Cluj County
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Cluj County (; german: Kreis Klausenburg, hu, Kolozs megye) is a county ( județ) of
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
, in
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
. Its seat ( ro, Oraș reședință de județ) is
Cluj-Napoca ; hu, kincses város) , official_name=Cluj-Napoca , native_name= , image_skyline= , subdivision_type1 = Counties of Romania, County , subdivision_name1 = Cluj County , subdivision_type2 = Subdivisions of Romania, Status , subdivision_name2 ...
(german: Klausenburg).


Name

In Hungarian, it is known as ''Kolozs megye'', and in
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...
as ''Kreis Klausenburg''. Under
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
, a county with an identical name (
Kolozs County Kolozs County was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and of the Principality of Transylvania. Its territory is now in north-western Romania (north-western Transylvania). The capital ...
, ro, Comitatul Cluj) existed since the 11th century.


Demography

At the 2011 census, Cluj County had a population of 691,106 inhabitants, down from the 2002 census. On 1 January 2015, an analysis of the National Institute of Statistics revealed that 13.7% of the county population was between 0 and 14 years, 69.8% between 15 and 64 years, and 16.4% 65 years and over. 66.3% of the population lives in urban areas, having the fourth-highest rate of
urbanization Urbanization (or urbanisation) refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas, the corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural areas, and the ways in which societies adapt to this change. It is predominantly t ...
in the country, after
Hunedoara Hunedoara (; german: Eisenmarkt; hu, Vajdahunyad ) is a municipiu, city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in southwestern Transylvania near the Poiana Ruscă Mountains, and administers five villages: Boș (''Bós''), Groș ...
(75%),
Brașov Brașov (, , ; german: Kronstadt; hu, Brassó; la, Corona; Transylvanian Saxon: ''Kruhnen'') is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the administrative centre of Brașov County. According to the latest Romanian census (2011), Brașov has a pop ...
(72,3%), and Constanța (68,8%).


Ethnic composition

At the 2011 census, the ethnic composition was as follows: *
Romanians The Romanians ( ro, români, ; dated exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group. Sharing a common Culture of Romania, Romanian culture and Cultural heritage, ancestry, and speaking the Romanian language, they l ...
– 80.09% (520,885 people) *
Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and  ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Urali ...
– 15.93% (103,591 people). Hold the majority of the population in
Sic The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; "thus", "just as"; in full: , "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any e ...
(93.77%),
Izvoru Crișului Izvoru Crișului ( ro, Izvoru Crișului; hu, Körösfő, german: Krieschwej); is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Izvoru Crișului, Nadășu (''Kalotanádas''), Nearșova (''Nyárszó'') and Șaula ...
(79.04%),
Sâncraiu Sâncraiu (''Kalotaszentkirály'' in Hungarian) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Villages The commune is composed of five villages: Alunișu (''Magyarókereke''), Domoșu (''Kalotadámos''), Brăișoru (''Malomszeg''), Horla ...
(78.44%),
Unguraș Unguraș ( hu, Bálványosváralja) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Batin (''Bátony''), Daroț (''Daróc''), Sicfa (''Székfa''), Unguraș, and Valea Ungurașului (''Csabaújfalu''). Geograph ...
(61.46%),
Moldovenești Moldovenești (formerly ''Orfalău'' and ''Varfalău''; hu, Várfalva; german: Burgdorf) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, 12 km southwest of Turda, in the valley of the Arieș. History The oldest record about the ancient c ...
(55.14%),
Săvădisla Săvădisla ( hu, Tordaszentlászló) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Finișel, Hășdate, Lita, Liteni, Săvădisla, Stolna, Vălișoara and Vlaha. Demographics At the 2011 census, 51.6% of ...
(51.63%). *
Romani Romani may refer to: Ethnicities * Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia ** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule * Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...
– 3.46% (22,531 people). Large ethnic Roma communities are in Cămărașu (21.58%), Bonțida (19.81%), Recea-Cristur (18.34%),
Fizeșu Gherlii Fizeşu Gherlii ( hu, Ördöngösfüzes; german: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (''Boncnyíres''), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (''Füzesmikola'') and Săcălaia (''Kisszék''). ...
(16.14%), Sânpaul (15.36%),
Panticeu Panticeu ( hu, Páncélcseh; german: Böhmischhofen) is a commune in the northern part of Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Cătălina (''Szentkatolnadorna''), Cubleșu Someșan (''Magyarköblös''), Dârja (''Ma ...
(13.12%), Săcuieu (13.02%),
Frata Frata ( hu, Magyarfráta) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Berchieșu (''Berkenyes''), Frata, Oaș, Olariu, Pădurea Iacobeni, Poiana Frății (''Bethlentanya''), Răzoare (''Rozor'') and Sopor ...
(11.59%),
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
(11.3%), Mociu (11.19%),
Luna Luna commonly refers to: * Earth's Moon, named "Luna" in Latin * Luna (goddess), the ancient Roman personification of the Moon Luna may also refer to: Places Philippines * Luna, Apayao * Luna, Isabela * Luna, La Union * Luna, San Jose Roma ...
(10.44%).


