![Bust of Tiberius - Портрет Тиберия A54, 1 (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Bust_of_Tiberius_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_A54%2C_1_%28cropped%29.jpg)
The gens Claudia (), sometimes written Clodia, was one of the most prominent
patrician
Patrician may refer to:
* Patrician (ancient Rome), the original aristocratic families of ancient Rome, and a synonym for "aristocratic" in modern English usage
* Patrician (post-Roman Europe), the governing elites of cities in parts of medieval ...
houses at
ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome refers to Roman civilisation from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the Roman Kingdom (753–509 B ...
. The
gens
In ancient Rome, a gens ( or , ; plural: ''gentes'' ) was a family consisting of individuals who shared the same Roman naming conventions#Nomen, nomen and who claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a ''stirps'' (p ...
traced its origin to the earliest days of the
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kin ...
. The first of the Claudii to obtain the
consulship
A consul held the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic ( to 27 BC), and ancient Romans considered the consulship the second-highest level of the ''cursus honorum'' (an ascending sequence of public offices to which politic ...
was
Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis
Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis or Inregillensis (fl. 505 – 480 BC) was the legendary founder of the Roman gens Claudia, and consul in 495 BC. He was the leading figure of the aristocratic party in the early Roman Republic.
Background and ...
, in 495 BC, and from that time its members frequently held the highest offices of the state, both under the Republic and in
imperial times.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 762 (" Claudia Gens").]
Plebeian Claudii are found fairly early in Rome's history. Some may have been descended from members of the family who had passed over to the plebeians, while others were probably the descendants of
freedmen
A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), abolitionism, emancipation (gra ...
of the gens.
In the later Republic,
one of its patrician members voluntarily converted to plebeian status and adopted the spelling "
Clodius
Clodius is an alternate form of the Roman '' nomen'' Claudius, a patrician ''gens'' that was traditionally regarded as Sabine in origin. The alternation of ''o'' and ''au'' is characteristic of the Sabine dialect. The feminine form is Clodia.
R ...
".
In his life of the emperor
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
, who was a scion of the Claudii, the historian
Suetonius
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (), commonly referred to as Suetonius ( ; c. AD 69 – after AD 122), was a Roman historian who wrote during the early Imperial era of the Roman Empire.
His most important surviving work is a set of biographies ...
gives a summary of the gens, and says, "as time went on it was honoured with twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven censorships, six triumphs, and two ovations." Writing several decades after the fall of the so-called "
Julio-Claudian dynasty", Suetonius took care to mention both the good and wicked deeds attributed to members of the family.
The patrician Claudii were noted for their pride and arrogance, and intense hatred of the commonalty. In his ''History of Rome,''
Niebuhr writes,
That house during the course of centuries produced several very eminent, few great men; hardly a single noble-minded one. In all ages it distinguished itself alike by a spirit of haughty defiance, by disdain for the laws, and iron hardness of heart.
During the Republic, no patrician Claudius adopted a member of another gens; the emperor
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
was the first who broke this custom, by adopting Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, afterwards the emperor
Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...
.
Origin
According to legend, the first of the Claudii was a
Sabine
The Sabines (; lat, Sabini; it, Sabini, all exonyms) were an Italic people who lived in the central Apennine Mountains of the ancient Italian Peninsula, also inhabiting Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome.
The Sabines di ...
, by the name of ''
Attius Clausus'', who came to Rome with his retainers in 504 BC, the sixth year of the
Republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
.
[Livy, ii. 16] At this time, the fledgling Republic was engaged in regular warfare with the Sabines, and Clausus is said to have been the leader of a faction seeking to end the conflict. When his efforts failed, he defected to the Romans, bringing with him no fewer than five hundred men able to bear arms, according to
Dionysius.
[Dionysius, v. 40.]
Clausus, who exchanged his Sabine name for the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
''Appius Claudius'', was enrolled among the patricians, and given a seat in the
Senate, quickly becoming one of its most influential members.
[Suetonius, "The Life of Tiberius", 1.] His descendants were granted a burial site at the foot of the
Capitoline Hill
The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( ; it, Campidoglio ; la, Mons Capitolinus ), between the Forum and the Campus Martius, is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
The hill was earlier known as ''Mons Saturnius'', dedicated to the god Saturn. ...
, and his followers allotted land on the far side of the
Anio
The Aniene (; la, Aniō), formerly known as the Teverone, is a river in Lazio, Italy. It originates in the Apennines at Trevi nel Lazio and flows westward past Subiaco, Vicovaro, and Tivoli to join the Tiber in northern Rome. It formed the pr ...
, where they formed the core of what became the "
Old Claudian" tribe.
The emperor
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
is said to have referred to these traditions in a speech made before the
senate, in which he argued in favor of admitting
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They s ...
to that body. "My ancestors, the most ancient of whom was made at once a citizen and a noble of Rome, encourage me to govern by the same policy of transferring to this city all conspicuous merit, wherever found." By imperial times, the influence of the Claudii was so great that the poet
Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: t ...
flattered them by a deliberate anachronism. In his ''
Aeneid
The ''Aeneid'' ( ; la, Aenē̆is or ) is a Latin Epic poetry, epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy, Trojan who fled the Trojan_War#Sack_of_Troy, fall of Troy and travelled to ...
'', he makes Attius Clausus a contemporary of
Aeneas
In Greco-Roman mythology, Aeneas (, ; from ) was a Trojan hero, the son of the Trojan prince Anchises and the Greek goddess Aphrodite (equivalent to the Roman Venus). His father was a first cousin of King Priam of Troy (both being grandsons ...
, to whose side he rallies with a host of ''quirites'', or spearmen.
[''Aeneid'', book vii, lines 706, 707.]
The
nomen ''Claudius'', originally ''Clausus'', is usually said to be derived from the Latin adjective ''claudus'', meaning "lame". As a
cognomen
A ''cognomen'' (; plural ''cognomina''; from ''con-'' "together with" and ''(g)nomen'' "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became here ...
, ''Claudus'' is occasionally found in other gentes. However, since there is no tradition that any of the early Claudii were lame, the nomen might refer to some ancestor of Attius Clausus. It could also have been metaphorical, or ironic, and the possibility remains that this derivation is erroneous. The metathesis of ''Clausus'' into ''Claudius'', and its common by-form, ''
Clodius
Clodius is an alternate form of the Roman '' nomen'' Claudius, a patrician ''gens'' that was traditionally regarded as Sabine in origin. The alternation of ''o'' and ''au'' is characteristic of the Sabine dialect. The feminine form is Clodia.
R ...
'', involves the alternation of 'o' and 'au', which seems to have been common in words of Sabine origin. The alternation of 's' and 'd' occurs in words borrowed from Greek: Latin ''rosa'' from Greek ''rhodon''; but in this instance ''clausus'' or ''*closus'' is a Sabine word becoming ''clod-'' in Latin. The name could have come from Greek settlers in Latium, but there is no evidence in favor of this hypothesis.
Praenomina
The early Claudii favored the praenomina ''
Appius,
Gaius
Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen).
People
* Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist
*Gaius Acilius
*Gaius Antonius
*Gaius Antonius Hybrida
*Gaius Asinius Gallus
*Gaius Asinius P ...
'', and ''
Publius''. These names were used by the patrician Claudii throughout their history. ''
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
'' was used by the family of the Claudii Nerones, while ''
Marcus'', although used occasionally by the earliest patrician Claudii, was favored by the plebeian branches of the family.
[''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', pp. 765–775 ("]Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
"). According to Suetonius, the gens avoided the praenomen ''
Lucius
Lucius ( el, Λούκιος ''Loukios''; ett, Luvcie) is a male given name derived from '' Lucius'' (abbreviated ''L.''), one of the small group of common Latin forenames ('' praenomina'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Lucius derives from ...
'' because two early members with this name had brought dishonor upon the family, one having been convicted of highway robbery, and the other of murder.
However, the name was used by at least one branch of the Claudii in the final century of the Republic, including one who, as ''Rex Sacrorum'', was certainly patrician. To these names, the plebeian Claudii added ''
Quintus
Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth".
Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...
'' and ''
Sextus
Sextus is an ancient Roman '' praenomen'' or "first name". Its standard abbreviation is Sex., and the feminine form would be Sexta. It is one of the numeral ''praenomina'', like Quintus ("fifth") and Decimus ("tenth"), and means "sixth". Althoug ...
''.
The praenomen ''Appius'' is often said to have been unique to the Claudii, and nothing more than a Latinization of the Sabine ''Attius''. But in fact there are other figures in Roman history named "Appius", and in later times the name was used by plebeian families such as the
Junii
The gens Junia was one of the most celebrated families of ancient Rome. The gens may originally have been patrician (ancient Rome), patrician, and was already prominent in the last days of the Roman Kingdom, Roman monarchy. Lucius Junius Brutu ...
and the
Annii
The gens Annia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. Livy mentions a Lucius Annius, praetor of the Roman colony of Setia, in 340 BC, and other Annii are mentioned at Rome during this period. Members of this gens held various positions of a ...
