astronomy Astronomy () is a natural science that studies astronomical object, celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and chronology of the Universe, evolution. Objects of interest ...

, the Collinder catalogue is a catalogue of 471

open cluster An open cluster is a type of star cluster made of up to a few thousand stars that were formed from the same giant molecular cloud and have roughly the same age. More than 1,100 open clusters have been discovered within the Milky Way galaxy, and ...

s by Swedish astronomer

Per Collinder Per Collinder (22 May 1890 – 6 December 1975) was a Swedish astronomer. Born at Sundsvall, he is known for a catalog of open clusters that he published in 1931, which is today known as the Collinder catalogue. He has written the books ''His ...

. It was published in 1931 as an appendix to Collinder's paper ''On structural properties of open galactic clusters and their spatial distribution''. Catalogue objects are denoted by ''Collinder'', e.g. "Collinder 399". Dated prefixes include as ''Col + catalogue number'', or ''Cr + catalogue number'', e.g. "Cr 399".

Vital statistics

* The catalogue contains 471 objects: 452

s, 11

globular cluster A globular cluster is a spheroidal conglomeration of stars. Globular clusters are bound together by gravity, with a higher concentration of stars towards their centers. They can contain anywhere from tens of thousands to many millions of membe ...

s, 6 asterisms, 1 stellar moving group, and 1

stellar association A stellar association is a very loose star cluster, looser than both open clusters and globular clusters. Stellar associations will normally contain from 10 to 100 or more stars. The stars share a common origin, but have become gravitationally u ...

. * Objects are spread out across the entire celestial sphere. * Cr 8 is the northernmost Collinder object, located at a declination of +85º in the constellation

Camelopardalis Camelopardalis is a large but faint constellation of the northern sky representing a giraffe. The constellation was introduced in 1612 or 1613 by Petrus Plancius. Some older astronomy books give Camelopardalus or Camelopardus as alternative for ...

. * Cr 411 is the southernmost Collinder object, located at a declination of -79º in the constellation

Octans Octans () is a faint constellation located in the deep Southern Sky. Its name is Latin for the eighth part of a circle, but it is named after the octant, a navigational instrument. Devised by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1752, ...

Collinder objects which are also Messier objects

The Collinder Catalogue contains 29 objects which are part of the

Messier catalogue The Messier objects are a set of 110 astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer Charles Messier in his ''Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles'' (''Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters''). Because Messier was only int ...

: *

Messier 6 Messier may refer to: People with the surname *Charles Messier, French astronomer *Éric Messier, former NHL defenseman *George Messier, French inventor *Jean-Marie Messier, former CEO of Vivendi Universal *Marc Messier, Canadian actor from Quebec ...

(Butterfly Cluster) *

Messier 7 Messier 7 or M7, also designated NGC 6475 and sometimes known as the Ptolemy Cluster, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Scorpius. The cluster is easily detectable with the naked eye, close to the "stinger" of Scorpius. With a d ...

(Ptolemy's Cluster) *

Messier 11 Messier may refer to: People with the surname *Charles Messier, French astronomer *Éric Messier, former NHL defenseman *George Messier, French inventor *Jean-Marie Messier, former CEO of Vivendi Universal *Marc Messier, Canadian actor from Quebec ...

(Wild Duck Cluster) *

Messier 16 Messier may refer to: People with the surname *Charles Messier, French astronomer *Éric Messier, former NHL defenseman *George Messier, French inventor *Jean-Marie Messier, former CEO of Vivendi Universal * Marc Messier, Canadian actor from Quebec ...

(Open cluster within the Eagle Nebula) *

Messier 18 Messier 18 or M18, also designated NGC 6613, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764 and included in his list of comet-like objects. From the perspective of Earth, M18 is situate ...

Messier 21 Messier 21 or M21, also designated NGC 6531 or Webb's Cross, is an open cluster of stars located to the north-east of Sagittarius in the night sky, close to the Messier objects M20 to M25 (except M24). It was discovered and catalogued by Charl ...