Geography

Cluj County lies in the northwestern half of the country, between parallels 47°28' in north and 46°24' in south, meridians 23°39' in west and 24°13' in east, respectively. It covers an area of 6,674 km2 unfolded in the contact zone of three representative natural units:
Apuseni Mountains The Apuseni Mountains ( ro, Munții Apuseni, hu, Erdélyi-középhegység) is a mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Romanian Carpathians, also called ''Occidentali'' in Romanian. Their name translates from Ro ...
,
Someș Plateau The Someș (; hu, Szamos; german: Somesch or ''Samosch'') is a left tributary of the Tisza in Hungary and Romania. It has a length of (including its source river Someșul Mare), of which 50 km are in Hungary.Transylvanian Plain The Transylvanian Plain ( ro, Câmpia Transilvaniei; hu, Mezőség, ) is an ethnogeographical area in Transylvania, Romania, located between the Someșul Mare and the Someșul Mic rivers to the north and west and the Mureș River to the south and ...
. Cluj County is the 12th largest in the country and occupies 2.8% of Romania's area. It is bordered to the northeast with
Maramureș or Marmaroshchyna ( ro, Maramureș ; uk, Мармарощина, Marmaroshchyna; hu, Máramaros) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine. It is situated in the northeastern Carpathians, alon ...
and Bistrița-Năsăud counties, to the east with
Mureș County Mureș County (, ro, Județul Mures, hu, Maros megye) is a county (''județ'') of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș. The county was established in 1968, after the administrative ...
, to the south with Alba County, and to the west with Bihor and Sălaj counties.


Relief

The relief is rugged, constituted mostly of hilly units belonging to Someș Plateau and, to a lesser extent, of mountain portions that represent the northeastern part of Apuseni Mountains. Fields are missing on the territory of Cluj County, being replaced, as step of relief, by well-developed terraces and floodplains in the lower sectors of
Someșul Mic The Someșul Mic (''Little Someș'', Hungarian: ''Kis-Szamos'') is a river in north-western Romania (Cluj County). At its confluence with the Someșul Mare in Mica, the Someș is formed. Its total length is , and its drainage basin area is .
and
Arieș The Arieș ( hu, Aranyos) is a left tributary of the river Mureș in Transylvania, Romania. It discharges into the Mureș in Gura Arieșului, southwest of Luduș. Its total length (including its headwater Arieșul Mare) is , and its drainage ...
rivers. The hilly area, extended in the central northern and southern part of the county, include several subunits of Someș Plateau (Cluj,
Feleacu Feleacu ( hu, Erdőfelek; german: Fleck) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, South ...
, Dej hills), among which are individualized numerous depressions (
Apahida Apahida ( hu, Apahida; german: Bruckendorf; la, Pons Abbatis) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Apahida, Bodrog (''Bodrog''), Câmpenești, Corpadea (''Kolozskorpád''), Dezmir (''Dezmér''), Pat ...
, Bonțida, Gilău, Dej,
Turda Turda (; hu, Torda, ; german: link=no, Thorenburg; la, Potaissa) is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the Europ ...
,
Câmpia Turzii Câmpia Turzii (; german: Jerischmarkt; hu, Aranyosgyéres) is a municipality in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, which was formed in 1925 by the union of two villages, Ghiriș (''Aranyosgyéres'') and Sâncrai (''Szentkirály''). It was de ...
) at the edge of which there are some contact depressions (
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
and Iara), at the limit of the mountain. The mountain sector, located in southwest, belongs to Apuseni, mountains group of Western Carpathians, represented by sectors of Vlădeasa Massif (peak Vlădeasa – 1,836 m), Gilău Mountains and Muntele Mare, as well as narrow portions of Trascău, Plopiș, Meseș and Bihor mountains. In the eastern part of Cluj County, east of the river alignment Valea Florilor–Maraloiu–Someșul Mic, is located a part of the Hilly Plain of Transylvania, a special unit of relief, with mountainous character, partially overlapped by some gas-condensate domes.