. Thus, it seems more accurate to say that the Claudii were the only patrician family at Rome known to have used ''Appius''. As for its Sabine equivalent, ''Attius'' has been the subject of much discussion by philologists. The form ''Attus'' is mentioned by
Valerius Maximus
Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' ...
, who connected it with the bucolic Greek name Atys. Braasch translated it as ''Väterchen'', "little father," and connected it with a series of childhood parental names: "atta, tata, acca," and the like, becoming such names as ''Tatius'' (also Sabine) and ''
Atilius''.
During the late Republic and early Empire, the Claudii Nerones, who gave rise to the Imperial family, adopted the praenomen ''
Decimus'', seldom used by any patrician family. Subsequently they began to exchange traditional praenomina for names that first entered the family as cognomina, such as ''Nero'', ''Drusus'', and ''Germanicus''.
Branches and cognomina
The patrician Claudii bore various surnames, including ''Caecus'', ''Caudex'', ''Centho'', ''Crassus'', ''Nero'', ''Pulcher'', ''Regillensis'', and ''Sabinus''. The latter two, though applicable to all of the gens, were seldom used when there was a more definite cognomen. A few of the patrician Claudii are mentioned without any surname. The surnames of the plebeian Claudii were ''Asellus'', ''Canina'', ''Centumalus'', ''Cicero'', ''Flamen'', ''Glaber'', and ''Marcellus''.
The earliest Claudii bore the surname ''Sabinus'', a common surname usually referring to a Sabine, or someone of Sabine descent, which according to all tradition, the Claudii were. This cognomen was first adopted by Appius Claudius, the founder of the gens, and was retained by his descendants, until it was replaced by ''Crassus''.
''Regillensis'' or ''Inregillensis'', a surname of the earliest Claudii, is said to be derived from the town of
Regillum Regillum or Inregillum was a town in ancient Sabinum, north of Rome, known chiefly as the original home of Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis.''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, p. 765–767.
According to tradition, ...
, a Sabine settlement, where Appius Claudius lived with his family and retainers before coming to Rome. Its exact location is unknown, but it must have been in the vicinity of Lake Regillus, where one of the most important battles in the early history of the Roman Republic was fought. The same cognomen was borne by a family of the
Postumii
The gens Postumia was a noble patrician family at ancient Rome. Throughout the history of the Republic, the Postumii frequently occupied the chief magistracies of the Roman state, beginning with Publius Postumius Tubertus, consul in 505 BC, the ...
, although in this instance the surname is supposed to have been derived from the
Battle of Lake Regillus
The Battle of Lake Regillus was a legendary Roman victory over the Latin League shortly after the establishment of the Roman Republic and as part of a wider Latin War. The Latins were led by an elderly Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the se ...
, in which the victorious Roman general was the dictator
Aulus Postumius Albus.
''Crassus'', sometimes given as the diminutive ''Crassinus'', was a common surname usually translated as "thick, solid," or "dull". This cognomen succeeded that of ''Sabinus'' as the surname of the main family of the Claudia gens. It was borne by members of the family from the fifth to the third century BC. The other main families of the patrician Claudii were descended from
Appius Claudius Caecus
Appius Claudius Caecus ( 312–279 BC) was a statesman and writer from the Roman Republic. The first Roman public figure whose life can be traced with some historical certainty, Caecus was responsible for the building of Rome's first road (t ...
, the last recorded member of the Claudii Crassi, who gave a different cognomen to each of his four sons: ''Russus'' (or ''Rufus''), ''Pulcher, Cento'' or ''Centho'', and ''Nero''.
''Pulcher'', the surname of the next major branch of the Claudia gens, means ''beautiful'', although it may be that the cognomen was given ironically. The Claudii Pulchri were an extensive family, which supplied the Republic with several consuls, and survived into imperial times.
![Claudius Ny Carlsberg02](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Claudius_Ny_Carlsberg02.jpg)
The other main branch of the patrician Claudii bore the surname ''Nero'', originally a Sabine praenomen described as meaning, ''fortis ac strenuus'', which roughly translated is "strong and sturdy." It may be the same as the Umbrian praenomen ''Nerius''. This family was distinguished throughout the latter Republic, and gave rise to several of the early emperors, including
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
,
Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
, and
Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( ; born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68), was the fifth Roman emperor and final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 un ...
. An oddity of the names by which these emperors are known today is that several of their ancestors bore the name ''Tiberius Claudius Nero''; of three emperors belonging to the same family, one is known by a praenomen, one by a nomen, and one by a cognomen.
The most illustrious family of the plebeian Claudii bore the surname ''Marcellus'', which is a diminutive of the praenomen ''Marcus''. They gained everlasting fame from the exploits of
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; 270 – 208 BC), five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader during the Gallic War of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roma ...
, one of Rome's finest generals, and a towering figure of the
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
, who was five times consul, and won the ''
spolia opima
The ''spolia opima'' ("rich spoils") were the armour, arms, and other effects that an ancient Roman general stripped from the body of an opposing commander slain in single combat. The ''spolia opima'' were regarded as the most honourable of th ...
'', defeating and killing the
Gallic king,
Viridomarus
Viridomarus or Britomartus as translations vary, (died 222 BC) was a Gaulish military leader who led an army against an army of the Roman Republic at the Battle of Clastidium. The Romans won the battle, and in the process, Marcus Claudius Marcellu ...
, in single combat.
Most of those who used the spelling ''Clodius'' were descended from plebeian members of the gens, but one family by this name was a cadet branch of the patrician Claudii Pulchri, which voluntarily went over to the plebeians, and used the spelling ''Clodius'' to differentiate themselves from their patrician relatives.
''Caecus'', the surname of one of the Claudii Crassi, refers to the condition of his blindness, which is well-attested, although it appears that he did not become blind until his old age. Caecus' initial cognomen was Crassus. According to one legend, he was struck blind by the gods during his
censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments ...
, after inducing the ancient family of the
Potitii to teach the sacred rites of
Hercules
Hercules (, ) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.
The Romans adapted the Gr ...
to the public slaves. The Potitii themselves were said to have perished as a result of this sacrilege. However, Claudius was relatively young at the time of his censorship in 312 BC, and was elected consul sixteen years later, in 296.
Caecus' brother, who shared the same praenomen, was distinguished by the cognomen ''Caudex'', literally meaning a "treetrunk", although metaphorically it was an insult, meaning a "dolt." According to
Seneca
Seneca may refer to:
People and language
* Seneca (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname
* Seneca people, one of the six Iroquois tribes of North America
** Seneca language, the language of the Seneca people
Places Extrat ...
, he obtained the surname from his attention to naval affairs.
Members
See also
Clodius
Clodius is an alternate form of the Roman '' nomen'' Claudius, a patrician ''gens'' that was traditionally regarded as Sabine in origin. The alternation of ''o'' and ''au'' is characteristic of the Sabine dialect. The feminine form is Clodia.
R ...
for members of the gens who used the alternate spelling of the name primarily or solely.
Claudii Sabini et Crassi
* Marcus Clausus, the father of Appius Claudius.
*
Appius Claudius M. f. Sabinus Regillensis,
consul
Consul (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states throu ...
in 495 BC. Born Attius Clausus, a Sabine; brought his family and retainers to Rome in 504 BC, and was admitted to the patriciate.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. M. n. Sabinus Regillensis, consul in 471 BC, he was sent against the
Aequi
300px, Location of the Aequi (Equi) in central Italy, 5th century BC.
The Aequi ( grc, Αἴκουοι and Αἴκοι) were an Italic tribe on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains to the east of Latium in central Italy who appear in the early hist ...
and
Volsci
The Volsci (, , ) were an Italic tribe, well known in the history of the first century of the Roman Republic. At the time they inhabited the partly hilly, partly marshy district of the south of Latium, bounded by the Aurunci and Samnites on the ...
, but his own soldiers revolted, and were punished with
decimation. He fiercely opposed the
agrarian law first brought forward by
Spurius Cassius Vecellinus
Spurius Cassius Vecellinus or Vicellinus (died 485 BC) was one of the most distinguished men of the early Roman Republic. He was three times consul, and celebrated two triumphs. He was the first ''magister equitum'', and the author of the first a ...
, and was brought to trial, but took his own life.
*
Gaius Claudius Ap. f. M. n. Sabinus Regillensis, consul in 460 BC, the year that
Appius Herdonius Appius Herdonius (d. 460 BC) was a Sabine who led an uprising against Rome at the head of slaves and exiles. With his troops, he managed, in 460 BC, to seize the Capitoline Hill and Arx at night.
According to Livy, Herdonius appeared from the top o ...
seized the
Capitol
A capitol, named after the Capitoline Hill in Rome, is usually a legislative building where a legislature meets and makes laws for its respective political entity.
Specific capitols include:
* United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
* Numerous ...
