retiaria, Reciaria, Razaria; bg, Рациария; el, Ραζαρία μητρόπολις;) was a city founded by the Moesians, a Daco-Thracian tribe, in the 4th century BC, along the river Danube. In Roman times it w ...

(near the town of Artschar) *

Novae A nova (plural novae or novas) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star (hence the name "nova", which is Latin for "new") that slowly fades over weeks or months. Causes of the dramati ...

(near the town of

Svishtov Svishtov ( bg, Свищов ) is a town in northern Bulgaria, located in Veliko Tarnovo Province on the right bank of the Danube river opposite the Romanian town of Zimnicea. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Svishtov Municipalit ...

) *

Viminatium Viminatium was the name of two Roman settlements: *Viminacium Viminacium () or ''Viminatium'', was a major city (provincial capital) and military camp of the Roman province of Moesia (today's Serbia), and the capital of ''Moesia Superior'' (henc ...

Singidunum Singidunum ( sr, Сингидунум/''Singidunum'') was an ancient city which later evolved into modern Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. The name is of Celts, Celtic origin, going back to the time when Celtic tribe Scordisci settled the area in ...

(

Belgrad Belgrade ( , ;, ; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1,166,763 million ...

) *

Oescus Oescus, Palatiolon or Palatiolum ( bg, Улпия Ескус, ) was an important ancient city on the Danube river in Roman Moesia. It later became known as ''Ulpia Oescus''. It lay northwest of the modern Bulgarian city of Pleven, near the v ...

References

Literature

* Ralph F. Hoddinott: ''Bulgaria in Antiquity. An archeological introduction.'' Ernest Benn Ltd., London, 1975, , pp. 111–142. * Kurt Genser: ''Der Donaulimes in Österreich'' (= ''Schriften des Limesmuseums Aalen.'' Vol. 44). Württembergisches Landesmuseum, Stuttgart, 1990. * Gerda von Bülow et al. (eds.): ''Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Vorträge der Internationalen Konferenz Svištov, Bulgarien (1–5 September 1998).'' Verlag NOUS, Sofia, 1999, . * Susanne Biegert (ed.): ''Von Augustus bis Attila. Leben am ungarischen Donaulimes'' (= ''Schriften des Limesmuseums Aalen.'' Vol. 53). Theiss, Stuttgart, 2000, . * Herwig Friesinger et al. (eds.): ''Der römische Limes in Österreich. Führer zu den archäologischen Denkmälern.'' 2nd, revised edition. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, 2002, . * Sonja Jilek: ''Grenzen des Römischen Reiches: Der Donaulimes, eine römische Flussgrenze.'' Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warsaw, 2009, .

External links