''Coreopsis'' () is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the family

Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...

. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants.

Description

These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with a toothed tip, but may also be yellow-and-red bicolor. They have showy flower heads with involucral

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

s in two distinct series of eight each, the outer being commonly connate at the base. The flat fruits are small and dry and look like insects. There are 75–80 species of ''Coreopsis'', all of which are

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

Central Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

, and

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

. The name ''Coreopsis'' is derived from the Greek words κόρις (''koris''), meaning " bedbug", and ὄψις (''opsis''), meaning "view", referring to the shape of the

achene An achene (; ), also sometimes called akene and occasionally achenium or achenocarp, is a type of simple dry fruit produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are monocarpellate (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not ope ...

Taxonomy

''Coreopsis'' is a variable genus closely related to ''

Bidens ''Bidens'' is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.''Bidens''.
Flo ...

''. In fact, neither ''Coreopsis'' nor ''Bidens'', as defined in the 20th century, is strictly

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

. ''Coreopsis'' is best described as

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

. Previously (1936), ''Coreopsis'' was classified into 11 sections and 114 species, but the African species were subsequently reclassified as ''Bidens'', leaving the North and South American species, some 75–80 in all, under ''Coreopsis''. 45 species are in the 11 North American sections, and the remaining 35 are in the South American section ''Pseudoagarista''. The North American species fall into two broad groups, with 5 sections and 12 species in Mexico and North America and the remaining 5 sections and 26 species in Eastern North America. One group which does seem to be monophyletic consists of

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

species from North America, including five sections of ''Coreopsis'', ''

Bidens coronata ''Coreopsis nuecensis'', the crown tickseed, is a North American plant species of '' Coreopsis'' in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Texas, Louisiana, and probably Tamaulipas. There are reports of isolated populations in Michigan and Florid ...

'' and ''

Bidens tripartita ''Bidens tripartita'' is a common and widespread species of flowering plant in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, commonly known as three-lobe beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks or trifid bur-marigold. It is native to m ...

'', and the genus '' Thelesperma'' (five species).

Classification

Sections

One classification (GRIN) of the genus consists of eleven sections, shown by

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

relationships with number of species in parenthesis. :''Coreopsis'' sect. ''Pseudoagarista'' (35)

Selected species

See:

= Section Anathysana

= * ''

Coreopsis cyclocarpa ''Coreopsis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants. Description These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with ...

'' S.F.Blake

= Section Calliopsis

= * ''

Coreopsis bicolor Plains coreopsis, garden tickseed, golden tickseed, or calliopsis, ''Coreopsis tinctoria'', is an annual forb. The plant is common in Canada (from Quebec to British Columbia), northeast Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas), and much of th ...

'' * ''

Coreopsis leavenworthii ''Coreopsis leavenworthii'', or Leavenworth's tickseed, is an annual or short lived perennial plant species in the family Asteraceae. It is often grouped within ''Coreopsis tinctoria'' which it resembles. ''Coreopsis leavenworthii'' typically g ...

'' Torr. & A.Gray – Leavenworth's tickseed * ''

Coreopsis paludosa ''Coreopsis paludosa'' is an annual or short lived perennial plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to northern Mexico. ''Coreopsis paludosa'' typically grows 30 to 70 cm tall with yellow flower heads. It has elliptic to oblanceola ...

'' M.E.Jones * ''

Coreopsis tinctoria Plains coreopsis, garden tickseed, golden tickseed, or calliopsis, ''Coreopsis tinctoria'', is an annual forb. The plant is common in Canada (from Quebec to British Columbia), northeast Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas), and much of th ...

'' Nutt. – plains coreopsis

= Section Coreopsis

= * ''

Coreopsis auriculata ''Coreopsis auriculata'', the lobed tickseed or mouse-ear tickseed, is a North American plant species of the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern and east-central United States, from Louisiana east to the Florida Panhandle and as ...

'' L. – lobed tickseed * ''

Coreopsis bakeri ''Coreopsis bakeri'', Baker's coreopsis or Baker's tickseed, is a flowering plant in the ''Coreopsis'' genus. It has yellow flowers. It is closely related to ''Coreopsis lanceolata''. It is in the Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternativ ...