. He was a staunch opponent of various laws and reforms favoring the plebeians.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Crassus, consul in 451 BC, he became head of the college of
decemvirs
The decemviri or decemvirs (Latin for "ten men") were some of the several 10-man commissions established by the Roman Republic.
The most important were those of the two Decemvirates, formally the " decemvirate with consular power for writing ...
, holding office until 449, when he was imprisoned for his actions as decemvir, and either killed himself or was put to death.
['']Fasti Capitolini
The ''Fasti Capitolini'', or Capitoline Fasti, are a list of the chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, extending from the early fifth century BC down to the reign of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Together with similar lists found at Rom ...
'', ; 1904, 114; ; 1940, 59, 60.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Crassus,
consular tribune
A consular tribune was putatively a type of magistrate in the early Roman Republic. According to Roman tradition, colleges of consular tribunes held office throughout the fifth and fourth centuries BC during the so-called "Conflict of the Or ...
in 424 BC, said by Livy to have been violently opposed to the plebeians and
their tribunes.
* Publius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Crassus, the younger son of the decemvir.
*
Appius Claudius P. f. Ap. n. Crassus Regillensis, consular tribune in 403 BC, during the siege of
Veii
Veii (also Veius; it, Veio) was an important ancient Etruscan city situated on the southern limits of Etruria and north-northwest of Rome, Italy. It now lies in Isola Farnese, in the comune of Rome. Many other sites associated with and in the ...
. He proposed a law allowing one of the tribunes of the plebs to halt the proceedings of the others.
*
Appius Claudius P. f. Ap. n. Crassus Regillensis, opposed the
Licinian Rogations, opening the consulship to the plebeians. In 362 BC, he was appointed
dictator
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power. A dictatorship is a state ruled by one dictator or by a small clique. The word originated as the title of a Roman dictator elected by the Roman Senate to rule the republic in tim ...
to conduct the war against the
Hernici
The Hernici were an Italic tribe of ancient Italy, whose territory was in Latium between the Fucine Lake and the Sacco River (''Trerus''), bounded by the Volsci on the south, and by the Aequi and the Marsi on the north.
For many years of the ear ...
. Consul in 349, he died at the commencement of his year of office.
* Gaius Claudius (Ap. f. P. n.) Regillensis, nominated dictator in 337 BC, but immediately resigned after the
augurs pronounced the appointment invalid.
[Livy, viii. 15.]
*
Appius Claudius C. f. Ap. n. Caecus,
censor in 312 BC, and consul in 307 and 296. It was in his hands that the office of censor gained much more power and prestige; he was once dictator, but the year is unknown. Unlike most of his house, Caecus supported several reforms in favour of the plebeians. He is the earliest known Roman writer of prose and verse.
*
Appius Claudius C. f. Ap. n. Caudex, consul in 264 BC, at the beginning of the
First Punic War; landing in
Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
, he defeated
Hiero and the
Carthaginians
The Punic people, or western Phoenicians, were a Semitic people in the Western Mediterranean who migrated from Tyre, Phoenicia to North Africa during the Early Iron Age. In modern scholarship, the term ''Punic'' – the Latin equivalent of the ...
, and raised the siege of
Messana
Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in t ...
.
* Appius Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Russus, the eldest son of
Appius Claudius Caecus
Appius Claudius Caecus ( 312–279 BC) was a statesman and writer from the Roman Republic. The first Roman public figure whose life can be traced with some historical certainty, Caecus was responsible for the building of Rome's first road (t ...
, he was consul in 268 BC, and died during his office.
* Claudia, the name of five daughters of Appius Claudius Caecus.
Claudii Pulchri
*
Publius Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher, the second son of Appius Claudius Caecus, consul in 249 BC; ignoring the auguries, he attacked the Carthaginian fleet at
Drepana
Drepana ( grc, Δρέπανα) was an Elymian, Carthaginian, and Roman port in antiquity on the western coast of Sicily. It was the site of a crushing Roman defeat by the Carthaginians in 249BC. It eventually developed into the modern Italian ...
, and was entirely defeated. Recalled to Rome, he nominated
Marcus Claudius Glicia Marcus Claudius Glicia or Glycias was a subordinate of the consul Publius Claudius Pulcher who briefly served as dictator in 249 BC.
Family
Glicia was a client of gens Claudia, an influential patrician family that had held the highest office ...
, the son of a freedman, as dictator. He was subsequently impeached and fined.
*
Appius Claudius P. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, consul in 212 BC, during the
Second Punic War
The Second Punic War (218 to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. For 17 years the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Ital ...
; with his colleague laid siege to
Capua
Capua ( , ) is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania, southern Italy, situated north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain.
History
Ancient era
The name of Capua comes from the Etrus ...
. His command was prolonged after his year of office, and he was mortally wounded in battle with
Hannibal.
*
Quinta Claudia P. f. Ap. n., freed a grounded ship bringing the image of
Cybele
Cybele ( ; Phrygian: ''Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya'' "Kubileya/Kubeleya Mother", perhaps "Mountain Mother"; Lydian ''Kuvava''; el, Κυβέλη ''Kybele'', ''Kybebe'', ''Kybelis'') is an Anatolian mother goddess; she may have a possible forer ...
to Rome.
* Claudia P. f. Ap. n., married
Pacuvius Calavius Pacuvius Calavius was the chief magistrate of Capua during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). In the aftermath of the Battle of Lake Trasimene, he prevented the people of Capua from surrendering the city to Hannibal. When the Capuans finally ca ...
of Capua.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. P. n. Pulcher, consul in 185 BC.
*
Publius Claudius Ap. f. P. n. Pulcher, consul in 184 BC.
*
Gaius Claudius Ap. f. P. n. Pulcher, consul in 177 BC, received
Istria as his province; he was censor in 169.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, consul in 143 BC, and censor in 136. He defeated the
Salassi
The Salassi or Salasses were a Gallic or Ligurian tribe dwelling in the upper valley of the Dora Baltea river, near present-day Aosta (Val d'Aosta), during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Name
They are mentioned as ''dià Salassō̃n'' (δ ...
, but was refused a triumph by the senate, and triumphed at his own expense.
*
Gaius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 130 BC, reported to the senate about the disturbances excited by
Gaius Papirius Carbo.
* Gaius Claudius Pulcher, probably the elder son of Gaius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 130 BC.
* Appius Claudius Pulcher, probably the younger son of Gaius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 130 BC.
* Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, son of the consul of 143 BC, in 107 he participated in the discussions respecting the agrarian law of Spurius Thorius.
* Claudia Ap. f. Ap. n., daughter Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 143 BC, was a
Vestal Virgin
In ancient Rome, the Vestal Virgins or Vestals ( la, Vestālēs, singular ) were priestesses of Vesta, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame.
The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty ...
, and accompanied her father during his triumph.
* Claudia Ap. f. Ap. n., another daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 143 BC, married
Tiberius Gracchus
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus ( 163 – 133 BC) was a Roman politician best known for his agrarian reform law entailing the transfer of land from the Roman state and wealthy landowners to poorer citizens. He had also served in the Roma ...
.
* Claudia Ap. f. Ap. n., a third daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 143 BC, married
Quintus Marcius Philippus, and was the mother of Quintus and
Lucius Marcius Philippus; the latter was consul in 91 BC.
*
Gaius Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher, consul in 92 BC.
* Appius Claudius (Ap. f. C. n.) Pulcher,
military tribune
A military tribune (Latin ''tribunus militum'', "tribune of the soldiers") was an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the centurion. Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribune as a stepping stone ...
in 87 BC, is probably to be identified with the
interrex
The interrex (plural interreges) was literally a ruler "between kings" (Latin ''inter reges'') during the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic. He was in effect a short-term regent.
History
The office of ''interrex'' was supposedly created follow ...
of 77 BC.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Pulcher, consul in 79 BC.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, praetor in 89 BC.
*
Gaius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, praetor in 73 BC, was defeated by
Spartacus
Spartacus ( el, Σπάρτακος '; la, Spartacus; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprisin ...
at
Mount Vesuvius
Mount Vesuvius ( ; it, Vesuvio ; nap, 'O Vesuvio , also or ; la, Vesuvius , also , or ) is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore. It is one of s ...
.
*
Appius Claudius Pulcher, adopted by
Marcus Livius Drusus, becoming Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus, later became the father of Empress
Livia.
*
Appius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, consul in 54 BC, and censor in 50.
*
Gaius Claudius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, praetor in 56 BC.
* Clodia Ap. f. Ap. n. Tertia, wife of
Quintus Marcius Rex.
*
Clodia Ap. f. Ap. n., wife of
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer (before 103 BC or c. 100 BC – 59 BC), a member of the powerful Caecilius Metellus family (plebeian nobility, not patrician) who were at their zenith during Celer's lifetime. A son of Quintus Caecilius Metell ...
and controversial lady of the late Republic
* Clodia Ap. f. Ap. n., wife of
Lucius Licinius Lucullus.