Hydrographic network

The hydrographic network is represented by rivers (Someșul Mic with SW–NE direction, whose catchment area is fully developed on the territory of Cluj County,
Crișul Repede The Crișul Repede (Romanian Crișul Repede ("the rapid Criș"); Hungarian Sebes-Körös) is a river in Bihor County, Crișana, Romania and in southeastern Hungary (Körösvidek). Together with the rivers Crișul Alb ("the white Criș") and Criș ...
and lower Arieș), natural lakes and ponds (Cătina Popii I and II, Geaca,
Țaga Țaga ( Hungarian: ''Cege''; German: ''Zegen'') is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Năsal (''Noszoly''), Sântejude (''Vasasszentegyed''), Sântejude-Vale (''Vasasszentegyedi völgy''), Sântioana ...
, etc.) and lakes of hydropower interest (Beliș-Fântânele, Tarnița and Gilău). In the northeastern part of Cluj County, Someșul Mic joins
Someșul Mare The Someșul Mare (''Great Someș'', Hungarian: ''Nagy-Szamos'') is a river in north-western Romania, originating in the Bistrița-Năsăud County in the Rodna Mountains at the confluence of two headwaters — the ''Preluci'' and the ''Zmeu''. Th ...
, upstream of Dej, forming the
Someș The Someș (; hu, Szamos; german: Somesch or ''Samosch'') is a left tributary of the Tisza in Hungary and Romania. It has a length of (including its source river Someșul Mare), of which 50 km are in Hungary.Tisza The Tisza, Tysa or Tisa, is one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe. Once, it was called "the most Hungarian river" because it flowed entirely within the Kingdom of Hungary. Today, it crosses several national borders. The Tisza be ...
to the west. The deep waters are less represented and are characterized by high mineralization. Relatively rich mineral springs, with sulphates, calcium and sodium chloride, can be found in Dezmir,
Cojocna Cojocna ( hu, Kolozs; german: Salzgrub, Klosmarkt) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Boj-Cătun (''Bósi alagút''), Boju (''Kolozsbós''), Cara (''Kolozskara''), Cojocna, Huci (''Cserealja''), Iu ...
, Gădălin,
Sic The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; "thus", "just as"; in full: , "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any e ...
,
Gherla Gherla (; hu, Szamosújvár; german: Neuschloss) is a municipiu, municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 20,203. Three vil ...
, Leghia,
Someșeni Someșeni (formerly known as ''Someșfalău''; German: ''Mikelsdorf''; Hungarian: ''Szamosfalva'') is a largely residential neighbourhood of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. History The area was inhabited by Gepids The Gepids, ( la, Gepidae, Gipedae, ...
,
Turda Turda (; hu, Torda, ; german: link=no, Thorenburg; la, Potaissa) is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the Europ ...
, etc.


Climate

Through its location, Cluj County benefits from a moderate
continental climate Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 north), within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing som ...
. In the mountain sector (Vlădeasa Massif and Muntele Mare), the mean annual air temperature is 2 °C, and in the rest of the territory is 6 °C. Annual thermal amplitudes have values between 17 and 19 °C in the mountains and grow at 23–25 °C in hilly areas, plateaus and plains. Rainfall is distributed unevenly, with minimal amounts in Turda–Câmpia Turzii (about 550 mm) and maximum in Vlădeasa Massif (about 1,400 mm). On average, annual values of rainfall reach 600–650 mm in the Transylvania Plain, 650–700 mm in the Someș Plateau and over 900–1000 mm in mountainous areas.


Natural resources

Cluj County has rich and varied natural resources. Iron ores came into use in 1962, by exploitations in Căpușu Mic and Băișoara, being conducted over the years a series of geological explorations in Vlaha,
Săvădisla Săvădisla ( hu, Tordaszentlászló) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Finișel, Hășdate, Lita, Liteni, Săvădisla, Stolna, Vălișoara and Vlaha. Demographics At the 2011 census, 51.6% of ...
and Cacova Ierii. Fossil fuels are represented by
brown coal Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35%, and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat ...
exploited in Ticu–Dâncu–Băgara area and
peat Peat (), also known as turf (), is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs. The peatland ecosystem covers and is the most efficien ...
, exploited in Călățele–Căpățâna sector. Likewise, there is a gas-condensed dome in Puini in the Transylvanian Plain. Besides iron ore and mineral fuels, there is a variety of useful minerals and rocks, including:
quartz Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical form ...
in Muntele Mare and around Someșu Rece (where can also be found
feldspar Feldspars are a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, also containing other cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium. The most common members of the feldspar group are the ''plagioclase'' (sodium-calcium) feldsp ...
), dacites and andesites in Vlădeasa Massif and around Morlaca,
Bologa The Bologa is a left tributary of the river Șes in Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary ...
, Poieni, Săcuieu, Stolna and Iara, granites in Muntele Mare, limestones and dolomites used to fabricate binders (
lime Lime commonly refers to: * Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit * Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide * Lime (color), a color between yellow and green Lime may also refer to: Botany ...
,
cement A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel ( aggregate) together. Cement mix ...
), exploited in Săndulești,
Tureni Tureni ( hu, Tordatúr) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Ceanu Mic (''Pusztacsán''), Comșești (''Komjátszeg''), Mărtinești (''Pusztaszentmárton''), Micești (''Mikes'') and Tureni. Dem ...
, Surduc,
Buru Buru (formerly spelled Boeroe, Boro, or Bouru) is the third largest island within the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It lies between the Banda Sea to the south and Seram Sea to the north, west of Ambon and Seram islands. The island belongs to ...
, Poieni, etc., calcareous tuffs of high quality with quarries at Tioc– Cornești,
kaolin Kaolinite ( ) is a clay mineral, with the chemical composition Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4. It is an important industrial mineral. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica () linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral ...
sands at Popești, Topa, Băgara, Gârbău, etc.,
salt Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in the form of a natural crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite. Salt is present in vast quantitie ...
, with significant reserves at Ocna Dejului,
Turda Turda (; hu, Torda, ; german: link=no, Thorenburg; la, Potaissa) is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the Europ ...
,
Cojocna Cojocna ( hu, Kolozs; german: Salzgrub, Klosmarkt) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Boj-Cătun (''Bósi alagút''), Boju (''Kolozsbós''), Cara (''Kolozskara''), Cojocna, Huci (''Cserealja''), Iu ...
,
Sic The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; "thus", "just as"; in full: , "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any e ...
, Nireș, gravel pits on Someșul Mic at Gilău, Florești and on lower Arieș.