Messier 23 Messier 23, also known as NGC 6494, is an open cluster of stars in the northwest of the southern constellation of Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. It can be found in good conditions with binoculars or a modestly sized t ...

Messier 25 Messier 25, also known as IC 4725, is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Sagittarius. The first recorded observation of this cluster was made by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1745 and it was included in Charles Messier's l ...

Messier 26 Messier 26, also known as NGC 6694, is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Scutum. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764. This 8th magnitude cluster is a challenge to find in ideal skies with typical binoculars, wh ...

Messier 29 Messier 29 or M29, also known as NGC 6913, is a quite small, bright open cluster of stars just south of the central bright star Gamma Cygni of a northerly zone of the sky, Cygnus. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1764, and can be seen fr ...

Messier 34 Messier 34 (also known as M34 or NGC 1039) is a large and relatively near open cluster in Perseus. It was probably discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and included by Charles Messier in his catalog of comet-like objects in 1764. ...

Messier 35 Messier 35 or M35, also known as NGC 2168, is a relatively close open cluster of stars in the west of Gemini, at about the declination of the sun when the latter is at June solstice. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux around 1745 a ...

Messier 36 Messier 36 or M36, also known as NGC 1960, is an open cluster of stars in the somewhat northern Auriga constellation. It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654, who described it as a nebulous patch. The cluster was independent ...

Messier 37 Messier 37 (also known as M37 or NGC 2099) is the brightest and richest open cluster in the constellation Auriga. It was discovered by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Battista Hodierna before 1654. M37 was missed by French astronomer Guillaume ...

Messier 38 Messier 38 or M38, also known as NGC 1912 or Starfish Cluster,Carter, J. (2015). March: The Plane Truth. In ''A Stargazing Program for Beginners'' (pp. 57-85). Springer, Cham. is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Auriga. It was dis ...

Messier 39 Messier 39 or M39, also known as NGC 7092, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation of Cygnus, positioned two degrees to the south of the star Pi Cygni and around 9° east-northeast of Deneb. The cluster was discovered by Guillaume Le ...

Messier 41 Messier 41 (also known as M41 or NGC 2287) is an open cluster in the constellation Canis Major, sometimes referred to as The Little Beehive Cluster. It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and was perhaps known to Aristotle abo ...

Messier 44 Messier may refer to: People with the surname *Charles Messier, French astronomer *Éric Messier, former NHL defenseman *George Messier, French inventor *Jean-Marie Messier, former CEO of Vivendi Universal *Marc Messier, Canadian actor from Quebec ...

(Beehive Cluster) *

Messier 45 Messier may refer to: People with the surname *Charles Messier, French astronomer * Éric Messier, former NHL defenseman * George Messier, French inventor *Jean-Marie Messier, former CEO of Vivendi Universal *Marc Messier, Canadian actor from Quebe ...

(Pleiades) *

Messier 46 Messier 46 or M46, also known as NGC 2437, is an open cluster of stars in the slightly southern constellation of Puppis. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1771. Dreyer described it as "very bright, very rich, very large." It is about 5,00 ...

Messier 47 Messier 47 (M47 or NGC 2422) is an open cluster in the mildly southern constellation of Puppis. It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and in his then keynote work re-discovered by Charles Messier on 1771. It was also independ ...

Messier 48 Messier 48 or M48, also known as NGC 2548, is an open cluster of stars in the celestial equator, equatorial constellation of Hydra (constellation), Hydra. It sits near Hydra's westernmost limit with Monoceros, about to the east and slightly sou ...

Messier 50 Messier 50 or M 50, also known as NGC 2323, is an open cluster of stars in the constellation Monoceros. It was recorded by G. D. Cassini before 1711 and independently discovered by Charles Messier in 1772 while observing Biela's Comet. It is ...

Messier 52 Messier 52 or M52, also known as NGC 7654, is an open cluster of stars in the highly northern constellation of Cassiopeia (constellation), Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Charles Messier on 1774. It can be seen from Earth under light pollution, ...

