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''Cynanchum'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of about 300
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
including some swallowworts, belonging to the
family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...
. The taxon name comes from
Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is dog-strangling vine. Most
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
are non-
succulent In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word ''succulent'' comes from the Latin word ''sucus'', meani ...
climbers or twiners. There is some evidence of
toxicity Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subst ...
.


Morphology

These plants are perennial herbs or subshrubs, often growing from
rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...
s. The leaves are usually oppositely arranged and sometimes are borne on petioles. The
inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...
s and flowers come in a variety of shapes. Like other species of the milkweed family, these plants bear follicles, which are podlike dry fruits.


Distribution

These species are found throughout the
tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
and
subtropics The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...
. Several species also grow in
temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
regions.


Importance

The root of '' Cynanchum atratum'' is used in
Chinese traditional medicine Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. It has been described as "fraught with pseudoscience", with the majority of its treatments having no logical mechanism of action ...
and called ''Bai wei''. Several other species had traditional Chinese medicinal uses. ''
Cynanchum louiseae ''Vincetoxicum nigrum'', a species in the family Apocynaceae, also known as black swallow-wort, Louise's swallow-wort, or black dog-strangling vine, is a species of plant that is native to Europe and is found primarily in Italy, France, Portugal, ...
'' (black swallowwort) and ''
Cynanchum rossicum ''Vincetoxicum rossicum'' is a flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is a perennial herb native to southern Europe and is a highly invasive plant growing in all of the Eastern United States, in the mid west, and southern Ontario and Quebe ...
'' (pale swallowwort) are troublesome
noxious weed A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural or other governing authority as a plant that is injurious to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or liv ...
s in parts of North America.


Classification

''Cynanchum'' as defined in the late 20th century (to include about 400 species) is
polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...
and is being broken up. Species are being moved to genera including ''
Orthosia ''Orthosia'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because man ...
'', '' Pentarrhinum'', and ''
Vincetoxicum ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...
'', with a group of mostly Old World species staying in ''Cynanchum'', and old genera such as ''
Raphistemma ''Raphistemma'' was a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1831, It is native to China and Southeast Asia. but now synonymous and subsumed into the genus ''Cynanchum''. ;Species # ''Raphistemma hoope ...
'' brought to synonymy.