'' E.E.Schill. * ''

Coreopsis basalis ''Coreopsis basalis'', the golden-mane coreopsis, is a North American plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States from Texas to the Carolinas. Isolated populations (apparently escapees ...

'' (A.Dietr.) S.F.Blake – goldenmane tickseed * ''

Coreopsis grandiflora ''Coreopsis grandiflora'' is a North American species of perennial plant in the family Asteraceae. The common name is large-flowered tickseed. It is found in eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick) and much of the United States, especial ...

'' Hogg ex Sweet – large-flowered tickseed * ''

Coreopsis intermedia ''Coreopsis intermedia'', the goldenwave tickseed, is a North American species of plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to a small region in the south-central United States (eastern Texas, western Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas. ''Core ...

'' Sherff – goldenwave tickseed * ''

Coreopsis lanceolata ''Coreopsis lanceolata'', commonly known as lanceleaf coreopsis, lanceleaf tickseed, lance-leaved coreopsis, or sand coreopsis, is a North American species of tickseed in the family Asteraceae. Description ''Coreopsis lanceolata'' is a perennial ...

'' L. – lance coreopsis, lance-leaf tickseed * '' Coreopsis nuecensis'' A.Heller – crown tickseed * ''

Coreopsis nuecensoides ''Coreopsis nuecensoides'', commonly known as the Rio Grande tickseed, is a North American plant species of ''coreopsis'' in the family Asteraceae. It is native to southern and southeastern Texas and may also occur in northern Mexico. Descripti ...

'' E.B.Sm. – Rio Grande tickseed * ''

Coreopsis pubescens ''Coreopsis pubescens'', called star tickseed, is a North American species of tickseeds in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the central and southeastern United States from eastern Kansas and eastern Texas east as far as Virginia, Florida, ...

'' Elliott – star tickseed * '' Coreopsis wrightii'' (A.Gray) H.M.Parker – rock tickseed

= Section Electra

= * '' Coreopsis cuneifolia'' Greenm. * '' Coreopsis mexicana'' * ''

Coreopsis mutica ''Coreopsis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants. Description These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with ...

'' DC.

= Section Eublepharis

= * ''

Coreopsis floridana ''Coreopsis gladiata'', the coastalplain tickseed, is a North American species of perennial tickseeds in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to southeastern Virginia, primarily to the coastal ...

'' E.B.Sm. – Florida tickseed * '' Coreopsis gladiata'' Walter – coastalplain tickseed * '' Coreopsis integrifolia'' Poir. – fringeleaf tickseed * ''

Coreopsis linifolia ''Coreopsis gladiata'', the coastalplain tickseed, is a North American species of perennial plant, perennial Coreopsis, tickseeds in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to southeastern Virgini ...

'' Nutt. – Texas tickseed * ''

Coreopsis nudata ''Coreopsis nudata'', the Georgia tickseed, is a herbaceous perennial plant species of the genus ''Coreopsis'' in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, in the states of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, Florida, Alab ...

'' Nutt. – Georgia tickseed * ''

Coreopsis rosea ''Coreopsis rosea'' is a North American species of ''Coreopsis'' in the family Asteraceae. It has a discontinuous distribution in the eastern United States and Canada, found in Nova Scotia, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Penns ...

'' Nutt. – pink tickseed

= Section Gyrophyllum (syn. Palmatae)

= * '' Coreopsis delphiniifolia'' Lam. – larkspurleaf tickseed * ''

Coreopsis major ''Coreopsis major'' is a North American species of Coreopsis, tickseeds, in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the eastern United States, from Louisiana to Virginia and as far inland as Indiana and Ohio. There are isolated populations in Pen ...

'' Walter – greater tickseed * ''

Coreopsis palmata ''Coreopsis palmata'' is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to North America. Common names include stiff tickseed, wedgeleaf coreopsis, prairie coreopsis, prairie tickseed,

'' Nutt. – stiff tickseed * ''

Coreopsis pulchra ''Coreopsis pulchra'' is a North American wildflower of the Southeastern United States, in the family Asteraceae. Its common names are woodland tickseed, showy tickseed, and beautiful tickseed. ''Coreopsis pulchra'' is native only to the Cumber ...