Messier 67 Messier 67 (also known as M67 or NGC 2682) and sometimes called the King Cobra cluster or the Golden Eye cluster is an open cluster in the southern, equatorial half of Cancer. It was discovered by Johann Gottfried Koehler in 1779. Estimates of it ...

Messier 71 Messier 71 (also known as M71 or NGC 6838) is a globular cluster in the small northern constellation Sagitta. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1745 and included by Charles Messier in his catalog of non-comet-like objects in 178 ...

Messier 73 Messier 73 (M73, also known as NGC 6994) is an asterism (astronomy), asterism of four stars in the constellation Aquarius (constellation), Aquarius. It lies several arcminutes east of globular cluster Messier 72, M72. According to Gaia (spacecraf ...

Messier 93 Messier 93 or M93, also known as NGC 2447, is an open cluster in the modestly southern constellation Puppis, the imagined poop deck of the legendary ''Argo''. Observational history and appearance It was discovered by Charles Messier then added ...

Messier 103 Messier 103 (also known as M103, or NGC 581) is an open cluster where a few hundred, mainly very faint, stars figure in Cassiopeia. It was discovered in 1781 by Charles Messier's friend and collaborator Pierre Méchain.Robert Bruce Thompson ''M ...

Collinder objects which are also Caldwell objects

The Collinder catalogue pre-dates the

Caldwell catalogue The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue. While the Messier catalog ...

by 64 years. The Collinder catalogue contains 28 objects which are members of the Caldwell catalogue: * C1 NGC 188 * C8

NGC 559 NGC 559 (also known as Caldwell 8) is an open cluster and Caldwell object in the constellation Cassiopeia. It shines at magnitude +9.5. Its celestial coordinates are RA , dec . It is located near the open cluster NGC 637, and the bright magnitu ...

* C10

NGC 663 NGC 663 (also known as Caldwell catalogue, Caldwell 10) is a young open cluster in the Cassiopeia constellation , constellation of Cassiopeia. It has an estimated 400 stars and spans about a quarter of a degree across the sky. It can reportedly be ...

* C13

NGC 457 NGC 457 (also designated Caldwell 13, and known as the Dragonfly Cluster, E.T. Cluster, Owl Cluster, Kachina Doll Cluster or Phi Cassiopeiae Cluster) is an open star cluster in the constellation Cassiopeia. Discovery It was discovered by Wil ...

(Owl or E.T. Cluster) * C14

NGC 869 NGC 869 (also known as h Persei) is an open cluster located 7460 light years away in the constellation of Perseus. The cluster is about 14 million years old. It is the westernmost of the Double Cluster with NGC 884. NGC 869 and 884 are often des ...

NGC 884 NGC 884 (also known as χ Persei) is an open cluster located 7640 light years away in the constellation of Perseus. It is the easternmost of the Double Cluster with NGC 869. NGC 869 and 884 are often designated h and χ Persei, respectively.Som ...

(Double Cluster) * C16

NGC 7243 NGC 7243 (also known as Caldwell 16) is an open cluster and Caldwell object in the constellation Lacerta. It shines at magnitude +6.4. Its celestial coordinates are RA , dec . It is located near the naked-eye stars Alpha Lacertae Alpha ...

* C19

IC 5146 IC 5146 (also Caldwell 19, Sh 2-125, Barnard 168, and the Cocoon Nebula) is a reflection/ emission nebula and Caldwell object in the constellation Cygnus. The NGC description refers to IC 5146 as a cluster of 9.5 mag stars involved in a bright ...

(Cocoon Nebula) * C28

NGC 752 NGC 752 (also known as Caldwell 28) is an open cluster in the constellation Andromeda (constellation), Andromeda. The cluster was discovered by Caroline Herschel in 1783 and cataloged by her brother William Herschel in 1786, although an object th ...