*
Publius Clodius Ap. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, contrived to become tribune of the plebs; he was adopted by a plebeian, and affected the nomen ''Clodius'', obtaining the tribunician power in 58 BC.
* Claudia Ap. f. Ap. n., older daughter of the consul of 54 BC, she was wife of
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
* Claudia Ap. f. Ap. n., married, around her father's consulship in 54 BC,
Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (; ; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC), often referred to simply as Brutus, was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Serv ...
, who later divorced her without explanation.
*
Gaius Claudius C. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, adopted by his uncle, Appius, whose praenomen he assumed. He and his brother prosecuted
Titus Annius Milo
Titus Annius Milo (died 48 BC) was a Roman political agitator. The son of Gaius Papius Celsus, he was adopted by his maternal grandfather, Titus Annius Luscus. In 52 BC, he was prosecuted for the murder of Publius Clodius Pulcher and exiled from ...
in 51 BC. He is probably the same Appius Claudius Pulcher who was consul in 38 BC, but that may have been his brother.
*
Appius Claudius C. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, joined his brother in prosecuting Milo; he was later impeached for extortion by the Servilii.
*
Claudia P. f. Ap. n., daughter of the tribune Clodius and
Fulvia
Fulvia (; c. 83 BC – 40 BC) was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic. Fulvia's birth into an important political dynasty facilitated her relationships and, later on, marriages to Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gai ...
; she was the first wife of Octavian (later emperor
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...
)
*
Publius Claudius P. f. Ap. n. Pulcher, son of the tribune Clodius and Fulvia; he was a child at the time of his father's death. His life was spent in gluttony and debauchery, and he died young.
* Appius Claudius Ap. f. (Ap./C. n.) (Pulcher), a senator in 25 BC, probably the one of that name whom Augustus condemned for being a lover of Julia.
*
Appius Claudius Pulcher, (adopted as Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus) the consul of 12 BC
* (Claudius P. f. P. n.) Pulcher, triumvir of the mint around 11 to 8 BC, probably a grandson of the tribune Clodius.
* Claudia, Ap. f., presumed ancestress of
Junia Claudilla
Junia Claudilla (d. AD 34, 36 or 37),#refBarrett, Barrett (1989), p. 32 also known as Junia Claudia, was the first wife of the Roman Emperor Caligula before he came to power.
Biography Early life
Her father was a distinguished Roman Senate, senat ...
and
Appius Junius Silanus
__NOTOC__
Appius Junius Silanus (died AD 43), whom Cassius Dio calls Gaius Appius Silanus, was consul in AD 28, with Publius Silius Nerva as his colleague. He was accused of '' majestas'', or treason, in AD 32 along with a number of senators, but ...
* Claudia, Ap. f., wife of
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius (c. 51 BC – AD 21), also translated as Cyrenius, was a Roman Empire, Roman Aristocracy (class), aristocrat. After the banishment of the ethnarch Herod Archelaus from the Tetrarchy (Judea), tetrarchy of Judea in AD 6, ...
*
Claudia Pulchra
Claudia Pulchra (14 BCAD 26) (''PIR2'' C 1116) was a Patrician woman of Ancient Rome who lived during the reigns of the Roman emperors Augustus and Tiberius.
Biography Early life
She was a daughter of Claudia Marcella Minor and the Roman consu ...
, wife of
Publius Quinctilius Varus, was convicted of immorality and plotting against
Tiberius
Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March AD 37) was the second Roman emperor. He reigned from AD 14 until 37, succeeding his stepfather, the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was born in Rome in 42 BC. His father ...
.
Claudii Centhones
*
Gaius Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Centho, the third son of Appius Claudius Caecus, he was consul in 240 BC, and dictator in 213.
* Gaius Claudius (C. f. Ap. n.) Centho, probably the father of the brothers Gaius and Appius.
*
Gaius Claudius (C. f. C. n.) Centho, served under the consul
Publius Sulpicius Galba in 200 BC, during the war with
Philip
Philip, also Phillip, is a male given name, derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularize ...
. He successfully raised the siege of
Athens
Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
, compelling Philip to take the field.
*
Appius Claudius (C. f. C. n.) Centho, praetor in 175 BC, received
Hispania Citerior
Hispania Citerior (English: "Hither Iberia", or "Nearer Iberia") was a Roman province in Hispania during the Roman Republic. It was on the eastern coast of Iberia down to the town of Cartago Nova, today's Cartagena in the autonomous community of ...
as his province; he defeated the
Celtiberi
The Celtiberians were a group of Celts and Celticized peoples inhabiting an area in the central-northeastern Iberian Peninsula during the final centuries BCE. They were explicitly mentioned as being Celts by several classic authors (e.g. Strabo) ...
, and received an
ovation
The ovation ( la, ovatio from ''ovare'': to rejoice) was a form of the Roman triumph. Ovations were granted when war was not declared between enemies on the level of nations or states; when an enemy was considered basely inferior (e.g., slaves, p ...
.
Claudii Nerones
*
Tiberius Claudius Ap. f. C. n. Nero, the fourth son of Appius Claudius Caecus.
* Tiberius Claudius Ti. f. (Ap. n.) Nero, father of the consul of 207 BC.
[
* Publius Claudius Ti. f. (Ap. n.) Nero, father of the consul of 202 BC.][
* Gaius Claudius Ti. f. Ti. n. Nero, consul in 207 BC; with his colleague, triumphed over ]Hasdrubal Hasdrubal ( grc-gre, Ἀσδρούβας, ''Hasdroúbas'') is the Latinized form of the Carthaginian name ʿAzrubaʿal ( xpu, 𐤏𐤆𐤓𐤁𐤏𐤋 , , "Help of Baal").
It may refer to:
* Hasdrubal I of Carthage was the Magonid king of Ancien ...
at the Battle of the Metaurus
The Battle of the Metaurus was a pivotal battle in the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, fought in 207 BC near the Metauro River in Italy. The Carthaginians were led by Hasdrubal Barca, brother of Hannibal, who was to have brought sie ...
. He was censor in 204.
* Tiberius Claudius P. f. Ti. n. Nero, consul in 202 BC, had Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
as his province; but his fleet was delayed by storms, and he was forced to winter in Sardinia until the expiration of his year of office.
* Appius Claudius Nero, praetor in 195 BC, obtained Hispania Ulterior as his province; in 189 he was one of ten envoys sent into Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...
, in order to settle affairs.
* Tiberius Claudius (Ti. f. Ti. n.) Nero, praetor in 181 BC, obtained the province of Sicily.
* Tiberius Claudius Nero, praetor in 178 and 167 BC.
* Publius Claudius Nero, officer in 125 BC.[
* Gaius Claudius P. f. Nero, proconsul of Asia in 79 BC.][Claudius patrician]
Stemma by Strachan.
* Appius Claudius Nero, great-great grandfather of emperor Tiberius.[
* Tiberius Claudius Ap. f. Nero, great-grandfather of emperor Tiberius.][
* Tiberius Claudius Ti. f. Ap. n. Nero, grandfather of the emperor Tiberius, was praetor about 67 BC, the year in which he served under Pompeius during the War against the Pirates. Four years later, he recommended that the conspirators of ]Catiline
Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier. He is best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently seize control of the ...
be held until the plot was suppressed, and the facts were known.
* Claudia, the aunt of Tiberius, was the wife of Quintus Volusius.[
* Tiberius Claudius Ti. f. Ti. n. Nero, the father of Tiberius, was praetor ''circa'' 42 BC; he subsequently joined the consul Lucius Antonius during the ]Perusine War
The Perusine War (also Perusian or Perusinian War, or the War of Perusia) was a civil war of the Roman Republic, which lasted from 41 to 40 BC. It was fought by Lucius Antonius and Fulvia to support Mark Antony against his political enemy Octav ...
.
* Tiberius Claudius Ti. f. Ti. n. Nero, the future emperor Tiberius, was adopted by Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...
, becoming Tiberius Julius Caesar.
* Decimus Claudius Ti. f. Ti. n. Drusus, afterwards Nero Claudius Drusus, was consul in 9 BC, and father of the emperor Claudius.
* Nero Claudius D. f. Ti. n. Drusus Germanicus, better known as "Germanicus", was the nephew of Tiberius. Consul in AD 12, he triumphed over the Pannonians and Dalmatians.
* Claudia D. f. Ti. n. Livia, better known as "Livilla", was the niece of Tiberius. She married first, Gaius Caesar
Gaius Caesar (; 20 BC – 21 February 4 AD) was the grandson and heir to the throne of Roman emperor Augustus, alongside his younger brother Lucius Caesar. Although he was born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, Augustus' only daughter, Gai ...
; second, her cousin Drusus, the son of Tiberius, whom she poisoned.
* Tiberius Claudius D. f. Ti. n. Drusus, the nephew of Tiberius, would follow his own nephew, Caligula, as "Claudius", the fourth Roman emperor, from AD 41 to 54.
