Champsosaurus

''Champsosaurus'' is an extinct genus of crocodile-like choristodere reptile, known from the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene periods of North America and Europe (Campanian-Paleocene). The name ''Champsosaurus'' is thought to come from , () said in an Ancient Greek source to be an Egyptian word for "crocodiles", and , () Greek for "lizard". The morphology of ''Champsosaurus'' resembles that of gharials, with a long, elongated snout. It was native to freshwater environments where it likely preyed on fish, similar to living gharials.

History of research

''Champsosaurus'' was the first member of the Choristodera to be described. ''Champsosaurus'' was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, from isolated vertebrae found in Late Cretaceous strata of the Judith River Formation on the banks of the Judith River in Fergus County, Montana. Cope designated ''C. annectens'' as the type species rather than the first named ''C. profundus'' due to the larger number of vertebrae he attributed to the species. ''C. annectens'' was based on 9 isolated vertebral centra (AMNH FR 5696) that were not figured in the paper of which two are now lost. Cope named several other species between 1876 and 1882, also based on isolated vertebrae. Barnum Brown in 1905 described the first complete remains of ''Champsosaurus'', and noted that one of the species attributed to ''Champsosaurus'' by Cope in 1876, ''C. vaccinsulensis'' actually represented indeterminate plesiosaur remains, and that the vertebrae that Cope used to diagnose his species of ''Champsosaurus'' were heavily eroded and the diagnostic features varied substantially along the spinal column, and were not diagnostic to species level, including the remains that Cope attributed to the type species ''C. annectens''.B. Brown. 1905
The osteology of Champsosaurus Cope
''American Museum of Natural History, Memoirs'' 9:1–264 The conclusion that ''C. annectens'' was undiagnostic was supported by William Parks in 1933.W. A. Parks. 1933. New species of Champsosaurus from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, Canada. ''Transactions of Royal Society of Canada'' 27:121–137

Brown in 1905 named two species of ''Champsosaurus.'' One was ''C. ambulator'', named from the specimen AMNH 983, a fragmentary skeleton with a partial skull found in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. The other was ''C. laramiensis'', named from AMNH 982, a nearly complete skeleton and skull, also found in the Hell Creek Formation. Parks in 1927 named ''C. albertensis'' from ROM 806, a partial skeleton lacking the skull, found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in Alberta, Canada. Parks in 1933 named the species ''C. natator'' from an incomplete skeleton with a fragmentary skull (TMP 81.47.1) found in the Belly River Group in the Red Deer River valley in Alberta. In 1979, Denise Sigogneau-Russell named the species ''C. dolloi'' from remains found in the Paleocene of Belgium. In 1972, Bruce Erickson named the species ''C. gigas'' from SMM P71.2.1, a partial skeleton and skull found in the Sentinel Butte Formation, Golden Valley County, North Dakota. Erickson subsequently in 1981 named the species ''C. tenuis'' from SMM P79.14.1, a partial skeleton and skull found in the Bullion Creek Formation, North Dakota. In 1998 K. Q. Gao and Richard Carr Fox described the species ''C. lindoei'' from UALVP 931, a nearly complete skeleton with skull and jaws from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. The publication also thoroughly reviewed ''Champsosaurus'', rediagnosing most species except for ''C. ambulator'' and ''C. laramiensis''.

Fossils of ''Champsosaurus'' have been found in North America (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, and Wyoming) and Europe (Belgium and France), dating from the Upper Cretaceous to the late Paleocene. Remains tenatively referred to ''Champsosaurus'' are known from the high Canadian Arctic, dating to the Coniacian–Turonian, a time of extreme warmth.

Taxonomy

Sixteen species of ''Champsosaurus'' have been named, of which seven are presently considered valid. The type species ''Champsosaurus annectens'' Cope, 1876 is considered to be dubious. The only named European species ''C. dolloi'' Sigogneau-Russell 1979 was considered to be too fragmentary to warrant a new species by Gao and Fox in 1998.

Description

Most species grew to about 1.50 m (5 ft) long,D.Lambert, D.Naish and E.Wyse 2001, "Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and prehistoric life", p. 77, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. though ''Champsosaurus gigas'', the largest species, reached 3–3.5 m (10–12 ft) in length.

Anatomy

The skull of ''Champsosaurus'' is dorsoventrally flattened, while the temporal arches are expanded posteriorly (towards the back of the skull) and laterally (away from the midline), giving the skull a heart shaped appearance when viewed from above. The snout is greatly elongated and gharial-like, making up around half the length of the skull, and at least four times as long as it is wide, with the opening of the nostrils at the end of the snout. The openings of the ears are located on the underside of the skull. The body is flat and streamlined, with heavy gastralia (rib-like bones situated in the belly). Compared to other choristoderes, the lacrimal bone is reduced in size to a small triangle, the postorbital bone does not form part of the orbit (eye socket), there is no contact between the premaxilla and the vomer bones, an internarial bone is present, the choanae are located posteriorly in correlation to the elongation of the vomer, the interpterygoid vacuity is small and completely enclosed by the pterygoid bones and located near the posterior margin of the suborbital fenestra, the shape of the suborbital fenestra is shortened and kidney like, the articulation between the pterygoid and the parasphenoid is fused, the joint between the skull and the lower jaws is anterior to level of the occipital condyles, the neomorphic bone forms most of the border of the posttemporal fenestra, the paroccipital process is strongly deflected downwards, the basal tubera of the basisphenoid are wing-like in shape and expanded backwards and downwards, the mandibular symphysis (connection of the two halves of the lower jaw) is elongated to over half the length of the tooth row, and the splenial bone strongly intervenes in the mandibular symphysis.