* C41 (

Hyades Hyades may refer to: * Hyades (band) *Hyades (mythology) *Hyades (star cluster) The Hyades (; Greek Ὑάδες, also known as Caldwell 41, Collinder 50, or Melotte 25) is the nearest open cluster and one of the best-studied star clusters. Loca ...

) * C50

NGC 2244 NGC 2244 (also known as Caldwell 50 or the Satellite Cluster) is an open cluster in the Rosette Nebula, which is located in the constellation Monoceros. This cluster has several O-type stars, super hot stars that generate large amounts of radiati ...

* C54

NGC 2506 NGC 2506 (also known as Caldwell 54) is a mildly-elongated open cluster of stars in the equatorial constellation of Monoceros, located at a distance of from the Sun near the Galactic anti-center. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1791. T ...

* C58

NGC 2360 NGC 2360 (also known as Caroline's Cluster or Caldwell 58) is an open cluster in the constellation Canis Major. It was discovered on 26 February 1783 by Caroline Herschel, who described it as a "beautiful cluster of pretty compressed stars near 1 ...

(Caroline's Cluster) * C64

NGC 2362 NGC 2362, also known as Caldwell 64, is an open cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Canis Major. It was discovered by the Italian court astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna, who published his finding in 1654. William Herschel called ...

(Tau Canis Majoris Cluster) * C71

NGC 2477 NGC 2477 (also known as Caldwell 71) is an open cluster in the constellation Puppis. It contains about 300 stars, and was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, Abbé Lacaille in 1751. The cluster's age has been estimated at about 700 million y ...

* C75 NGC 6124 * C76

NGC 6231 NGC 6231 (also known as Caldwell 76) is an open cluster in the southern sky located half a degrees north of Zeta Scorpii. NGC 6231 is part of a swath of young, bluish stars in the constellation Scorpius known as the Scorpius OB1 association. The ...

* C81

NGC 6352 NGC 6352 (also known as Caldwell 81) is a globular cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Ara, located approximately from the Sun. It was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on May 14, 1826. The cluster has a Shapley–Sa ...

* C82

NGC 6193 NGC 6193 (also known as Caldwell 82) is open cluster containing 27 stars in the constellation Ara ARA may refer to: Media and the arts * American-Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences * '' Artistička Radna Akcija'', compilation album release ...

* C85

IC 2391 IC 2391 (also known as the Omicron Velorum Cluster or Caldwell 85) is an open cluster in the constellation Vela. The Persian astronomer Al Sufi may have first described it about 964. It was found by Abbe Lacaille and cataloged as Lac II 5. Th ...

(Omicron Velorum Cluster) * C88

NGC 5823 NGC 5823 (also known as Caldwell 88) is an open cluster in the southern constellation of Circinus, near (and extending across) its border with the constellation Lupus. It was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop James Dunlop FR ...

* C89

NGC 6087 NGC 6087 (also known as Caldwell 89 or the S Normae Cluster) is an open cluster of 40 or more Burnham's ''Celestial Handbook'' gives the number 40, though other studies go as high as 349; see Stephen James O'Meara, ''The Caldwell Objects'', Cambr ...

(S Normae Cluster) * C91

NGC 3532 NGC 3532 ( Caldwell 91), also commonly known as the Pincushion Cluster,Stephen James O'Meara, ''The Caldwell Objects'', Cambridge University Press, , p. 358–360. Football Cluster,Amateur Astronomer Association of New YorkNebula of the Month - C ...

(Wishing Well Cluster) * C94

NGC 4755 The Jewel Box (also known as the Kappa Crucis Cluster, NGC 4755, or Caldwell 94) is an open cluster in the constellation Crux, originally discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751–1752. This cluster was later named the Jewel Box by Jo ...

(Jewel Box) * C95

NGC 6025 NGC 6025 (also known as Caldwell 95) is an open cluster located 2,700 light years away in the Triangulum Australe constellation. It was discovered by Abbe Lacaille Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille (; 15 March 171321 March 1762), formerly so ...