Vegetation

The vegetation is heterogeneous and storeyed due to the prevalence of hilly and mountainous relief. In Cluj County can be met a wide range of plant formations. Sub-alpine floor, present in Vlădeasa Massif and Muntele Mare, is characterized by lawns with midget grasses and
juniper Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Juniperus'' () of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on the taxonomy, between 50 and 67 species of junipers are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, from the Arcti ...
bushes. The
spruce A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...
forests floor, expanded on mountain slopes between 1,000 and 1,600 m, consists predominantly of spruce mixed with fir, and the
deciduous forest In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...
s floor develops on all forms of relief, ranging from 400 to 1,000 m, and consists of
sessile Sessility, or sessile, may refer to: * Sessility (motility), organisms which are not able to move about * Sessility (botany), flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem or peduncle of a plant * Sessility (medicine), tumors and polyps that ...
forests mixed with
beech Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engle ...
,
hornbeam Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus ''Carpinus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Origin of names The common English name ''hornbeam ...
or
elm Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North ...
. On slopes with northern exposure of Luna River, Luna and Lujerdiu valleys develop compact clusters of sessile, hornbeam, Fraxinus, ash and elm forests. In the Hilly Plain of Transylvania appear islands of steppe, alternating with patches of forests.


Fauna

The fauna is adapted to vegetation flooring, but less constant to its limits, due to great mobility; it is rich in species. In forests are present numerous animals of cynegetic interest, including deer, stag, bear, fox, lynx, wild boar, squirrel, and on Someș Valley naturally entered the muskrat. Around artificial lakes live a series of birds (duck, coot, stork), in the Someș Plateau and Transylvanian Plain was colonized the pheasant, and in Turda Gorge area lives the golden eagle, rock eagle. Mountain rivers are populated with trouts, Thymallus thymallus, graylings and common nase, nases, and in the lower ones with barbel (fish), barbel and chub.


Economy

Cluj has, after Bucharest, the largest number of companies in the country (over 32,000 firms in 2014) and ranks third after net average earning, with 1,890 lei in December 2013 (Bucharest has 2,474 lei, and Ilfov 2,138 lei); it is almost 5% higher than the national average. Great investors in the automotive industry, but also in IT have increased the average salary of employees, but these wage increases have led to an increase in the cost of living, reflected, for example, through higher rents than in surrounding counties. In Cluj companies work over 150,000 people, and after their turnover, the county ranks fifth in the Romanian business hierarchy, with €8 billion in 2012, after Bucharest (€81.9 billion), Ilfov County, Ilfov (€13.6 billion), Argeș County, Argeș (€9.1 billion) and Timiș County, Timiș (€8.7 billion). The number of registered unemployed at the end of June 2014 was 9,744 people, and the unemployment rate, calculated on the working population, is 2.8%, being 0.6% lower than the unemployment rate in June 2013. In 2015, GDP per capita is +30% more than the national average. Cluj County is the county with the most industrial parks in the country. Five such functional areas and another in preparation already attracted investment of over half a billion euros and led to the creation of over 5,000 jobs. In June 2014 industrial production increased by 19.6% over the same month in 2013, according to data released by the County Directorate of Statistics. Compared with the first half of 2013, between 1 January and 30 June 2014 the industrial production index was 122.3%. The turnover value index in industry in June 2014 was 11.7% higher than in June 2013. Cumulated six months, the turnover value index is 112.5% compared to the same period in 2013. The largest new investment in the domain was carried out in public industrial parks (Tetarom II and III, with Emerson Electric, Emerson in Muncii Blvd. and Robert Bosch GmbH, Bosch and De'Longhi in Jucu) or private ones in Dej and Câmpia Turzii. Therewith, the industry in Cluj County is characterized by a strong potential for processing both local resources and those attracted. Within processing industry are represented most existing branches nationwide. Over 24% of the employed population is working in different industrial sub-branches. Likewise, an important sector of Cluj County economy is the Information technology, IT sector and that related to customer service – services of sales, marketing, services of help desk, IT helpdesk, technical support, that record an annual increase of over 30% in the number of employees. The industrial production in the county is intended to cover the domestic demand and supply to foreign partners. Among processing industries, those with the highest share in industrial production are non-ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal industry (17.9%), food industry, food and beverage industry (17.5%), metallurgy, metallurgic industry (12.9%), chemical industry, chemicals and synthetic fiber, man-made fibers industry (8.1%), cellulose, cellulose, paper and cardboard industry (8%). Regarding foreign trade, compared to the same period in 2013, exports increased by 8.3%, but imports grew more strongly: plus 14.4%. More precisely, foreign trade in Cluj County, between 1 January and 30 April, is focused on achieving an export volume worth €315.7 million and imports totaling €598 million. Among the products supplied for export can be mentioned: paper and cardboard; articles of paper pulp, paper or cardboard; clothing items and accessories; footwear and similar articles; products of cast iron, iron and steel; boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; machinery and electrical equipment and parts thereof; optical, photographic and cinematographic instruments; pharmaceuticals; glass and glassware; furniture. Were imported in large quantities: coffee and tea; fuel, mineral oils and products of distillation; organic chemicals; fertilizers; hides; paper and cardboard; products of cast iron, iron and steel; boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; machinery and electrical equipment and parts thereof; vehicles, other than railway rolling stock; silk; cotton; man-made fibers; furniture.