* Nero Claudius Ti. f. Ti. n. Drusus, afterward Drusus Julius Caesar or "Drusus the Younger", was the son of Tiberius. He was consul in AD 15 and 21, but was subsequently poisoned by his wife, Livilla, at the bidding of Sejanus
Lucius Aelius Sejanus (c. 20 BC – 18 October AD 31), commonly known as Sejanus (), was a Roman soldier, friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. Of the Equites class by birth, Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Praetorian Gua ...
.
* (Tiberius) Claudius Ti. f. D. n. Drusus, the son of Claudius, died in childhood.
* Claudia (Ti. f. D. n.) Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius and Aelia Paetina
Aelia Paetina or Paetina (fl. early 1st century AD) was the second wife of the Roman Emperor Claudius. Her biological father was a consul of 4 AD, Sextus Aelius Catus, while her mother is unknown.
Family
She was born into the family of the ...
; married first, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, a descendant of the original Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus; second, her cousin Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix
Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix (22 – 62 AD) was one of the lesser known figures of the Julio-Claudian dynasty of Ancient Rome.
Life
Felix was the son of Domitia Lepida the Younger and the suffect consul of 31, Faustus Cornelius Sulla Lucullus, a ...
. She and Sulla were executed by Nero's order in AD 66.
* Claudia (Ti. f. D. n.) Octavia, daughter of the emperor Claudius and Valeria Messalina
Valeria Messalina (; ) was the third wife of Roman emperor Claudius. She was a paternal cousin of Emperor Nero, a second cousin of Emperor Caligula, and a great-grandniece of Emperor Augustus. A powerful and influential woman with a reputatio ...
; full-sister of Britannicus; married her step-brother, the emperor Nero; divorced; later banished and supposedly murdered by Nero's orders in 62.
* Tiberius Claudius Ti. f. D. n. Germanicus, better known as "Britannicus", was the son and natural heir of the emperor Claudius. His stepmother, Agrippina, ensured the succession of her own son, the future emperor Nero, by persuading him to poison his stepbrother.
* Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, the emperor Nero, reigned from AD 54 to 68; he was born "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus", the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, but was adopted by Claudius in AD 50, after the emperor had married Nero's mother.
* Claudia Augusta
Claudia Augusta (; January 63 – April 63) was the only daughter of the Roman Emperor Nero and his second wife, the Roman Empress Poppaea Sabina. Claudia and her mother were honored with the title of Augusta by Nero. She was born in Antium on ...
, an infant daughter of the emperor Nero and Poppaea Sabina
Poppaea Sabina (AD 30 – 65), also known as Ollia, was a Roman empress as the second wife of the Emperor Nero. She had also been wife to the future emperor Otho. The historians of antiquity describe her as a beautiful woman who used intrigues ...
. She died in infancy in AD 63.
Claudii Marcelli
* Gaius Claudius (Marcellus), grandfather of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the consul of 331 BC.
* Gaius Claudius C. f. (Marcellus), the father of Marcus Claudius Marcellus.
* Marcus Claudius C. f. C. n. Marcellus, consul in 331 BC; he was appointed dictator in order to hold the elections in 327, but was prevented from doing so by the augurs, who apparently objected to a plebeian dictator.
* Marcus Claudius (M. f. C. n) Marcellus, consul in 287 BC.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. (M. n.) Marcellus, father of the consul of 222 BC.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 222, 215, 214, 210, and 208 BC, the great hero of the Second Punic War.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, plebeian aedile in 216 BC.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, praetor in 198 BC, was assigned the province of Sicily. As consul in 196, he triumphed over the Boii
The Boii (Latin plural, singular ''Boius''; grc, Βόιοι) were a Celtic tribe of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul ( Northern Italy), Pannonia (Hungary), parts of Bavaria, in and around Bohemia (after whom ...
and Ligures.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, praetor ''urbanus'' in 188 BC, and consul in 183.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, praetor in 185 BC.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, tribune of the plebs in 171 BC.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 166, 155, and 152 BC; triumphed over the Alpine Gauls and the Ligures.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, son of the consul of 166 BC.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, praetor in 137 BC, was killed by lightning during his year of office.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; 270 – 208 BC), five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader during the Gallic War of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roma ...
, a lieutenant of Lucius Julius Caesar during the Social War; he held the fortress of Aesernia
Isernia () or, in Pliny and later writers, ''Eserninus'', or in the Antonine Itinerary, ''Serni''. is a town and ''comune'' in the southern Italian region of Molise, and the capital of province of Isernia.
Geography
Situated on a rocky crest r ...
in Samnium
Samnium ( it, Sannio) is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites. Their own endonyms were ''Safinim'' for the country (attested in one inscription and one coin legend) and ''Safineis'' for the The ...
for some time, but was ultimately compelled to surrender. He was a rival of the orator Lucius Licinius Crassus
Lucius Licinius Crassus (140–91 BC) was a Roman orator and statesman. He was considered the greatest orator of his day, most notably by his pupil Cicero. Crassus is also famous as one of the main characters in Cicero's work '' De Oratore'', a d ...
.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, curule aedile in 91 BC.
* Gaius Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, praetor in 80 BC, and afterwards governor of Sicily; the mildness and justice of his administration was contrasted with that of his predecessor, and subsequently that of Verres
Gaius Verres (c. 120–43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His extortion of local farmers and plundering of temples led to his prosecution by Cicero, whose accusations were so devastating that his defence adv ...
.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. Marcellus Aeserninus, a young man who appeared as a witness at the trial of Verres, in 70 BC.
* Claudius M. f. Marcellus, the brother of Marcellus Aeserninus, he was adopted by one of the Cornelii Lentuli, and became Publius Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus. He fought under Pompeius during the war against the pirates, in 67 BC, and was an orator of considerable merit. For his descendants, see Cornelia gens
The gens Cornelia was one of the greatest patrician houses at ancient Rome. For more than seven hundred years, from the early decades of the Republic to the third century AD, the Cornelii produced more eminent statesmen and generals than any oth ...
.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of the conspirators with Catiline
Lucius Sergius Catilina ( 108 BC – January 62 BC), known in English as Catiline (), was a Roman politician and soldier. He is best known for instigating the Catilinarian conspiracy, a failed attempt to violently seize control of the ...
in 63 BC. On the discovery of the plot, he attempted to instigate an insurrection amongst the Paeligni
The Paeligni or Peligni were an Italic tribe who lived in the Valle Peligna, in what is now Abruzzo, central Italy.
History
The Paeligni are first mentioned as a member of a confederacy that included the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini, with which ...
, but was defeated by the praetor, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (c. 102 – 48 BC) was a politician of the Roman Republic. He was a plodding conservative and upholder of the established social order who served in several magisterial positions alongside Julius Caesar and conceived a ...
, and put to death.[Orosius, vi. 6.]
* Gaius Claudius M. f. Marcellus, son of the conspirator, also took part in Catiline's conspiracy, and attempted to instigate a slave revolt at Capua
Capua ( , ) is a city and ''comune'' in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania, southern Italy, situated north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain.
History
Ancient era
The name of Capua comes from the Etrus ...
, but was driven out by Publius Sestius Publius Sestius (d. after 35 BC) was a Roman politician and governor in the 1st century BC.
He first appears as quaestor for the consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida and served in the campaign to put down the second Catilinarian conspiracy. He serve ...
, and took refuge in Bruttium 01 or '01 may refer to:
* The year 2001, or any year ending with 01
* The month of January
* 1 (number)
Music
* 01'' (Richard Müller album), 2001
* ''01'' (Son of Dave album), 2000
* ''01'' (Urban Zakapa album), 2011
* ''O1'' (Hiroyuki Sawa ...
, where he was put to death.
* Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Marcus Claudius Marcellus (; 270 – 208 BC), five times elected as consul of the Roman Republic, was an important Roman military leader during the Gallic War of 225 BC and the Second Punic War. Marcellus gained the most prestigious award a Roma ...
, consul in 51 BC, and a respected orator; he joined Pompeius during the Civil War, but was subsequently pardoned by Caesar.
* Gaius Claudius C. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 50 BC; he supported Pompeius, investing him with the command against Caesar during the Civil War; but he remained at Rome and obtained Caesar's pardon for himself and his cousin, Marcus.
* Gaius Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus, consul in 49 BC; he was a partisan of Pompeius, and probably died in the Civil War. He is frequently confused with his cousin, who was consul in the preceding year.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. (M. n.) Marcellus Aeserninus, quaestor in Hispania
Hispania ( la, Hispānia , ; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania ...
in 48 BC, he was sent by Gaius Cassius Longinus
Gaius Cassius Longinus (c. 86 BC – 3 October 42 BC) was a Roman senator and general best known as a leading instigator of the plot to assassinate Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC. He was the brother-in-law of Brutus, another leader of the co ...
to put down a revolt at Corduba, but joined the revolt and went over to Caesar, placing his legions under the command of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
* Claudia Marcella Major, elder daughter of the consul of 49 BC
* Claudia Marcella Minor
Claudia Marcella Minor (''PIR2'' C 1103, born some time before 39 BC) was a niece of the first Roman emperor Augustus. She was the second surviving daughter of the emperor's sister Octavia the Younger and her first husband Gaius Claudius Marcellu ...