Species

Species include: * '' Cynanchum absconditum'' Liede * ''
Cynanchum abyssinicum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is d ...
''
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
 * ''
Cynanchum acidum ''Cynanchum acidum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, typically found in the arid parts of peninsular India where it is used in religious sacrifices. The plant is religiously linked to Hinduism and is believed to be a m ...
'' (
Roxb. William Roxburgh FRSE FRCPE FLS (3/29 June 1751 – 18 February 1815) was a Scottish surgeon and botanist who worked extensively in India, describing species and working on economic botany. He is known as the founding father of Indian botany. ...
) Oken * '' Cynanchum aculeatum'' (Desc.) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum acuminatum'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex
Schult. Josef (Joseph) August Schultes (15 April 1773 in Vienna – 21 April 1831 in Landshut) was an Austrian botanist and professor from Vienna. Together with Johann Jacob Roemer (1763–1819), he published the 16th edition of Linnaeus' ''Systema ...
 * '' Cynanchum acutum'' L. * '' Cynanchum adalinae'' (
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
)
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * ''
Cynanchum africanum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...
'' ( L.)
Hoffmanns. Johann Centurius Hoffmann Graf von Hoffmannsegg (23 August 1766 – 13 December 1849) was a German botanist, entomologist and ornithologist. Hoffmannsegg was born at Rammenau and studied at Leipzig and Göttingen. He travelled through Euro ...
 * '' Cynanchum alatum''
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
&
Arn. George Arnott Walker Arnott of Arlary (6 February 1799 – 17 April 1868) was a Scottish botanist. Early life George Arnott Walker Arnott was born in Edinburgh in 1799, the son of David Walker Arnott of Arlary. He attended Milnathort Parish ...
 * '' Cynanchum alternilobum'' (M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum altiscandens''
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * '' Cynanchum ambovombense'' (Liede) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum ampanihense'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum analamazaotrense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum anderssonii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum andringitrense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum angavokeliense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum annularium'' (
Roxb. William Roxburgh FRSE FRCPE FLS (3/29 June 1751 – 18 February 1815) was a Scottish surgeon and botanist who worked extensively in India, describing species and working on economic botany. He is known as the founding father of Indian botany. ...
) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum ansamalense'' Liede * '' Cynanchum anthonyanum''
Hand.-Mazz. Heinrich Raphael Eduard Freiherr von Handel-Mazzetti (19 February 1882 in Vienna – 1 February 1940) was an Austrian botanist best known for his many publications on the flora of China and botanical explorations of that country. He was the cousi ...
 * '' Cynanchum antsiranense'' (Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum appendiculatopsis'' Liede * '' Cynanchum appendiculatum'' Choux * '' Cynanchum arabicum'' ( Bruyns & P.I.Forst.) Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum arenarium'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum areysianum'' ( Bruyns) Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum auriculatum'' * '' Cynanchum arizonicum'' – Arizona swallow-wort or Arizona climbing milkweed * '' Cynanchum balense'' Liede * '' Cynanchum baronii'' Choux * '' Cynanchum batangense'' P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum beatricis'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum bernardii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum bicampanulatum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum bisinuatum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''
Cynanchum blandum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...
'' (
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
) Sundell * '' Cynanchum blyttioides'' Liede * '' Cynanchum bojerianum'' (
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
) Choux * '' Cynanchum bosseri'' Liede * '' Cynanchum boudieri'' H.Lév. & Vaniot * '' Cynanchum boveanum''
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
 * '' Cynanchum bowmanii'' S.T.Blake * '' Cynanchum brasiliense'' ( Morillo) Liede * '' Cynanchum brevicoronatum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum brevipedicellatum'' ( P.I.Forst.) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum bricenoi'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum bungei''
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
 * '' Cynanchum callialatum'' Buch.-Ham. ex
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
 * ''
Cynanchum carautanum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...
'' (Fontella & E.A.Schwarz) Morillo * (