Agriculture

Concerning agriculture and silviculture, varying climatic conditions of the area have created a favorable environment for the development of agriculture, this being the second branch, as share and importance, in the economy of the county. An important role in this economic sector holds zootechnics, but crop production has also a significant share. Both the vegetal and animal sectors undergo a period of transition characterized by reduced production from year to year, a situation that requires the adoption of measures to stimulate the recovery of agriculture. The importance of agriculture lies in the existence of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine that annually licenses more than 2,000 graduates, specialists in all fields of agriculture.


Tourism

There are several tourist destinations in Cluj county, such as its capital city,
Cluj-Napoca ; hu, kincses város) , official_name=Cluj-Napoca , native_name= , image_skyline= , subdivision_type1 = Counties of Romania, County , subdivision_name1 = Cluj County , subdivision_type2 = Subdivisions of Romania, Status , subdivision_name2 ...
, the Apuseni mountains, castles, fortresses and churches.


Transport


Rail network

At the county level, double railway lines have a share of 70%, being the highest in the Nord-Vest development region, and the degree of electrification is over 50% of existing railway lines. Regarding the transportation of goods, receiving stations at the county level occupy leading positions at a regional level: Dej,
Câmpia Turzii Câmpia Turzii (; german: Jerischmarkt; hu, Aranyosgyéres) is a municipality in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, which was formed in 1925 by the union of two villages, Ghiriș (''Aranyosgyéres'') and Sâncrai (''Szentkirály''). It was de ...
,
Turda Turda (; hu, Torda, ; german: link=no, Thorenburg; la, Potaissa) is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the Europ ...
, Aghireșu,
Gherla Gherla (; hu, Szamosújvár; german: Neuschloss) is a municipiu, municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 20,203. Three vil ...
and
Cluj-Napoca ; hu, kincses város) , official_name=Cluj-Napoca , native_name= , image_skyline= , subdivision_type1 = Counties of Romania, County , subdivision_name1 = Cluj County , subdivision_type2 = Subdivisions of Romania, Status , subdivision_name2 ...
. The length of railways that cross the county is 240 km, of which 129 km electrified line. Through Câmpia Turzii, Cluj-Napoca and
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
passes Căile Ferate Române Line 300, CFR Line 300 Bucharest–Oradea that links with the countries of Central Europe, Central and Western Europe. One of the major railway junctions of the country is Dej, being connected with important centers in the northern part of the country on routes: Dej–Baia Mare–Satu Mare, Dej–Beclean–Ilva Mică, Dej–Salva, Bistrița-Năsăud, Salva–Sighetu Marmației, Dej–Beclean–Deda, Romania, Deda.


Road network

In 2010, Cluj County recorded a road network density of 0.4 km of road/km2. This level places Cluj above the national average (0.33 km of road/km2). Cluj County has a dense network of public roads, with a total length of 2,699 km, of which 502 km are national roads. Out of the total, 698 km are modernized roads, in majority portions of roads of national and international interest. Inland, connections are provided by 2,197 km of county and communal roads, of which 255 km are modernized, and 720 km are covered with light road surfaces. In December 2009 were opened the first 42 km of A3 motorway (Romania), A3 motorway, between Turda and Cluj West, and in November 2010, another 12 km between Turda and Câmpia Turzii. Were put into use bypasses for Cluj-Napoca,
Apahida Apahida ( hu, Apahida; german: Bruckendorf; la, Pons Abbatis) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Apahida, Bodrog (''Bodrog''), Câmpenești, Corpadea (''Kolozskorpád''), Dezmir (''Dezmér''), Pat ...
and
Gherla Gherla (; hu, Szamosújvár; german: Neuschloss) is a municipiu, municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 20,203. Three vil ...
. Likewise, were also modernized several mountain and forest roads.


Airports

Cluj International Airport, Avram Iancu International Airport, is the second-largest airport in Romania, handling 1,182,047 passengers in 2014. The airport is located in
Someșeni Someșeni (formerly known as ''Someșfalău''; German: ''Mikelsdorf''; Hungarian: ''Szamosfalva'') is a largely residential neighbourhood of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. History The area was inhabited by Gepids The Gepids, ( la, Gepidae, Gipedae, ...
and serves Cluj-Napoca. It operates passenger flights and international cargo flights. The airport has been continuously expanded and modernized. The new terminal built in 2009, with a capacity of 1.5 million passengers per year, is intended for both domestic flights and foreign ones. The terminal has international standard facilities.