, younger daughter of the consul of 49 BC
* Marcus Claudius C. f. C. n. Marcellus, nephew of Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...
and stepson of Marcus Antonius; he married his cousin, Julia. He was curule aedile in 23 BC. but died that autumn.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus Aeserninus, consul in 22 BC, possibly the same as the Marcellus who served under Lepidus during the Civil War.
* Marcus Claudius M. f. M. n. Marcellus Aeserninus, the son of Aeserninus, consul in 22 BC, was trained as an orator by his grandfather, Gaius Asinius Pollio
Gaius Asinius Pollio (75 BC – AD 4) was a Roman soldier, politician, orator, poet, playwright, literary critic, and historian, whose lost contemporary history provided much of the material used by the historians Appian and Plutarch. Pol ...
.
Claudii Caninae
* Gaius Claudius Canina, grandfather of Gaius Claudius Canina, the consul of 285 BC.
* Marcus Claudius C. f. Canina, the father of Gaius Claudius Canina.
* Gaius Claudius M. f. C. n. Canina, consul in 285 and 273 BC.
Claudii Aselli
* Tiberius Claudius Asellus, a military tribune under Gaius Claudius Nero, the consul in 207 BC, during the Second Punic War; the following year he was praetor, and obtained Sardinia as his province. He was tribune of the plebs in 204.
* Tiberius Claudius Asellus, an eques who was deprived of his horse and reduced to the condition of an ''aerarian'' by the censor Scipio Aemilianus
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (185–129 BC), known as Scipio Aemilianus or Scipio Africanus the Younger, was a Roman general and statesman noted for his military exploits in the Third Punic War against Carthage and during the ...
in 142 BC; he was subsequently restored by Scipio's colleague, Lucius Mummius
Lucius Mummius (2nd century BC), was a Roman statesman and general. He was consul in the year 146 BC along with Scipio Aemilianus. Mummius was the first of his family to rise to the rank of consul thereby making him a novus homo. He received the ...
, and as tribune of the plebs in 140 he accused Scipio.
Claudii Pompeiani
* Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus
Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus ( 125 – 193 AD) was a politician and military commander during the 2nd century in the Roman Empire. A general under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Pompeianus distinguished himself during Rome's wars against the Part ...
, consul in AD 173, and probably consul ''suffectus'' in 176; he married Lucilla
Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla or Lucilla (7 March 148 or 150 – 182) was the second daughter of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Roman Empress Faustina the Younger. She was the wife of her father's co-ruler and adoptive brother Lucius Verus ...
, the daughter of Marcus Aurelius.[Mennen, pp. 95–97.]
* Claudius Quintianus Pompeianus
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Drusus and Antonia Minor ...
, a young senator, and the son-in-law of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus and Lucilla; persuaded by Lucilla to attempt to kill her brother, the emperor Commodus
Commodus (; 31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 to 192. He served jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 176 until the latter's death in 180, and thereafter he reigned alone until his assassination. ...
, he failed and was put to death.
* Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus
Lucius Aurelius Commodus Pompeianus ( 177 – 211/212) was a Roman senator active in the early 3rd century. He was the son of Lucilla, the daughter of Marcus Aurelius, and her second husband Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus, a general active politica ...
, consul in AD 209, perhaps the son of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus.
* (Tiberius Claudius) Pompeianus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 212, perhaps the son of Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus.
* Claudius Pompeianus, consul in AD 231.
* Lucius Tiberius Claudius Aurelius Quintianus (Pompeianus), ''triumvir monetalis'' ''circa'' AD 222, and a candidate for quaestor in 228; he was praetor in 233, and consul in 235.
*Clodius Pompeianus
Clodius is an alternate form of the Roman '' nomen'' Claudius, a patrician '' gens'' that was traditionally regarded as Sabine in origin. The alternation of ''o'' and ''au'' is characteristic of the Sabine dialect. The feminine form is Clodia.
R ...
, consul in AD 241, with the emperor Gordianus III
Gordian III ( la, Marcus Antonius Gordianus; 20 January 225 – February 244) was Roman emperor from 238 to 244. At the age of 13, he became the youngest sole emperor up to that point (until Valentinian II in 375). Gordian was the son of Anton ...
. In 244, he was ''curator aedium sacrarum''.
Others
* Gaius Claudius Cicero, in some manuscripts of Livy, tribune of the plebs in 454 BC; he prosecuted Titus Romilius, the consul of the preceding year, for selling the spoils of the war with the Aequi
300px, Location of the Aequi (Equi) in central Italy, 5th century BC.
The Aequi ( grc, Αἴκουοι and Αἴκοι) were an Italic tribe on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains to the east of Latium in central Italy who appear in the early hist ...
without the permission of the soldiers. In other manuscripts his nomen is '' Calvius''.
* Gaius Claudius Hortator, appointed ''magister equitum'' by the dictator Gaius Claudius Crassus in 337 BC.
* Marcus Claudius C. f. Glicia, the son of a freedman, was nominated dictator by Publius Claudius Pulcher, following the Battle of Drepana in 249 BC. Glicia's appointment was immediately superseded, but nonetheless recorded in the ''Fasti consulares
In ancient Rome, the ''fasti'' (Latin plural) were chronological or calendar-based lists, or other diachronic records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events. After Rome's decline, the word ''fasti'' continued to be used for simil ...
''. In 236 he was legate to the consul Gaius Licinius Varus, but punished for entering into an unauthorized treaty with the Corsi.
* Quintus Claudius
Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth".
Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...
, tribune of the plebs in 218 BC; probably the same person as Quintus Claudius Flamen, praetor in 208.
* Quintus Claudius Flamen
Quintus is a male given name derived from '' Quintus'', a common Latin forename (''praenomen'') found in the culture of ancient Rome. Quintus derives from Latin word ''quintus'', meaning "fifth".
Quintus is an English masculine given name and ...
, praetor in 208 BC, and subsequently propraetor
In ancient Rome a promagistrate ( la, pro magistratu) was an ex-consul or ex-praetor whose ''imperium'' (the power to command an army) was extended at the end of his annual term of office or later. They were called proconsuls and propraetors. Thi ...
in the territory of the Sallentini
The Messapians ( grc, Μεσσάπιοι, Messápioi; la, Messapii) were a Iapygians, Iapygian tribe who inhabited Salento in classical antiquity. Two other Iapygian tribes, the Peucetians and the Daunians, inhabited central and northern Apulia ...
and Tarentum Tarentum may refer to:
* Taranto, Apulia, Italy, on the site of the ancient Roman city of Tarentum (formerly the Greek colony of Taras)
**See also History of Taranto
* Tarentum (Campus Martius), also Terentum, an area in or on the edge of the Camp ...
, during the Second Punic War.
* Lucius Claudius, praetor in 174 BC, assigned the province of Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
.
* Quintus Claudius Ap. f., a senator in 129 BC.
* Tiberius Claudius Centumalus, sued for fraud involving the sale of property to Publius Calpurnius Lanarius; judgment against Claudius was given by Marcus Porcius Cato Marcus Porcius Cato can refer to:
*Cato the Elder (consul 195 BC)
*Cato the Younger (praetor 54 BC)
*Marcus Porcius Cato (consul 118 BC)
* Marcus Porcius Cato (consul 36)
*Marcus Porcius Cato (father of Cato the Younger)
*Marcus Porcius C ...
, the father of Cato Uticensis
Marcus Porcius Cato "Uticensis" ("of Utica"; ; 95 BC – April 46 BC), also known as Cato the Younger ( la, Cato Minor), was an influential conservative Roman senator during the late Republic. His conservative principles were focused on the ...
.
* Gaius Claudius C. f. Glaber, praetor in 73 BC, was defeated by Spartacus
Spartacus ( el, Σπάρτακος '; la, Spartacus; c. 103–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprisin ...
. He might have been related to the Claudii Marcelli, as he belonged to the '' tribus'' Arniensis, like Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the aedile of 91.
* Lucius Claudius L. f., a senator in 73 BC, perhaps the father and predecessor of Lucius Claudius, the Rex Sacrorum.
* Lucius Claudius (L. f. L. n.), Rex Sacrorum before 60 BC.
* Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius was a Roman historian. Little is known of Q. Claudius Quadrigarius's life, but he probably lived in the .
Work
Quadrigarius's annals spanned at least 23 books. They began with the conquest of Rome by the Gauls (BC), re ...
, a historian of the early first century BC, he wrote a history of Rome from the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 BC to the death of Sulla
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (; 138–78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.
Sulla had ...
.
* Sextus Clodius, a Sicilian rhetorician, under whom Marcus Antonius studied oratory, and who in turn received a large estate in the Leontine territory.
* Lucius Clodius, ''praefectus fabrum'' to Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 54 BC; he was tribune of the plebs in 43.