Miq. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (24 October 1811 – 23 January 1871) was a Dutch botanist, whose main focus of study was on the flora of the Dutch East Indies. Early life Miquel was born in Neuenhaus and studied medicine at the University of Groni ...
)
Maxim. Carl Johann Maximovich (also Karl Ivanovich Maximovich, Russian: Карл Иванович Максимович; 23 November 1827 in Tula, Russia – 16 February 1891 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian botanist. Maximovich spent most of his lif ...
 * '' Cynanchum caudigerum'' R.W.Holm * '' Cynanchum celebicum''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum chanchanense'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum chinense'' R.Br. * '' Cynanchum chouxii'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum comorense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum compactum'' Choux * '' Cynanchum corymbosum''
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
 * '' Cynanchum crassiantherae'' Liede * '' Cynanchum crassipedicellatum'' Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum cristalinense'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum cuatrecasasii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum cubense'' ( A.Rich.) Woodson * '' Cynanchum cucullatum''
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
 * '' Cynanchum cyathiforme'' (Sundell) W.D.Stevens * '' Cynanchum dalhousiae''
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
 * ''
Cynanchum daltonii ''Cynanchum daltonii'', synonym ''Sarcostemma daltonii'', is a species of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae. The species is endemic to Cape Verde.Oromí, Martín, Zurita & Cabrera, 2005 : Lista preliminar de especies silvestres de Cabo V ...
'' (
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum danguyanum'' Choux * '' Cynanchum decaryi'' Choux * '' Cynanchum decipiens'' C.K.Schneid. * '' Cynanchum decorsei'' ( Costantin & Gallaud) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum defilippii'' Delponte * '' Cynanchum descoingsii''
Rauh Werner Rauh (16 May 1913 in Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk – 7 April 2000 in Heidelberg) was an internationally renowned German biologist, botanist and author. Biography Born in the town of Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk near Bit ...
 * '' Cynanchum diazmirandae'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum dimidiatum'' (Hassk.) Boerl. * '' Cynanchum dombeyanum'' (
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
) Morillo * '' Cynanchum duclouxii'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum elachistemmoides'' (Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum elegans'' (
Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...
)
Domin Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutná Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia – 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician. After gymnasium school studies in Příbram, he studied botany at the Charles University in Prague, and graduated in 1906 ...
 * '' Cynanchum ellipticum'' ( Harv.) R.A.Dyer * '' Cynanchum erikseniae'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum erythranthum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum ethiopicum'' Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum eurychitoides'' (
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
)
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * '' Cynanchum eurychiton'' (
Decne. Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an ''aide-naturaliste'' to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to stu ...
)
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * '' Cynanchum falcatum''
Hutch. John Hutchinson, Officer of the Order of the British Empire, OBE, Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (7 April 1884 Blindburn, Northumberland – 2 September 1972 London) was an English botanist, taxonomist and author.''A Botanist in Southern Afric ...
& E.A.Bruce * '' Cynanchum fasciculiflorum'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum fernandezii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum fimbricoronum'' P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum floribundum'' R.Br. * '' Cynanchum floriferum'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum foetidum'' ( Cav.)
Kunth Carl Sigismund Kunth (18 June 1788 – 22 March 1850), also Karl Sigismund Kunth or anglicized as Charles Sigismund Kunth, was a German botanist. He is known for being one of the first to study and categorise plants from the American continents, ...
 * '' Cynanchum folotsioides'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum forskaolianum'' Meve & Liede * '' Cynanchum fragrans'' ( Wall.) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum gentryi'' ( Morillo) Liede * '' Cynanchum gerrardii'' ( Harv.) Liede * '' Cynanchum gilbertii'' Liede * '' Cynanchum giraldii''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum glomeratum'' Bosser * '' Cynanchum gobicum'' Grubov * '' Cynanchum goertsianum'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum gonoloboides''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum gracillimum'' Wall. ex
