''Clerodendrum'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s formerly placed in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell. The ...

, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classified in the subfamily

Ajugoideae Ajugoideae is subfamily of the family Lamiaceae. The subfamily name of Teucrioideae is a synonym of Ajugoideae. Genera *Tribe Ajugeae **''Acrymia'' Prain **'' Ajuga'' L. **'' Cymaria'' Benth. **'' Garrettia'' H. R. Fletcher **'' Holocheila'' ...

, being one of several genera transferred from

to Lamiaceae in the 1990s, based on

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analysis of morphological and molecular

data In the pursuit of knowledge, data (; ) is a collection of discrete Value_(semiotics), values that convey information, describing quantity, qualitative property, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of sy ...

. Estimates of the number of

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

in ''Clerodendrum'' vary widely, from about 150Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2010. "Further disintegration and redefinition of ''Clerodendrum'' (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy". ''Taxon'' 59(1):125-133. to about 450.Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, and P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. This is partly because about 30 species have been transferred to ''

Rotheca ''Rotheca'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae.Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón ...

'',Dorothy A. Steane and David J. Mabberley. 1998. "''Rotheca'' (Lamiaceae) Revived". ''Novon'' 8(2):204-206.Rosette B. Fernandes and Bernard Verdcourt. 2000. "''Rotheca'' (Labiatae) revived - more new combinations". ''Kew Bulletin'' 55(1):147-154. about 30 more to ''

Volkameria ''Volkameria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. It is pantropical in distribution.Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2010. "Further disintegration and redefinition of ''Clerodendr ...

'', and 1 to ''

Ovieda ''Ovieda'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, first described for modern science in 1753. It contains only one known species, ''Ovieda spinosa '', endemic to the Island of Hispaniola in the West Indies The West Indie ...

''. The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...

for the genus is '' Clerodendrum infortunatum''.''Clerodendrum'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

Regnum Vegetabile The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and ...

(see ''External links'' below). It is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands.Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening.'' The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York. The genus is native to

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and warm

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...

regions of the world, with most of the species occurring in tropical Africa and southern Asia, but with a few in the tropical Americas and northern Australasia, and a few extending north into the temperate zone in eastern Asia.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. They are shrubs, lianas, and small

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s, usually growing to tall, with opposite or whorled leaves. '' C. floribundum'' can grow to tall. '' Clerodendrum fistulosum'' and '' Clerodendrum myrmecophila'' have hollow stems that are inhabited by

ants Ants are Eusociality, eusocial insects of the Family (biology), family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the Taxonomy (biology), order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from Vespoidea, vespoid wasp ancestors in the Creta ...

. ''

Clerodendrum trichotomum ''Clerodendrum trichotomum'', the harlequin glorybower, glorytree or peanut butter tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, India, and the Philippines. It is a large deciduous sh ...

'' is a common ornamental in warmer parts of the world. Eight other species are also grown in the tropics for their abundant and attractive flowers.George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu (2005) One of these, '' Clerodendrum macrostegium'', suckers abundantly from the

root In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They are most often below the su ...

s, often producing a

thicket A thicket is a very dense stand of trees or tall shrubs, often dominated by only one or a few species, to the exclusion of all others. They may be formed by species that shed large numbers of highly viable seeds that are able to germinate in t ...

within a few years. The following species are cultivated in the UK: * ''C. chinense'' * ''C. splendens'' * ''C. thomsoniae'' * ''C. trichotomum'' ''Clerodendrum'' species are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ...

e of some Lepidoptera species including ''

Endoclita malabaricus ''Endoclita malabaricus'' is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae. It is known from India. Food plants for this species include ''Acacia'', ''Ailanthus'', ''Albizia'', ''Bridelia'', '' Cajanus'', ''Callicarpa'', ''Camellia'', '' Cassia'', ' ...

'' and ''

Endoclita sericeus ''Endoclita sericeus'' is a species of moth of the family Hepialidae first described by Charles Swinhoe in 1901. It is known from Java, Indonesia. Food plants for this species include ''Albizia'', ''Camellia'', ''Cinchona'', ''Crotalaria'', '' M ...

