The Commer TS3 was a

diesel engine The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-ca ...

fitted in

Commer Commer was a British manufacturer of commercial and military vehicles from 1905 until 1979. Commer vehicles included car-derived vans, light vans, medium to heavy commercial trucks, and buses. The company also designed and built some of its own ...

trucks built by the

Rootes Group The Rootes Group or Rootes Motors Limited was a British automobile manufacturer and, separately, a major motor distributors and dealers business. Run from London's West End, the manufacturer was based in the Midlands and the distribution and de ...

in the 1950s and 1960s. It was the first diesel engine used by the company.

Development

Rootes' intention for the engine was for it to fit under the QX "cab forward" design fitted to the R7 7ton truck released in 1948. This very advanced design had been built with the engine under the seat to allow three men to fit comfortably across the cab. The petrol version used a development of the

Humber Super Snipe The Humber Super Snipe is a car which was produced from 1938 to 1967 by British-based Humber Limited. Pre-war Super Snipe The Super Snipe was introduced in October 1938, derived by combining the four-litre inline six-cylinder engine from the ...

engine, lying at a 66 degree angle, and the opposed piston design of the TS3 was used so that it would fit in the same space. It is often thought that "TS" in the engine's name derives from its

Tilling-Stevens Tilling-Stevens was a British manufacturer of buses and other commercial vehicles, based in Maidstone, Kent. Originally established in 1897, it became a specialist in petrol-electric vehicles. It continued as an independent manufacturer until ...

origins, a company acquired by Rootes in 1950 but this is incorrect. It stands for Two-stroke. Development of the engine started at the Humber plant at Stoke Aldermoor some four years before Rootes had acquired Tilling-Stevens. The small design team headed by Chief Engineer Eric Coy, began working on the TS3 design for Rootes in 1945 After a single cylinder two stroke prototype (to test cylinder design) and two TS3 motors were built at Stoke Aldermoor to test the engine design, production moved in 1954 to the Tilling-Stevens plant in

Maidstone Maidstone is the largest town in Kent, England, of which it is the county town. Maidstone is historically important and lies 32 miles (51 km) east-south-east of London. The River Medway runs through the centre of the town, linking it wi ...

, Kent, mainly because it had spare capacity.

Layout

The engine was unusual in being an

opposed piston engine An opposed-piston engine is a piston engine in which each cylinder has a piston at both ends, and no cylinder head. Petrol and diesel opposed-piston engines have been used mostly in large-scale applications such as ships, military tanks, and f ...

where each horizontal

cylinder A cylinder (from ) has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base. A cylinder may also be defined as an infin ...

contains two pistons, one at each end, that move in opposition to each other. Even more unusually, both sets of pistons drove only a single crankshaft; most opposed piston engines have a separate crankshaft at each end of the cylinder. The TS3 engine used a single crankshaft beneath the cylinders, each piston driving it through a connecting rod, a rocker

lever A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or '' fulcrum''. A lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point on itself. On the basis of the locations of fulcrum, load and effort, the lever is d ...

and a second connecting rod. The crankshaft had six crankpins and there were six rockers. The engine was a

two-stroke A two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during one power cycle, this power cycle being completed in one revolution of ...

, compression-ignition

with uniflow-ported cylinders.

Scavenging Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding ...

was performed by a

Roots blower The Roots-type blower is a positive displacement lobe pump which operates by pumping a fluid with a pair of meshing lobes resembling a set of stretched gears. Fluid is trapped in pockets surrounding the lobes and carried from the intake si ...

,''Roots'' is a different company to ''Rootes''. The blower was actually made by Wade in Birmingham which was mounted on the front of the engine and driven by a long quill shaft from a chain drive at the rear of the engine. In general the engines gained a reputation for good performance, but this quill shaft was somewhat prone to breaking if over-worked.