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
 * '' Cynanchum graminiforme'' Liede * '' Cynanchum grandidieri'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum graphistemmatoides'' Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum guatemalense''
Dugand Armando Dugand (July 23, 1906 – 1971) was a Colombian botanist, geobotanist, and ornithologist. Dugand's father, François Victor (or Francisco Víctor) Dugand, was a successful French banker; his mother was Reyes Geneco (or Gnecco) Coronado.Bo ...
 * '' Cynanchum guehoi'' Bosser * '' Cynanchum hardyi'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum hastifolium''
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * '' Cynanchum haughtii'' Woodson * '' Cynanchum hemsleyanum'' (
Oliv. Daniel Oliver, FRS (6 February 1830, Newcastle upon Tyne – 21 December 1916) was an English botanist. He was Librarian of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1860–1890 and Keeper there from 1864–1890, and Professor of Botany at ...
) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum heteromorphum'' Vatke * '' Cynanchum heydei''
Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...
 * '' Cynanchum hickenii''
Malme Malme or Malmefjorden is a village at the end of the Malmefjorden (an arm of the Frænfjorden) in Hustadvika Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located southeast of the municipal center of Elnesvågen and about sout ...
 * '' Cynanchum hoedimeerium''
Bakh.f. Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. (11 September 1911, Panjinangan, Sukabumi Regency, Java – 1 May 1987, Leiden) was a Dutch botanist. He was the son of Djahini of Tjiampea and Dutch botanist Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen van den Brin ...
 * '' Cynanchum hooperianum'' ( Blume) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum humbert-capuronii'' Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum implicatum'' ( Jum. & H.Perrier) Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum insigne'' (
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum insipidum'' (
E.Mey. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer (1 January 1791 – 7 August 1858) was a German botanist and botanical historian. Born in Hanover, he lectured in Göttingen and in 1826 became a professor of botany at the University of Königsberg, as well as Dir ...
) Liede & Khanum * '' Cynanchum insulanum''(
Hance Hance is an English and French surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Benjamin Hance (born 2000), Australian Paralympic swimmer * Blake Hance (born 1996), American football player * Guy Hance (1933–2008), Belgian politician *Henry Fl ...
)
Hemsl. William Botting Hemsley (29 December 1843, in East Hoathly – 7 October 1924, in Kent) was an English botanist and 1909 Victoria Medal (horticulture), Victoria Medal of Honour recipient. He was born in East Hoathly, Sussex and in 1860 started wo ...
 * '' Cynanchum itremense'' Liede * '' Cynanchum jaliscanum'' (
Vail Vail is a home rule municipality in Eagle County, Colorado, United States. The population of the town was 4,835 in 2020. Home to Vail Ski Resort, the largest ski mountain in Colorado, the town is known for its hotels, dining, and for the numero ...
) Woodson * '' Cynanchum jaramilloi'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum juliani-marnieri'' Desc. * '' Cynanchum jumellei'' Choux * '' Cynanchum junciforme'' (Decne.) Liede * '' Cynanchum kaschgaricum'' Y.X.Liou * '' Cynanchum kingdonwardii'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum kintungense'' Tsiang * '' Cynanchum kwangsiense'' Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * '' Cynanchum laeve'' - honeyvine * '' Cynanchum lanhsuense'' T.Yamaz. * '' Cynanchum lecomtei'' Choux * '' Cynanchum ledermannii''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum leptolepis'' (
Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...
)
Domin Karel Domin (4 May 1882, Kutná Hora, Kingdom of Bohemia – 10 June 1953, Prague) was a Czech botanist and politician. After gymnasium school studies in Příbram, he studied botany at the Charles University in Prague, and graduated in 1906 ...
 * '' Cynanchum leptostephanum''
Diels Diels is the last name of several people: * Rudolf Diels (1900–1957), German politician * Otto Diels (1876–1954), German scientist noted for his work on the Diels–Alder reaction * Ludwig Diels (1874–1945), German botanist * Hermann Diels ...
 * '' Cynanchum leucophellum''
Diels Diels is the last name of several people: * Rudolf Diels (1900–1957), German politician * Otto Diels (1876–1954), German scientist noted for his work on the Diels–Alder reaction * Ludwig Diels (1874–1945), German botanist * Hermann Diels ...
 * '' Cynanchum lineare''
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
 * '' Cynanchum liukiuense''
Warb. Otto Warburg (20 July 1859 – 10 January 1938) was a German-Jewish botanist. He was also a notable industrial agriculture expert, and president of the Zionist Organization from 1911 to 1921. Biography Otto Warburg was born in Hamburg on 20 ...