Education

Education takes place in 359 kindergartens, 435 general schools, 55 high schools, 9 higher education institutions with 49 faculties, in Romanian or Hungarian. There are also 26 scientific research institutes and a subsidiary of the Romanian Academy. Out of cultural institutions network can be mentioned 4 drama theaters, 2 operas, a national theater, "Transylvania" State Philharmonic, 453 library, libraries, 10 Movie theater, cinemas, 18 houses of culture, 223 community centers, 12 museums, etc.


Health

There are 16 hospitals, 234 dispensary, dispensaries, a tuberculosis, TB sanatorium, 15 polyclinics, 122 pharmacy, pharmacies in which work 2,637 physicians, and 5,709 medical staff.


Politics

The Cluj County Council, renewed at the 2020 Romanian local elections, 2020 local elections, consists of 36 counsellors, with the following party composition:


Administrative divisions

Cluj County has 5 municipalities, 1 town and 75 communes. *Municipalities: **
Câmpia Turzii Câmpia Turzii (; german: Jerischmarkt; hu, Aranyosgyéres) is a municipality in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, which was formed in 1925 by the union of two villages, Ghiriș (''Aranyosgyéres'') and Sâncrai (''Szentkirály''). It was de ...
; pop. 22,223 (as of 2011) **
Cluj-Napoca ; hu, kincses város) , official_name=Cluj-Napoca , native_name= , image_skyline= , subdivision_type1 = Counties of Romania, County , subdivision_name1 = Cluj County , subdivision_type2 = Subdivisions of Romania, Status , subdivision_name2 ...
– county seat; pop. 324,576 ** Dej; pop. 33,497 **
Gherla Gherla (; hu, Szamosújvár; german: Neuschloss) is a municipiu, municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 20,203. Three vil ...
; pop. 20,982 **
Turda Turda (; hu, Torda, ; german: link=no, Thorenburg; la, Potaissa) is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the Europ ...
; pop. 47,744 * Towns: **
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
; pop. 9,346 * Communes: ** Aghireșu ** Aiton, Cluj, Aiton ** Aluniș, Cluj, Aluniș **
Apahida Apahida ( hu, Apahida; german: Bruckendorf; la, Pons Abbatis) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Apahida, Bodrog (''Bodrog''), Câmpenești, Corpadea (''Kolozskorpád''), Dezmir (''Dezmér''), Pat ...
** Așchileu ** Baciu ** Băişoara ** Beliș ** Bobâlna ** Bonțida ** Borșa, Cluj, Borșa ** Buza, Cluj, Buza ** Căianu ** Călărași, Cluj, Călărași ** Călățele ** Cămărașu ** Căpușu Mare ** Cășeiu ** Cătina, Cluj, Cătina ** Câțcău ** Ceanu Mare ** Chinteni ** Chiuiești ** Ciucea ** Ciurila **
Cojocna Cojocna ( hu, Kolozs; german: Salzgrub, Klosmarkt) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Boj-Cătun (''Bósi alagút''), Boju (''Kolozsbós''), Cara (''Kolozskara''), Cojocna, Huci (''Cserealja''), Iu ...
** Cornești ** Cuzdrioara ** Dăbâca **
Feleacu Feleacu ( hu, Erdőfelek; german: Fleck) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, South ...
**
Fizeșu Gherlii Fizeşu Gherlii ( hu, Ördöngösfüzes; german: Teufelswald) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Bonț (''Boncnyíres''), Fizeșu Gherlii, Nicula (''Füzesmikola'') and Săcălaia (''Kisszék''). ...
** Florești **
Frata Frata ( hu, Magyarfráta) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Berchieșu (''Berkenyes''), Frata, Oaș, Olariu, Pădurea Iacobeni, Poiana Frății (''Bethlentanya''), Răzoare (''Rozor'') and Sopor ...
** Gârbău ** Geaca ** Gilău ** Iara ** Iclod **
Izvoru Crișului Izvoru Crișului ( ro, Izvoru Crișului; hu, Körösfő, german: Krieschwej); is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of four villages: Izvoru Crișului, Nadășu (''Kalotanádas''), Nearșova (''Nyárszó'') and Șaula ...
** Jichișu de Jos ** Jucu **
Luna Luna commonly refers to: * Earth's Moon, named "Luna" in Latin * Luna (goddess), the ancient Roman personification of the Moon Luna may also refer to: Places Philippines * Luna, Apayao * Luna, Isabela * Luna, La Union * Luna, San Jose Roma ...
** Măguri-Răcătău ** Mănăstireni ** Mărgău ** Mărișel ** Mica, Cluj, Mica ** Mihai Viteazu, Cluj, Mihai Viteazu ** Mintiu Gherlii ** Mociu **
Moldovenești Moldovenești (formerly ''Orfalău'' and ''Varfalău''; hu, Várfalva; german: Burgdorf) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania, 12 km southwest of Turda, in the valley of the Arieș. History The oldest record about the ancient c ...
** Negreni, Cluj, Negreni ** Pălatca **
Panticeu Panticeu ( hu, Páncélcseh; german: Böhmischhofen) is a commune in the northern part of Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Cătălina (''Szentkatolnadorna''), Cubleșu Someșan (''Magyarköblös''), Dârja (''Ma ...
** Petreștii de Jos ** Ploscoș ** Poieni, Cluj, Poieni ** Râșca, Cluj, Râșca ** Recea-Cristur ** Săcuieu ** Săndulești **
Săvădisla Săvădisla ( hu, Tordaszentlászló) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Finișel, Hășdate, Lita, Liteni, Săvădisla, Stolna, Vălișoara and Vlaha. Demographics At the 2011 census, 51.6% of ...
**
Sâncraiu Sâncraiu (''Kalotaszentkirály'' in Hungarian) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Villages The commune is composed of five villages: Alunișu (''Magyarókereke''), Domoșu (''Kalotadámos''), Brăișoru (''Malomszeg''), Horla ...
** Sânmartin, Cluj, Sânmartin ** Sânpaul **
Sic The Latin adverb ''sic'' (; "thus", "just as"; in full: , "thus was it written") inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any e ...
** Suatu ** Tritenii de Jos **
Tureni Tureni ( hu, Tordatúr) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Ceanu Mic (''Pusztacsán''), Comșești (''Komjátszeg''), Mărtinești (''Pusztaszentmárton''), Micești (''Mikes'') and Tureni. Dem ...
**
Țaga Țaga ( Hungarian: ''Cege''; German: ''Zegen'') is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Năsal (''Noszoly''), Sântejude (''Vasasszentegyed''), Sântejude-Vale (''Vasasszentegyedi völgy''), Sântioana ...
**
Unguraș Unguraș ( hu, Bálványosváralja) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of five villages: Batin (''Bátony''), Daroț (''Daróc''), Sicfa (''Székfa''), Unguraș, and Valea Ungurașului (''Csabaújfalu''). Geograph ...
** Vad, Cluj, Vad ** Valea Ierii, Cluj, Valea Ierii ** Viișoara, Cluj, Viișoara ** Vultureni, Cluj, Vultureni