Dimensions

Applications

Trucks

The TS3 was used in both the

and Karrier range of trucks. As the horizontal cylinders were lower than a vertical engine, the engine was mounted beneath the floor of the cab. The bonnet (''hood'') of the truck could be dispensed with, moving the windscreen and driver forward to give one of the first of the now common cab forward trucks. Access for maintenance was generally good: a small hatch in the cab gave access to the oil and fuel filters, the injection pump and injectors. Connecting rods and pistons could be accessed from outside each side of the cab, behind removable doors, without removing the engine. As there was no camshaft or valves, this removed the usual need to access the cylinder head of a conventional engine. Even the blower could be replaced by first removing the radiator and working from the front. Only the crankshaft bearings required the engine block to be removed from the chassis. The engine's distinctive exhaust bark was always apparent. It is often thought that this bark is where the popular name of "Knocker" for the TS3 comes from, but this is incorrect. The knocker name for the TS3 is a nickname coming from its extensive use in New Zealand and Australia. The later United Kingdom 3D215 and 3DD215 TS3 motors had the Clayton - Dewandre SC-6 compressor fitted with a harmonic damper which removed any timing gear clatter. Export versions of these TS3s had the larger Clayton Dewandre SC-9 compressor with no damper. Hence as the timing gear became worn over time, the export models produced that wonderful ʻknocker, knocker, knockerʻ sound at idle that is so well known in New Zealand and Australia but not present in the U.K. models

Buses

The TS3 was used in the Commer Avenger Marks II, III and IV PSV chassis, and also in a number of Integral models from John C. Beadle and Thomas Harrington Ltd from 1952-63. Initially these were a sales success, as they were more reliable and economical than the then-current diesel-engined variant of the

Bedford SB The Bedford SB was a front-engined bus chassis manufactured by Bedford in England. It was launched at the 1950 Commercial Motor Show as the replacement for the Bedford OB. It was the first Bedford vehicle to have a "forward control" design, wit ...

, however the noise produced by the TS3 was not acceptable to tours operators and the higher body mounting compared with the SB required extra work for coachbuilders and made the Avenger more expensive than the Bedford. The last straw was in 1957 when Ford announced a PSV version of its Thames Trader, which could take an identical body to the SB and had a conventional six-cylinder diesel engine (which turned out to be quieter than either the TS3 or the Perkins R6 fitted to the SBO). From 1957 Commer Avenger sales began to dwindle. It's notable that Thomas Harrington Ltd never tooled updated versions of its Crusader body for the Avenger, although that is also perhaps due to the conservatism of the combination's sole customer

Southdown Motor Services Southdown Motors Services Ltd (although this was the legal name of the company (until 1992) it was normally referred to as Southdown Motor Services) was a bus and coach operator in East and West Sussex and parts of Hampshire, in southern Engl ...

Variants

Rootes-Lister

, Commer's parent company, entered into a partnership with Lister to market the engines as industrial stationary engines through a joint company ''Rootes-Lister Ltd''. The venture was not a success for industrial engines, although some were sold as marine engines by ''Lister Blackstone Marine Ltd''. Many of these marine engines survive today.

Commer TS4

The TS4 engine was an enlarged four-cylinder version of the TS3. It ran 1.2 million miles as a pre-production prototype. The project was cancelled after Chrysler bought Rootes in 1968.

Comparable engines

Sulzer ZG9

There are very few similar engines. Opposed-piston diesel engines are rare enough at this size, the rocker lever arrangement was almost unheard of. Probably the only engine using a similar arrangement was the pre-war Sulzer ZG9. This was an opposed-piston engine with a choice of two, three and four cylinders (2ZG9, 3ZG9, 4ZG9); the two-cylinder version developed 120 bhp. Its layout was very similar to the Commer engines, but it used a piston scavenge pump rather than a Roots blower. This was mounted vertically above one rocker, driven by a bellcrank from the main rockers. This engine is sometimes cited as an inspiration for the Commer design.

Notes

References

External links

*https://web.archive.org/web/20081014115834/http://www.commer.org.nz/Commer_Connections/Avenger_Bus.html * *{{YouTube, p8k35_153Vw, Commer TS3 2 Stroke Taking Off Opposed piston engines Two-stroke diesel engines Diesel engines by model