'' F.E.Boynton – woodland tickseed * ''

Coreopsis tripteris ''Coreopsis tripteris'' is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is widespread across much of eastern and central North America from the Florida Panhandle west as far as eastern Texas and north to Québec and On ...

'' L. – tall tickseed * '' Coreopsis verticillata'' L. – whorled tickseed

= Section Leptosyne

= * '' Coreopsis douglasii'' (DC.) H.M.Hall – Douglas's tickseed * ''

Coreopsis californica ''Coreopsis californica'' is a North American species of tickseed in the family Asteraceae.

'' (Nutt.) H.Sharsm. – California tickseed * ''

Coreopsis stillmanii ''Coreopsis stillmanii'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Stillman's tickseed. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the Central Valley and most of the adjacent coastal and inland mountai ...

'' (A.Gray) S.F.Blake – Stillman's tickseed

= Section Pseudoagarista

= South America, 35 species * ''

Coreopsis mcvaughii ''Coreopsis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various other plants. Description These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually yellow with ...

'' D.J.Crawford * ''

Coreopsis petrophila ''Coreopsis petrophila'' is a Mexican species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the States of Jalisco, Durango, Nayarit, and Guerrero in western Mexico.Coreopsis petrophiloides'' B.L.Rob. & Greenm. * ''

Coreopsis rudis ''Coreopsis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Common names include calliopsis and tickseed, a name shared with various tickseed, other plants. Description These plants range from in height. The flowers are usually ye ...

'' (Benth.) Hemsl.

= Section Pugiopappus

= * '' Coreopsis bigelovii'' (

A.Gray Asa Gray (November 18, 1810 – January 30, 1888) is considered the most important American botanist of the 19th century. His '' Darwiniana'' was considered an important explanation of how religion and science were not necessarily mutually exc ...

) Voss – Bigelow's tickseed * '' Coreopsis calliopsidea'' (DC.) A.Gray – leafstem tickseed * '' Coreopsis hamiltonii'' (Elmer) H. Sharsm. – Mount Hamilton tickseed

= Section Silphidium

= * '' Coreopsis latifolia'' Michx. – broadleaf tickseed

= Section Tuckermannia

= * ''

Coreopsis gigantea ''Coreopsis gigantea'', known by the common name giant coreopsis, is a woody perennial plant native to coastal regions of central and southern California and also to northern Baja California. Description The stem of ''Coreopsis gigantea'' is a t ...

'' (Kellogg) H.M.Hall – giant coreopsis * '' Coreopsis maritima'' (Nutt.) Hook.f. – sea dahlia

Formerly placed here

Distribution and habitat

North American ''Coreopsis'' can be found in two habitats in the wild, growing along roadsides and open fields throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. In this environment the plant will self-sow.

Ecology

''Coreopsis'' species are a source of

nectar Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...

and

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

for insects. The species is known to provide food to caterpillars of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

species, including ''

Coleophora acamtopappi ''Coleophora'' is a very large genus of moths of the family Coleophoridae. It contains some 1,350 described species. The genus is represented on all continents, but the majority are found in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Many authors hav ...

''.

Cultivation

''Coreopsis'' can grow in a garden as a border plant, or in a container, preferring well-drained soil. Deadheading the flowers ensures it does not become weedy. Using the

U.S. Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...

(USDA)

hardiness zone A hardiness zone is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most wide ...

s will identify what soil and climate is preferred for different cultivars or species. Notable species found in cultivation are ''C. grandiflora'' and ''C. verticillata'', as well as their various

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...

The sunny, summer-blooming, daisy-like flowers are popularly planted in gardens to attract butterflies. Both

annual Annual may refer to: * Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year **Yearbook ** Literary annual * Annual plant * Annual report * Annual giving * Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco * Annuals (b ...

and

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

types are grown in the home garden (USDA hardiness zone 7a/6b). In the Mid-Atlantic region, insects such as bees, hover flies, and wasps are often observed visiting the flowers.

Culture

All ''Coreopsis'' species were designated the state wildflower of the U.S. state of

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

in 1991. In the

language of flowers Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...

, ''Coreopsis'' means to be always cheerful, while ''Coreopsis arkansa'' in particular stands for love at first sight.

References

External links

Flora of North America: Coreopsis
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q1362995 Asteraceae genera Symbols of Florida