Historical county

Historically, Cojocna County was located in the central-northwestern part of Greater Romania, in the northwestern part of
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
. After reorganized and renamed to Cluj County, its territory included all of the current Cluj County, and some of the communes now in Sălaj County and
Mureș County Mureș County (, ro, Județul Mures, hu, Maros megye) is a county (''județ'') of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș. The county was established in 1968, after the administrative ...
. It was bordered on the north by the counties of Sălaj, Someș County, Someș, and Năsăud County, Năsăud, on the west by Bihor County, on the south by Turda County, and to the east by
Mureș County Mureș County (, ro, Județul Mures, hu, Maros megye) is a county (''județ'') of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania, with the administrative centre in Târgu Mureș. The county was established in 1968, after the administrative ...
.


History

The territory of the county was transferred in 1920 from the
Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
, as successor state to Austria-Hungary, to Romania by the Treaty of Trianon. Thus, Cluj County was the successor to the former Hungarian administrative unit of
Kolozs County Kolozs County was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and of the Principality of Transylvania. Its territory is now in north-western Romania (north-western Transylvania). The capital ...
( hu, Kolozs vármegye). Until the year 1925 it was called Cojocna County ( ro, Județul Cojocna). In Hungarian, the town of
Cojocna Cojocna ( hu, Kolozs; german: Salzgrub, Klosmarkt) is a commune in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of eight villages: Boj-Cătun (''Bósi alagút''), Boju (''Kolozsbós''), Cara (''Kolozskara''), Cojocna, Huci (''Cserealja''), Iu ...
is called "Kolozs", so it was a rough equivalent of the prior Hungarian name. Cojocna County's headquarters were in Cluj, but Cluj enjoyed the status of a free city. In 1925, the autonomous status of Cluj was abolished, and the free city was merged with the county of Cojocna, which was renamed Cluj County. In 1938, Carol II of Romania, King Carol II promulgated a new 1938 Constitution of Romania, Constitution, and subsequently he had the administrative division of the Romanian territory changed. Former administrative divisions of Romania#Ținuturi: 1938 - 1940, 10 ''ținuturi'' (approximate translation: "lands") were created (by merging the counties) to be ruled by ''rezidenți regali'' (approximate translation: "Royal Residents") - appointed directly by the King - instead of the Prefect (Romania), prefects. Cluj County became part of Ținutul Crișuri. In 1940, part of the county was transferred back to Hungary with the rest of Northern Transylvania under the Second Vienna Award. The parts of the county that remained under Romanian administration (the south of the county, including Feleacu, Cluj, Feleacu, were united with Turda County and became Cluj-Turda County. Beginning in 1944, Romanian forces with Soviet assistance recaptured the ceded territory and reintegrated it into Romania. Romanian jurisdiction over the entire county per the Treaty of Trianon was reaffirmed in the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. The county was disestablished Regions of the People's Republic of Romania, by the communist government of Romania in 1950, and re-established in 1968 when Romania restored the county administrative system.