 * '' Cynanchum loheri''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum longipedunculatum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum longipes''
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
 * '' Cynanchum longirostrum'' (
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
) W.D.Stevens * '' Cynanchum lopezpalaciosii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum luteifluens'' ( Jum. & H.Perrier) Desc. * '' Cynanchum lysimachioides'' Y.Tsiang & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum maasii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum macranthum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum macrolobum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum madagascariense''
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * '' Cynanchum magale'' Buch.-Ham. ex Dillwyn * '' Cynanchum mahafalense'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum mariense'' (Meve & Liede) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum mariquitense'' Mutis * '' Cynanchum marnieranum''
Rauh Werner Rauh (16 May 1913 in Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk – 7 April 2000 in Heidelberg) was an internationally renowned German biologist, botanist and author. Biography Born in the town of Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk near Bit ...
 * '' Cynanchum masoalense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum maximoviczii'' Pobed. * '' Cynanchum megalanthum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum membranaceum'' (Liede & Meve) Liede & Meve * '' Cynanchum menarandrense'' Jum. & H.Perrier * '' Cynanchum mevei'' Liede * '' Cynanchum meyeri'' (Decne.)
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum microstemma'' ( Turcz.) Morillo * '' Cynanchum minahassae''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum montevidense''
Spreng. Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (3 August 1766 – 15 March 1833) was a German botanist and physician who published an influential multivolume history of medicine, ''Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde'' (1792–99 in four vo ...
* '' Cynanchum moramangense'' Choux * '' Cynanchum moratii'' Liede * '' Cynanchum morilloi'' P.T.Li * '' Cynanchum mossambicense''
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * '' Cynanchum muricatum'' ( Blume) Boerl. * '' Cynanchum napiferum'' Choux * '' Cynanchum natalitium''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * '' Cynanchum nematostemma'' Liede * '' Cynanchum nielsenii'' Morillo * '' Cynanchum obovatum'' (Decne.) Choux * '' Cynanchum obtusifolium'' L.f. * '' Cynanchum officinale'' (
Hemsl. William Botting Hemsley (29 December 1843, in East Hoathly – 7 October 1924, in Kent) was an English botanist and 1909 Victoria Medal (horticulture), Victoria Medal of Honour recipient. He was born in East Hoathly, Sussex and in 1860 started wo ...
) Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * '' Cynanchum orangeanum'' (
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
)
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
 * '' Cynanchum oresbium'' ( Bruyns) Goyder * '' Cynanchum otophyllum'' C.K.Schneid. * '' Cynanchum ovalifolium''
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
 * '' Cynanchum pachycladon'' Choux * ''Cynanchum pamirense'' Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * ''Cynanchum papillatum'' Choux * ''Cynanchum paramorum'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum pearsonianum'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum pedunculatum'' R.Br. * ''Cynanchum peraffine'' Woodson * ''Cynanchum perrieri'' Choux * ''Cynanchum petignatii'' Liede &
Rauh Werner Rauh (16 May 1913 in Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk – 7 April 2000 in Heidelberg) was an internationally renowned German biologist, botanist and author. Biography Born in the town of Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk near Bit ...
 * ''Cynanchum phillipsonianum'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum physocarpum''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * ''Cynanchum pichi-sermollianum'' (Raimondo & Fici) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum pietrangelii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum polyanthum''
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * ''Cynanchum praecox''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
ex Spencer Le Marchant Moore, S.Moore * ''Cynanchum prevostii'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum puberulum'' Ferdinand von Mueller, F.Muell. ex
Benth. George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...
 * ''Cynanchum pulchellum'' ( Wall.) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum purpureiflorum'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum purpureum'' (Peter Simon Pallas, Pall.)
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * ''Cynanchum pusilum'' Grubov * ''Cynanchum pycnoneuroides'' Choux * ''Cynanchum racemosum'' (Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Jacq.) Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Jacq. * ''Cynanchum radians'' (Peter Forsskål, Forssk.) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Lam. * ''Cynanchum radiatum'' Jum. & H.Perrier * ''Cynanchum rauhianum'' Desc. * ''Cynanchum rensonii'' (Henri François Pittier, Pittier) Woodson * ''Cynanchum repandum'' (Decne.)