.'' Both butterflies and hummingbirds are often attracted to blooming clerodendrum.

Description

Clerodendrum quadriloculare flower at BBG (50789)

The following description is based on the one by Yuan et alii (2010) and applies to only the monophyletic

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle * Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) *Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ...

of ''Clerodendrum''. ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of small

s, shrubs, lianas, and subherbaceous

perennials A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...

. Leaves decussate or whorled, never spiny as in some close relatives.

Inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphology (biology), Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of sperma ...

usually

terminal Terminal may refer to: Computing Hardware * Terminal (electronics), a device for joining electrical circuits together * Terminal (telecommunication), a device communicating over a line * Computer terminal, a set of primary input and output dev ...

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coine ...

s usually connate, often colored, usually accrescent. Corolla red to yellow, pink, or white. Corolla tube 5-lobed, the lobes usually unequal. Stamens 4 (rarely 5), usually in 2 pairs of unequal length and projecting well beyond the mouth of the corolla. Ovary incompletely 4- locular.

Ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the '' integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the ...

s 4.

Style Style is a manner of doing or presenting things and may refer to: * Architectural style, the features that make a building or structure historically identifiable * Design, the process of creating something * Fashion, a prevailing mode of clothing ...

terminal on the ovary, bifid.

Fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

a drupe, usually with 4 grooves or lobes, 4-

seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

ed (rarely 2-seeded by abortion).

Pollination

''Clerodendrum'' and its relatives have an unusual

pollination syndrome Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process c ...

which avoids

self-pollination Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms). There are two types of self-pollination: in autogamy, pollen is transferred ...

. This

mating system A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour. The precise meaning depends upon the context. With respect to animals, the term describes which males and females mate under which circumstances. Recognised ...

combines

dichogamy Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...

and

herkogamy Herkogamy (or hercogamy) is the spatial separation of the anthers and stigma in hermaphroditic angiosperms. It is a common strategy for reducing self-fertilization. Common forms *Approach herkogamy - (called "pin flowers") is displayed when the ...

. The flowers are

protandrous Sequential hermaphroditism (called dichogamy in botany) is a type of hermaphroditism that occurs in many fish, gastropods, and plants. Sequential hermaphroditism occurs when the individual changes its sex at some point in its life. In particular, ...

. When the flower opens, the stamens stand erect, parallel to the central axis of the flower, while the

style Style is a manner of doing or presenting things and may refer to: * Architectural style, the features that make a building or structure historically identifiable * Design, the process of creating something * Fashion, a prevailing mode of clothing ...

bends over, holding the stigma beyond the rim of the corolla. After the pollen is shed, the stamens curl up or bend over, and the style straightens out, bringing the stigma to the center of the flower. Except for '' Aegiphila'', which is

heterostylous Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. ...

, this breeding strategy is shared by all members of the clade consisting of '' Kalaharia'', ''Clerodendrum'', ''

'', '' Aegiphila'', ''

'', '' Tetraclea'', and '' Amasonia''.

History

''Clerodendrum'' was named by

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

in '' Species Plantarum'' in 1753.''Clerodendrum'' page 637. In: Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. ''Species Plantarum'' volume 2. Laurentii Salvii. (see ''External Links'' below). The name is derived from two

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

words, ''kleros'', meaning "chance or fate" or "clergy", and ''dendron'', "a tree".Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I, page 559. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, US. London, UK. (set). It refers to the considerable variation in reports of the usefulness of ''Clerodendrum'' in medicine, and also to the fact the trees were used for religious purposes in Asia. Regional revisions of ''Clerodendrum'' have been done for local

floras Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring ( indigenous) native plants. Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora, as in the terms ''gut flora'' or ''skin flora''. Et ...

, but the last monograph of the entire genus was by

John Isaac Briquet John Isaac Briquet (13 March 1870 in Geneva – 26 October 1931 in Geneva) was a Swiss botanist, director of the ''Conservatoire Botanique'' at Geneva. He received his education in natural sciences at Geneva and Berlin,

in 1895.John Isaac Briquet. 1895. "''Clerodendrum''" pages 174-176. In: "Verbenaceae" pages 132-182. In: ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'' volume IV, part 3a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann: Leipzig, Germany. He recognized about 90 species, defining the genus broadly to include species that others had placed in ''

'', ''

'', and ''

''. His

was followed by most authors for the next 100 years, even though it was widely believed to be problematic. In 1997,

analysis of DNA data showed that ''Clerodendrum'', as then understood, was

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...