* Gaius Claudius, probably the descendant of a freedman of the Claudian house, was one of the suite of Publius Clodius Pulcher on his last journey to Aricia.
* Publius Clodius M. f., probably the Clodius sent into Macedonia by Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, an ...
in 48 BC, and the same as Clodius Bithynicus, who fought on the side of Antonius in the Perusine War
The Perusine War (also Perusian or Perusinian War, or the War of Perusia) was a civil war of the Roman Republic, which lasted from 41 to 40 BC. It was fought by Lucius Antonius and Fulvia to support Mark Antony against his political enemy Octav ...
, and was put to death by order of Octavian
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pr ...
in 40.
* Appius Claudius C. f., mentioned by Cicero in a letter to Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (; ; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC), often referred to simply as Brutus, was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Serv ...
; he attached himself to the party of Marcus Antonius, who had restored his father. It is uncertain whether he can be identified with either of two persons of this name who were proscribed by the triumvirs
A triumvirate ( la, triumvirātus) or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs ( la, triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are ...
.
* Sextus Clodius, the accomplice of Publius Clodius Pulcher, after whose death he was exiled; he was restored by Marcus Antonius in 44 BC.
* Gaius Claudius, a follower of Marcus Junius Brutus, who ordered him to put Gaius Antonius
Gaius Antonius (82–42 BC) was the second son of Marcus Antonius Creticus and Julia, and thus, younger brother of the Triumvir Mark Antony.
Life Early life
Like both of his brothers, Gaius started his life free from paternal guidance, in the mid ...
to death; afterwards he was sent to Rhodes
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...
in command of a squadron, and after his patron's death, he joined Cassius Parmensis
Gaius Cassius Parmensis (born c. 74 BC; died 31 or 30 BC in Athens) was a Roman politician and a Latin writer of the late Roman Republic, who belonged to the circle of conspirators against Gaius Julius Caesar.
Family origins and philosophy
Cassi ...
.
* Gaius Clodius Licinus, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 4.
* Tiberius Claudius Thrasyllus, Greek Egyptian astrologer and friend of Tiberius, better known as Thrasyllus of Mendes. Granted Roman citizenship and adopted his patron's name.
* Tiberius Claudius Balbilus
Tiberius Claudius Balbillus Modestus (AD 3-79), more commonly known as Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, was a distinguished Ancient Roman scholar, politician and a court astrologer to the Roman emperors Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian.Holden, ''A History ...
, son of Thrasyllus, astrologer to Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian
Vespasian (; la, Vespasianus ; 17 November AD 9 – 23/24 June 79) was a Roman emperor who reigned from AD 69 to 79. The fourth and last emperor who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors, he founded the Flavian dynasty that ruled the Empi ...
.
* Claudia Capitolina
Claudia Capitolina ( el, η Κλαuδία Καπιτωλίνα; died after 92) was an Egyptian Greek woman who lived in the Roman Empire, in the 1st century and possibly in the 2nd century. She was a Princess of Commagene by marriage to Gaius Jul ...
, daughter of Balbilus, married Greek prince Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes
Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes, also known as Julius Archelaus Epiphanes; Epiphanes; Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes or simply known as Gaius (Greek: Γάιος Ἰούλιος Ἀρχέλαος Ἀντίοχος Ἐπιφανής, 38 ...
.
* Tiberius Claudius Narcissus
Tiberius Claudius Narcissus (died ) was one of the freedmen who formed the core of the imperial court under the Roman emperor Claudius. He is described as ''praepositus ab epistulis'' (in charge of correspondence).
Life
He reportedly had gre ...
, freedman and advisor to Claudius, executed by Agrippina the Younger.
* Claudius Felix, a name assigned by some writers to Marcus Antonius Felix, a freedman of the emperor Claudius, who was later procurator
Procurator (with procuracy or procuratorate referring to the office itself) may refer to:
* Procurator, one engaged in procuration, the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency
* ''Procurator'' (Ancient Rome), the title o ...
of Judaea
Judea or Judaea ( or ; from he, יהודה, Standard ''Yəhūda'', Tiberian ''Yehūḏā''; el, Ἰουδαία, ; la, Iūdaea) is an ancient, historic, Biblical Hebrew, contemporaneous Latin, and the modern-day name of the mountainous so ...
.
* Tiberius Claudius Verus, one of the duumvirs
The duumviri (Latin for "two men"), originally duoviri and also known in English as the duumvirs, were any of various joint magistrates of ancient Rome. Such pairs of magistrates were appointed at various periods of Roman history both in Rome its ...
at Pompeii in AD 62, when an earthquake devastated the city on February 5.
* Claudius Severus, leader of the Helvetii in AD 69.
* Claudius Civilis, also known as Gaius Julius Civilis, a leader of the Batavi, who led the Batavian revolt
The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior between AD 69 and 70. It was an uprising against the Roman Empire started by the Batavi, a small but militarily powerful Germanic tribe that inhabited Batavia, on ...
in AD 69.
* Claudius Labeo
Claudius Labeo (1st. ct. AD) was a Batavian and a military leader in the service of the Roman Empire at the time of the Batavian rebellion. He was prefect of the Batavian ''ala'' of auxiliaries, which went over from Lupercus to Civilis.
Civil ...
, a leader of the Batavi, and rival of Civilis, who defeated him during the Batavian revolt.
* Claudius Iullus (or possibly Julius or Ioläus), a Roman writer who wrote a work on Phoenicia in Greek, and apparently another on the Peloponnesus
The Peloponnese (), Peloponnesus (; el, Πελοπόννησος, Pelopónnēsos,(), or Morea is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridge whi ...
, presumably before the destruction of Jerusalem
The siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Jud ...
. He was probably a freedman.
* Claudius Iullus, ''legatus pro praetore'' in Asia, possibly the same man as the writer.
* Claudius Athenodorus Claudius Athenodorus was a Roman '' eques'' who flourished during the reign of the emperor Domitian. He was appointed to a series of imperial offices, including ''praefectus annonae'' for the city of Rome.
Hans-Georg Pflaum noted that Athenodorus i ...
, '' praefectus annonae'' during the reign of Domitian
Domitian (; la, Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Fl ...
.
* Claudius Capito, an orator, and a contemporary of the younger Pliny.
* Tiberius Claudius Sacerdos, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 100.
* Tiberius Claudius Livianus, praetorian prefect
The praetorian prefect ( la, praefectus praetorio, el, ) was a high office in the Roman Empire. Originating as the commander of the Praetorian Guard, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders be ...
under Trajan.
*Tiberius Claudius Maximus
Tiberius Claudius Maximus (died after AD 117) was a cavalryman in the Imperial Roman army who served in the Roman legions and Auxilia under the emperors Domitian and Trajan in the period AD 85–117. He is noted for presenting Trajan with the head ...
, a cavalryman in the Imperial Roman army
The Imperial Roman army was the military land force of the Roman Empire from about 30 BC to 476 AD, and the final incarnation in the long history of the Roman army. This period is sometimes split into the Principate (30 BC – 284 AD) and the Do ...
who is known for presenting Trajan with the head of Dacian king Decebalus
Decebalus (), sometimes referred to as Diurpaneus, was the last Dacian king. He is famous for fighting three wars, with varying success, against the Roman Empire under two emperors. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a Roman invas ...
. He served in the Roman legions
The Roman legion ( la, legiō, ) was the largest military unit of the Roman army, composed of 5,200 infantry and 300 equites (cavalry) in the period of the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC) and of 5,600 infantry and 200 auxilia in the period of ...
and Auxilia under the emperors Domitian
Domitian (; la, Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 81 to 96. The son of Vespasian and the younger brother of Titus, his two predecessors on the throne, he was the last member of the Fl ...
and Trajan
Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...
in the period AD 85–117.
* Marcus Clodius Catullus, equestrian governor of Mauretania Tingitana
Mauretania Tingitana (Latin for "Tangerine Mauretania") was a Roman province, coinciding roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco. The territory stretched from the northern peninsula opposite Gibraltar, to Sala Colonia (or Chella ...
in AD 109.
* Gaius Claudius Severus
Gaius Claudius Severus was a Roman senator who lived in the second half of the 1st century AD and the first half of the 2nd century AD.
Life
Part of a family of Pontian Greek descent, Severus was born and raised in Pompeiopolis, a city in the Rom ...
, consul ''suffectus'' in AD 112.
* Lucius Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius Reginus, consul in AD 120.
* Marcus Gavius Claudius Squilla Gallicanus, consul in AD 127.
* Claudius Ptolemaeus
Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importanc ...
, a Greek mathematician and astronomer of the second century.
* Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes
Herodes Atticus ( grc-gre, Ἡρώδης; AD 101–177) was an Athenian rhetorician, as well as a Roman senator. A great philanthropic magnate, he and his wife Appia Annia Regilla, for whose murder he was potentially responsible, commissioned ...
, a celebrated rhetorician; consul in AD 143.