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * ''Cynanchum resiliens'' (B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder * ''Cynanchum revoilii'' (Adrien René Franchet, Franch.) Khanum & Liede * ''Cynanchum riometense'' Sundell * ''Cynanchum rioparanense'' Sundell * ''Cynanchum rossii''
Rauh Werner Rauh (16 May 1913 in Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk – 7 April 2000 in Heidelberg) was an internationally renowned German biologist, botanist and author. Biography Born in the town of Niemegk (district Bitterfeld), Niemegk near Bit ...
 * ( Turcz.) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum roulinioides'' (Eugène Pierre Nicolas Fournier, E.Fourn.) Rapini * ''Cynanchum rubricoronae'' Liede * ''Cynanchum rungweense'' Arthur Allman Bullock, Bullock * ''Cynanchum sahyadricum'' (Ansari & Hemadri) Liede & Khanum * ''Cynanchum sarcomedium'' Meve & Liede * ''Cynanchum schistoglossum''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * ''Cynanchum scopulosum'' Bosser * ''Cynanchum sessiliflorum'' (Decne.) Liede * ''Cynanchum sigridiae'' Meve & M.Teissier * ''Cynanchum sinoracemosum'' M.G.Gilbert & P.T.Li * ''Cynanchum socotranum'' (John Jacob Lavranos, Lavranos) Meve & Liede * ''Cynanchum somaliense'' (
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
)
N.E.Br. Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July 1849 in Redhill, Surrey – 25 November 1934 in Kew Gardens, London) was an English plant taxonomist and authority on succulents. He was also an authority on several families of plants, including Asclepiadacea ...
 * ''Cynanchum staubii'' Bosser * ''Cynanchum stauntonii'' * ''Cynanchum stenospira''
K.Schum. Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 – 22 March 1904) was a German botanist. Schumann was born in Görlitz. He was curator of the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem from 1880 until 1894. He also served as the first chairman of the ''Deut ...
 * ''Cynanchum stoloniferum'' (B.R.Adams & R.W.K.Holland) Goyder * ''Cynanchum subpaniculatum'' Woodson * ''Cynanchum subtilis'' Liede * ''Cynanchum suluense''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * ''Cynanchum sumbawanum''
Warb. Otto Warburg (20 July 1859 – 10 January 1938) was a German-Jewish botanist. He was also a notable industrial agriculture expert, and president of the Zionist Organization from 1911 to 1921. Biography Otto Warburg was born in Hamburg on 20 ...
 * ''Cynanchum surrubriflorum'' W.D.Stevens * ''Cynanchum szechuanense'' Tsiang & H.D.Zhang * ''Cynanchum tamense'' Morillo * ''Cynanchum thruppii'' (
Oliv. Daniel Oliver, FRS (6 February 1830, Newcastle upon Tyne – 21 December 1916) was an English botanist. He was Librarian of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1860–1890 and Keeper there from 1864–1890, and Professor of Botany at ...
) Khanum & Liede * ''Cynanchum toliari'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum trollii'' Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum tsaratananense'' Choux * ''Cynanchum tuberculatum'' ( Blume) Boerl. * ''Cynanchum tunicatum'' (Anders Jahan Retzius, Retz.) Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston, Alston * ''Cynanchum umtalense'' Liede * ''Cynanchum unguiculatum'' (Nathaniel Lord Britton, Britton) Friedrich Markgraf, Markgr. * ''Cynanchum utahense'' – Utah swallow-wort or Utah vine milkweed * ''Cynanchum vanlessenii'' (John Jacob Lavranos, Lavranos) Goyder * ''Cynanchum verrucosum'' (Desc.) Liede & Meve * ''Cynanchum viminale'' ( L.) L. * ''Cynanchum violator'' R.W.Holm * ''Cynanchum virens'' (
E.Mey. Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer (1 January 1791 – 7 August 1858) was a German botanist and botanical historian. Born in Hanover, he lectured in Göttingen and in 1826 became a professor of botany at the University of Königsberg, as well as Dir ...
) David Nathaniel Friedrich Dietrich, D.Dietr. * ''Cynanchum wallichii''
Wight A wight (Old English: ''wiht'') is a mythical sentient being, often undead. In its original use the word ''wight'' described a living human being, but has come to be used in fictional works in the fantasy genre to describe certain immortal bein ...
 * ''Cynanchum warburgii''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...
 * ''Cynanchum wilfordii'' (Karl Maximovich, Maxim.)
Hook.f. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century. He was a founder of geographical botany and Charles Darwin's closest friend. For twenty years he served as director of ...
 * ''Cynanchum zeyheri''
Schltr. Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (16 October 1872 – 16 November 1925) was a German taxonomist, botanist, and author of several works on orchids. He went on botanical expeditions in Africa, Indonesia, New Guinea, South and Central America a ...


References


External links


''Cynanchum'' at Flora of China
{{Taxonbar, from=Q285262 Cynanchum, Apocynaceae genera