. This situation was remedied in 1998 with the revival of ''Rotheca''. This taxonomic change was based on previous work and on a molecular phylogenetic study that was not published until the following year. In 2004, a study of DNA sequences showed that the

monospecific In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ...

Australian genus ''Huxleya'' was embedded in a clade of ''Clerodendrum'' species that had formerly been placed in ''

''. ''Huxleya'' was then sunk into

synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

with ''Clerodendrum''. The 2004 study sampled '' Aegiphila'', '' Tetraclea'', and '' Amasonia'', three

New World The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...

genera of

that had not previously been sampled for DNA. The results of this study cast doubt, once again, upon the

monophyly In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

of ''Clerodendrum''. In 2010, a study of four chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers showed that part of ''Clerodendrum'' was closer to the New world genera than to other ''Clerodendrum'', and that one species of ''Clerodendrum'' was nested within the clade of New World genera. The authors of this study resurrected the genus ''Volkameria'' and assigned to it about 30 species that had been in ''Clerodendrum''. They also resurrected ''Ovieda'' as a

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispe ...

genus consisting of '' Ovieda spinosa''. ''Volkameria'' and ''Ovieda'' had been erected by

in 1753. Modern

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

analysis has largely vindicated his concepts of ''Clerodendrum'' and its relatives.

Traditional medicinal use

'' Clerodendrum glandulosum''. Coleb leaf aqueous extract is traditionally used by people of North-East India to alleviate symptoms of diabetes, obesity and hypertension. Among the

Hmar Hmar may refer to: *Hmars or Hmar people *Hmar language Hmar language, also known by its endonym Khawsak Ṭawng, belongs to the Kukish branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of the language are also known as Hmar. Acc ...

and Zomi tribes in the North East India Anphui(Clerodendrum) is also being used as a dish/curry.Anphui Dish from Biaki's Kitchen- https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=699621273413089&id=440688782639674&set=a.440710989304120.111092.440688782639674

Systematics

''Clerodendrum'' is strongly supported as monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic analyses. It consists of two clades, each of which receives strong bootstrap support. One clade contains mostly African species. The other is mostly Asian. The African and Asian groups can not confidently be divided into sections without more extensive sampling of

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

in phylogenetic studies. The Madagascan species, in particular, are poorly studied. It appears that the long, narrow corolla tube

evolved Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

only once in ''Clerodendrum'', and appeared again, among its relatives, in ''Ovieda''.

Species

Clerodendrum emirnense ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of flowering plants formerly placed in the family Verbenaceae, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classifie ...

Clerodendrum globosum ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of flowering plants formerly placed in the family Verbenaceae, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classifie ...

Clerodendrum phlomidis ''Clerodendrum phlomidis'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. The plant has been used in Ayurvedic medicine, and some Ayurvedic sources refer to it by the synonym ''Clerodendrum multiflorum''. In India, the plant is known ...

Clerodendrum rumphianum ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of flowering plants formerly placed in the family Verbenaceae, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classified ...

Clerodendrum thomsoniae ''Clerodendrum thomsoniae'' is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Clerodendrum'' of the family Lamiaceae, native to tropical west Africa from Cameroon west to Senegal. It is an evergreen liana growing to tall, with ovate to oblong le ...

'' * '' Clerodendrum thouarsii'' * '' Clerodendrum thyrsoideum'' * '' Clerodendrum tibetanum'' * '' Clerodendrum tomentellum'' * ''

Clerodendrum tomentosum ''Clerodendrum tomentosum'', known as the downy chance, hairy lolly bush, hairy clairy or hairy clerodendrum is a shrub or small tree occurring in eastern and northern Australia. Distributed from Batemans Bay (35° S) in southern coastal New So ...