Administration

As of 1925, the county had an area of 5,079 km2 and a population of 352,029 inhabitants, consisted of 226 rural communes (equivalent to today's villages), and one urban commune (the city of Cluj), and was administratively subdivided into twelve districts (''plasă, plăși''):''"Minerva. Enciclopedie Română"'' (Ed. Comitetului de Redacție al Enciclopediei Române Minerva, Cluj, 1929), pag. 316 #Plasa Aghireșu, headquartered at Aghireșu, Cluj, Aghireșu #Plasa Almaș, headquartered at Hida, Sălaj, Hida #Plasa Borșa, headquartered at Borșa, Cluj, Borșa #Plasa Călata, headquartered at Călata, Cluj, Călata #Plasa Câmpia, headquartered at Sărmășag, Sălaj, Sărmașu #Plasa Criș, headquartered at Ciucea, Cluj, Ciucea #Plasa Huedin, headquartered at
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
#Plasa Mociu, headquartered at Mociu, Cluj, Mociu #Plasa Moților, headquartered at Gilău #Plasa Nădășel, headquartered at Baciu, Cluj, Baciu #Plasa Someș, headquartered at Răscruci, Cluj, Răscruci #Plasa Vlaha, headquartered at Vlaha, Cluj, Vlaha The administration and territory of the county were reorganized in 1929, introducing municipalities, towns, communes and villages. The county' capital remained at Cluj (now Cluj-Napoca). The county had nine districts comprising one city (Cluj), one town
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
, and 232 villages divided into seven other districts:Grigor P. Pop - ''"Județul Cluj"'' (Ed. Academiei Române, București, 2007), pag. 16 #Plasa Aghireșu, headquartered at Aghireșu, Cluj, Aghireșu, containing 28 villages #Plasa Borșa, headquartered at Borșa, Cluj, Borșa, containing 20 villages #Plasa Călata, headquartered at Călata, Cluj, Călata, containing 25 villages #Plasa Cluj, headquartered at Apahida, Cluj, Apahida, containing 46 villages #Plasa Gilău, headquartered at Gilău, containing 24 villages #Plasa Hida, headquartered at Hida, Sălaj, Hida, containing 37 villages #Plasa Huedin, headquartered at
Huedin Huedin ( hu, Bánffyhunyad, ; german: Heynod; yi, הוניוד or הוניאד) is a town in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. Huedin is located at the northern edge of the Apuseni Mountains. It is surrounded by the villages of Nearșova, Dom ...
, containing 57 villages #Plasa Mociu, headquartered at Mociu, Cluj, Mociu, containing 28 villages #Plasa Sărmașu, headquartered at Sărmașu, containing 20 villages


Population

According to the census data of 1930, the county's population was 334,991, of which 60.9% were ethnic Romanians, 30.1% Hungarians, 5.1% Jews, 2.3% Romanies, 0.8% Germans, as well as other minorities.Recensământul general al populației României din 29 decemvrie 1930, Vol. II, pag. 134-140 In the religious aspect, the population consisted of 42.7% Greek Catholic, 21.7% Reformed, 19.3% Eastern Orthodox, 8.6% Roman Catholic, 5.3% Jewish, 0.8% Lutheran, and other minorities.Recensământul general al populației României din 29 decemvrie 1930, Vol. II, pag. 588-591 The county's population was spread out among the districts, the most populous of which were: 15.2% of the county's population was in the city of Cluj, 14.2% in Plasa Huedin, 8.8% in Plasa Hida, 8.1% in Plasa Gilău, 7.1% in Plasa Sărmașu, and 6.2% in Plasa Borșa.


Urban population

In 1930, the urban population of the county was 106,245, of which 47.6% were ethnic Hungarians, 33.9% Romanians, 13.3% Jews, 2.4% Germans, as well as other minorities. As the mother tongue in the urban population, Hungarian predominated (54.6%), followed by Romanian (33.8%), Yiddish (7.1%), German (2.6%), as well as other minority languages. From the religious point of view, the urban population was made up of 27.8% Reformed, 22.2% Greek Catholic, 19.5% Roman Catholic, 13.7% Jewish, 11.7% Eastern Orthodox, 2.3% Lutheran, 2.0% Unitarian, as well as other minorities.


References


External links

*
Cluj County Council
*
Cluj County Prefecture
{{Authority control Cluj County, Counties of Romania Geography of Transylvania 1925 establishments in Romania 1938 disestablishments in Romania States and territories disestablished in 1938 States and territories established in 1925 1944 establishments in Romania 1950 disestablishments in Romania 1968 establishments in Romania States and territories established in 1944 States and territories disestablished in 1950 States and territories established in 1968