* C96 NGC 2516 (Southern Beehive Cluster) * C97

NGC 3766 NGC 3766 (also known as Caldwell 97) is an open star cluster in the southern constellation Centaurus. It is located in the vast star-forming region known as the Carina molecular cloud, and was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille during his as ...

(Pearl Cluster) * C98 NGC 4609 * C102

IC 2602 IC 2602 (also known as the Southern Pleiades, Theta Carinae Cluster, or Caldwell 102) is an open cluster in the constellation Carina (constellation), Carina. Discovered by Abbe Lacaille in 1751 from South Africa, the cluster is easily visible to th ...

(Theta Carinae Cluster)

Number of Collinder objects in each constellation

Collinder objects

Notes

Errors

There are some errors in Collinder's list or references to it. For example:Archinal, B. A., and S. J. Hynes. 2003. ''Star Clusters'', Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell * Cr 21, 27, 57,

396 __NOTOC__ Year 396 (Roman numerals, CCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Augustus (or, less ...

399 __NOTOC__ Year 399 ( CCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Eutropius and Theodorus (or, less frequently, year 11 ...

, and

426 __NOTOC__ Year 426 ( CDXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus (or, less frequentl ...

are asterisms. * Cr 32, 33, and 34 all refer to parts of the much larger IC 1848. * There is "some doubt" as to whether or not Cr 84, 182, 221, 254,

265 __NOTOC__ Year 265 ( CCLXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Lucillus (or, less frequently, year 1018 ' ...

, 269, 283, 294,

336 Year 336 ( CCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nepotianus and Facundus (or, less frequently, year 1089 ''Ab urbe ...

, 387, 404, 425, 456, and 458 are

s. * The positions of Cr 109 and 185 are inaccurate. * Cr 202 is actually the central condensation of the much larger Cr 199. * Cr 220 was believed by Collinder to be NGC 3247 when in reality he discovered a "new" open cluster. * Cr 234 was applied to the southern section of the much larger Cr 233. * Cr 240 is actually the central condensation of the much larger Cr 239. * Cr

267 __NOTOC__ Year 267 ( CCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paternus and Arcesilaus (or, less frequently, year 10 ...

328 __NOTOC__ Year 328 ( CCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ianuarinus and Iustus (or, less frequently, year 1081 ' ...

, 330, 346,

364 __NOTOC__ Year 364 ( CCCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Varronianus (or, less frequently, year 11 ...

, 366,

368 Year 368 ( CCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Valens (or, less frequently, year 1121 ''Ab urbe con ...

381 __NOTOC__ Year 381 ( CCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Syagrius and Eucherius (or, less frequently, year 1134 ...

395 __NOTOC__ Year 395 ( CCCXCV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Olybrius and Probinus (or, less frequently, year 1148 ...

409 __NOTOC__ Year 409 ( CDIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius (or, less frequently, yea ...

, and 414 are

globular clusters A globular cluster is a spheroidal conglomeration of stars. Globular clusters are bound together by gravity, with a higher concentration of stars towards their centers. They can contain anywhere from tens of thousands to many millions of member ...

. * Cr 334 and 335 are duplicate listings of the same object. * The original alias given for Cr 339 is the galaxy NGC 6393. The correct alias for Cr 339 is the open cluster NGC 6396. * The original alias given for Cr 371 is of the nebula which surrounds an open cluster he discovered. He apparently did not know he was first to make the distinction. * Cr 374 is imbedded within the much larger

Messier 24 Messier may refer to: People with the surname *Charles Messier, French astronomer *Éric Messier, former NHL defenseman *George Messier, French inventor *Jean-Marie Messier, former CEO of Vivendi Universal *Marc Messier, Canadian actor from Quebec ...

. * Collinder erroneously believed

was a globular cluster. * Collinder’s description of

is actually for Messier 72, a globular cluster, and not the object he intended for Cr. 426.

External links

An annotated version of the Collinder catalogue by Thomas Watson

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Collinder Catalogue Astronomical catalogues Open clusters