'' * '' Clerodendrum tonkinense'' * '' Clerodendrum toxicarium'' * '' Clerodendrum tracyanum'' * ''

Clerodendrum trichanthum ''Clerodendrum'' is a genus of flowering plants formerly placed in the family Verbenaceae, but now considered to belong to the Lamiaceae (mint) family. Its common names include glorybower, bagflower and bleeding-heart. It is currently classified ...

'' * '' Clerodendrum tricholobum'' * ''

'' * '' Clerodendrum triflorum'' * '' Clerodendrum tubulosum'' * '' Clerodendrum umbellatum'' * '' Clerodendrum umbratile'' * '' Clerodendrum urticifolium'' * '' Clerodendrum villosicalyx'' * '' Clerodendrum villosum'' * '' Clerodendrum vinosum'' * '' Clerodendrum volubile'' * '' Clerodendrum wallii'' * '' Clerodendrum welwitschii'' * '' Clerodendrum williamsii'' * '' Clerodendrum yunnanense''

Formerly placed here

*'' Pseudocaryopteris foetida'' (D.Don) P.D.Cantino (as ''C. foetidum'' D.Don) *'' Rotheca incisa'' (Klotzsch) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. incisum'' Klotzsch or ''C. macrosiphon'' Hook.f.) *''

Rotheca myricoides ''Rotheca myricoides'' (butterfly bush – also a name for ''Buddleja'' species) is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to Africa and widely cultivated elsewhere. In cultivation, it is frequently known by one of its ...

'' (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. myricoides'' (Hochst.) Vatke or ''C. ugandense'' Prain) *''

Rotheca serrata ''Rotheca serrata'', commonly known as the blue fountain bush, the blue-flowered glory tree or the beetle killer, is a species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to India, Sri Lanka and Malaysia. Description ''Rotheca se ...

'' (L.) Steane & Mabb. (as ''C. serratum'' (L.) Moon) *'' Volkameria aculeata'' L. (as ''C. aculeatum'' (L.) Schltdl.) *'' Volkameria glabra'' (E.Mey.) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan (as ''C. glabrum'' E.Mey.) *'' Volkameria inermis'' L. (as ''C. inerme'' (L.) Gaertn.) *'' Volkameria ligustrina'' Jacq. (as ''C. ligustrinum'' (Jacq.) R.Br.)

Gallery

File:Clerodendrum paniculatum (spike).jpg, '' Clerodendrum paniculatum'' File:Clerodendrum floribundum fruit.jpg, ''C. floribundum'' fruit and foliage, coastal Central Queensland File:Clerodendrum floribundum tree.jpg, ''C. floribundum'' tree, coastal Central Queensland File:Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae) on Clerodendrum viscosum at Samsing, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 6271.jpg, Common Rose ''

Pachliopta aristolochiae ''Pachliopta aristolochiae'', the common rose, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus ''Pachliopta'', the roses, or red-bodied swallowtails. It is a common butterfly which is extensively distributed across south and southeast Asia. R ...

'' on ''

Clerodendrum viscosum ''Clerodendrum infortunatum'', known as bhat or hill glory bower, is a perennial shrub belonging to the family (biology), family Lamiaceae, also sometimes classified under Verbenaceae. It is the type species among ~150 species of ''Clerodendrum'' ...

'' at

Samsing Samsing is a small hill village and tourist spot in the Matiali (community development block), Malbazar subdivision of Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal situated at an elevation of 3000 ft in the foothills in between Jalpaiguri and Darjeel ...

Darjeeling district Darjeeling District is the northernmost district of the state of West Bengal in eastern India in the foothills of the Himalayas. The district is famous for its hill station and Darjeeling tea. Darjeeling is the district headquarters. Kurse ...

West Bengal West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of . West Bengal is the fou ...

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

. File:Fresh bleeding heart.jpg, Bleeding heart at

Wayanad Wayanad () is a district in the north-east of Indian state Kerala with administrative headquarters at the municipality of Kalpetta. It is the only plateau in Kerala. The Wayanad Plateau forms a continuation of the Mysore Plateau, the southern ...

,Kerala File:Glorybower Flower.jpg, Glorybower Flower in

Bangalore Bangalore (), List of renamed places in India, officially Bengaluru (), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than and a metropolitan area, metropolitan population of a ...

, India