Internal cranial anatomy

The braincase of ''Champsosaurus'' is poorly ossified at the front of the skull (anterior), but is well ossified in the rear (posterior) similar to other diapsids. The cranial endocast (space occupied by the brain in the cranial vault) is similar to that of basal archosauromorphs, being proportionally narrow in both dorsoventral and lateral axes, with an enlarged pineal body and olfactory bulbs. The optic lobes and flocculi are small in size, indicating only average vision ability at best. The olfactory chambers of the nasal passages and olfactory stalks of the braincase are reasonably large, indicating that ''Champsosaurus'' probably had good olfactory capabilities (sense of smell). The nasal passages lack bony turbinates. The semicircular canals are most similar to those of other aquatic reptiles. The expansion of the sacculus indicates that ''Champsosaurus'' likely had an increased sensitivity to low frequency sounds and vibrations. The absence of an otic notch indicates that ''Champsosaurus'' lacked a tympanum, and probably had a poor ability to detect airborne sounds.

Teeth

''Champsosaurus'', like many of its fellow neochoristoderes, features teeth with striated enamel of the tooth crown with enamel infolding at the base. Anterior teeth are typically sharper and more slender than posterior teeth. Like other choristoderes, ''Champsosaurus'' possessed palatal teeth (teeth present on the bones of the roof of the mouth), with longitudinal rows present on the pterygoid, palatine and vomer, alongside a small row on the flange of the pterygoid. The palatine teeth of ''Champsosaurus'' are located on raised platforms of bone, though the wideness of the platforms, the sharpness and orientation of teeth vary between species. The orientation of the teeth varies in the jaw, with the posterior teeth being orientated backward. The palatal teeth, likely in combination with a fleshy tongue probably aided in gripping and swallowing prey.

Skin

Skin impressions of ''Champsosaurus'' have been reported. They consist of small (0.6-0.1 mm) pustulate and rhomboid scales, with the largest scales being located on the lateral sides of the body, decreasing in size dorsally, no osteoderms were present.

Classification

''Champsosaurus'' belongs to the Neochoristodera, a clade within Choristodera, the members of which are characterised by elongated snouts and expanded temporal arches. The group first appeared during the Early Cretaceous in Asia, and are suggested to have evolved in the regional absence of aquatic crocodyliformes. While Neochoristodera is a well supported grouping, the relationships of the members of the group to each other are uncertain, with the clade having been recovered as a polytomy in recent analyses.

Phylogeny of Choristodera after Dong and colleagues (2020).

Paleobiology

''Champsosaurus'' is thought to have been highly specialised for aquatic life. Erickson 1985 suggested that the expanded temporal arches, which likely anchored powerful jaw muscles, and elongated snout allowed ''Champsosaurus'' to prey on fish akin to modern gharials, with these adaptions allowing rapid movement of the head and jaws for prey capture. A study in 2021 found that the middle and posteror neck vertebrae of ''Champsosaurus'' were adapted for lateral movement, and that ''Champsosaurus'' may have fed by laterally sweeping its head, using its slender jaws to grab individual fish from shoals, akin to how modern gharials feed. The mechanism of head movement is different from that of gharials, where the lateral movement occurs at the head-neck joint. It is unlikely that ''Champsosaurus'' fed by intertial feeding (where the prey is temporarily let go and the head moved forwards in order to force the prey deeper into the throat), but that the prey was moved down the throat by the tongue in combination with the palatal dentition. Erickston 1985 proposed that the position of the nostrils at the front of the snout allowed ''Champsosaurus'' to spend large amounts of time at the bottom of water bodies, with the head being angled upwards to allow the snout to act like a snorkel when the animal needed to breathe. However, later studies suggested that the neck vertebrae of ''Champsosaurus'' only had a limited ability to flex upwards. ''Champsosaurus'' co-existed with similarly sized aquatic crocodilians and at some Paleocene localities with fellow neochoristodere ''Simoedosaurus'', though in assemblages where ''Champsosaurus'' occurs longirostrine (long snouted) gharial-like crocodilians are absent, suggesting that there was niche differentiation. Previously, two species of ''Champsosaurus'' were identified from the Tullock Formation in Montana. However, these differences are now thought to be sexually dimorphic, with presumed females possessing robust limb bones. Non-deformation related fusion of the sacral vertebrae is also observed in specimens with robust limb bones. These are hypothesised to be related to breeding behaviour, with the more robust limb bones and fused sacrals of the females allowing them to move themselves onto land to lay eggs.

See also

* Tullock Formation
* Hell Creek Formation
* Paleontology in Montana

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q860015
Paleontology in Alberta
Fossils of Canada
Choristodera
Prehistoric marine reptiles
Prehistoric reptile genera
Maastrichtian genera
Campanian genus first appearances
Late Cretaceous reptiles of Europe
Paleocene reptiles of Europe
Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America
Paleocene reptiles of North America
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Fossil taxa described in 1877