* Gnaeus Claudius Severus, consul in AD 146.
* Claudius Maximus
Gaius Claudius Maximus (fl. 2nd century AD) was a Roman politician, a Stoic philosopher and a teacher of Marcus Aurelius. No works by him are known to exist; however, he is mentioned in a few prestigious works from classical literature.
Life
Anth ...
, a stoic
Stoic may refer to:
* An adherent of Stoicism; one whose moral quality is associated with that school of philosophy
* STOIC, a programming language
* ''Stoic'' (film), a 2009 film by Uwe Boll
* ''Stoic'' (mixtape), a 2012 mixtape by rapper T-Pain
* ...
philosopher during the age of the Antonines.
* Claudius Saturninus, a jurist during the reigns of Antoninus Pius
Antoninus Pius ( Latin: ''Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius''; 19 September 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
Born into a senatori ...
and Marcus Aurelius, and the author of ''Liber Singularis de Poenis Paganorum''.
* Claudius Apollinaris, bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia from AD 170; an early Christian apologist, he wrote to the emperor Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (Latin: áːɾkus̠ auɾέːli.us̠ antɔ́ːni.us̠ English: ; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good ...
. He also wrote against the Jews and Gentiles, as well as various doctrines considered heretical by the early church.
* Gnaeus Claudius Severus, consul in AD 173.
* Maternus Tiberius Claudius, consul in AD 185.
* Claudius Galenus, a name assigned to the physician Galen.
* Appius Claudius Lateranus, a lieutenant of the emperor Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa (Roman province), Africa. As a young man he advanced thro ...
during his expedition against the Arabians and Parthians in AD 195. He was consul in 197.
* Claudius Tryphoninus, a jurist during the reign of Septimius Severus.
* Tiberius Claudius Severus, consul in AD 200.
* Claudius Aelianus
Claudius Aelianus ( grc, Κλαύδιος Αἰλιανός, Greek transliteration ''Kláudios Ailianós''; c. 175c. 235 AD), commonly Aelian (), born at Praeneste, was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severu ...
, a scholar, rhetorician, and antiquarian of the early third century.
* Appius Claudius Julianus, consul in AD 224.
* Gnaeus Claudius Severus, consul in AD 235.
* Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus, emperor in AD 238.
* Titus Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximus
Titus Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximus (c. 195 – aft. 224/226 or aft. 235 AD) was a Roman politician.
Life
He was appointed consul suffectus in the '' nundinium'' of 224 or 226, or perhaps of July 235.
Titius Clodius was the son of Pupienu ...
, a son of the emperor Pupienus, was consul ''suffectus'' circa AD 235.
* Marcus Aurelius Claudius "Gothicus", emperor from AD 268 to 270.
* Marcus Claudius Tacitus
Marcus Claudius Tacitus (; died June 276) was Roman emperor from 275 to 276. During his short reign he campaigned against the Goths and the Heruli, for which he received the title ''Gothicus Maximus''.
Early life
His early life is largely unk ...
, emperor from AD 275 to 276.
* Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus
Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus ( 285–296 AD) was a Roman soldier and politician who served as consul in 285 AD. He served two emperors, Carinus and Diocletian.
Biography
Aristobulus first appears as the Praetorian prefect under the emperor ...
, consul in AD 285.
* Claudia, supposed mother of emperor Constantius
* Claudius Eusthenius, secretary to the emperor Diocletian
Diocletian (; la, Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, grc, Διοκλητιανός, Diokletianós; c. 242/245 – 311/312), nicknamed ''Iovius'', was Roman emperor from 284 until his abdication in 305. He was born Gaius Valerius Diocles ...
, he wrote lives of Diocletian, Maximian, Galerius
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus (; 258 – May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. During his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sasanian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. He also campaigned across th ...
, and Constantius.
* Claudius Mamertinus, the author of two panegyrics in honor of the emperor Maximian; the surname ''Mamertinus'' is uncertain.
* Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine II), emperor from AD 337 to 340.
* Flavius Claudius Julianus
Julian ( la, Flavius Claudius Julianus; grc-gre, Ἰουλιανός ; 331 – 26 June 363) was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplaton ...
, emperor from AD 361 to 363.
* Claudius Mamertinus Claudius Mamertinus (fl. mid-late 4th century AD) was an official in the Roman Empire. In late 361 he took part in the Chalcedon tribunal to condemn the ministers of Constantius II, and in 362, he was made consul as a reward by the new Emperor Juli ...
, consul in AD 362.
* Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus
Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus ( 358–390) was a leading Roman aristocrat of the later 4th century AD, renowned for his wealth, power and social connections. The son of the consul Petronius Probinus, he married Anicia Faltonia Proba and h ...
, consul in AD 371.
* Claudius Antonius, consul in AD 382.
* Claudius Claudianus (Claudian), the last of the Latin classic poets, who flourished during the reigns of Theodosius I
Theodosius I ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two ...
, Arcadius
Arcadius ( grc-gre, Ἀρκάδιος ; 377 – 1 May 408) was Roman emperor from 383 to 408. He was the eldest son of the ''Augustus'' Theodosius I () and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and the brother of Honorius (). Arcadius ruled the ...
, and Honorius.
* Flavius Claudius Constantinus (Constantine III), emperor from AD 407 to 411.
* Claudius Julius Eclesius Dynamius, consul in AD 488.
* Claudius Didymus, a Greek grammarian, who wrote about the mistakes of Thucydides
Thucydides (; grc, , }; BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientifi ...
relating to analogy, a separate work about analogy among the Romans, and an epitome of the works of Heracleon
Heracleon was a Gnostic who flourished about AD 175, probably in the south of Italy. He is described by Clement of Alexandria ('' Strom.''
iv. 9) as the most esteemed (δοκιμώτατος)
of the school of Valentinus; and, according to Orige ...
.[''Suda, ''s. v. Διδυμος''.]
See also
* List of Roman gentes
The gens (plural gentes) was a Roman family, of Italic or Etruscan origins, consisting of all those individuals who shared the same '' nomen'' and claimed descent from a common ancestor. It was an important social and legal structure in early ...
* Julio-Claudian dynasty
* List of Roman consuls
This is a list of consuls known to have held office, from the beginning of the Roman Republic to the latest use of the title in Imperial times, together with those magistrates of the Republic who were appointed in place of consuls, or who superse ...
Footnotes
References
Bibliography
Ancient sources
*Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, and academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the esta ...
, ''Brutus
Marcus Junius Brutus (; ; 85 BC – 23 October 42 BC), often referred to simply as Brutus, was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After being adopted by a relative, he used the name Quintus Serv ...
'', '' De Divinatione'', ''De Domo Sua'', ''De Haruspicum Responsis'', ''De Legibus
The ''De Legibus'' (''On the Laws'') is a dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero during the last years of the Roman Republic. It bears the same name as Plato's famous dialogue, '' The Laws''. Unlike his previous work ''De re publica,'' in wh ...
'', '' De Officiis'', '' De Oratore'', ''Divinatio in Quintum Caecilium
Cicero's ''Divinatio in Caecilium'' is his oration against Quintus Caecilius in the process for selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres (70 BC). Cicero asserts that he, rather than Q. Caecilius, will make the better prosecutor of Gaius Verres, Ver ...
'', ''Epistulae ad Atticum
''Epistulae ad Atticum'' (Latin for "Letters to Atticus") is a collection of letters from Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero to his close friend Titus Pomponius Atticus. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's ot ...
'', ''Epistulae ad Brutum
''Epistulae ad Brutum'' (''Letters to Brutus'') is a collection of letters between Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero and fellow politician, and conspirator against Julius Caesar, Marcus Junius Brutus. The letters in this collecti ...
'', ''Epistulae ad Familiares
''Epistulae ad Familiares'' (''Letters to Friends'') is a collection of letters between Roman politician and orator Marcus Tullius Cicero and various public and private figures. The letters in this collection, together with Cicero's other letter ...
'', ''In Catilinam
The Catilinarian Orations (; also simply the ''Catilinarians'') are a set of speeches to the Roman Senate given in 63 BC by Marcus Tullius Cicero, one of the year's consuls, accusing a senator, Lucius Sergius Catilina (Catiline), of leading a p ...
'', ''In Verrem
"In Verrem" ("Against Verres") is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verres, the former governor of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileshi ...
'', ''Philippicae
The ''Philippics'' ( la, Philippicae, singular Philippica) are a series of 14 speeches composed by Cicero in 44 and 43 BC, condemning Mark Antony. Cicero likened these speeches to those of Demosthenes against Philip II of Macedon; both Demo ...
'', ''Pro Caelio
''Pro Caelio'' is a speech given on 4 April 56 BC, by the famed Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero in defence of Marcus Caelius Rufus, who had once been Cicero's student but more recently was a political rival. Cicero's reasons for defending Cael ...
'', ''Pro Milone
The "Pro Tito Annio Milone ad iudicem oratio" (Pro Milone) is a speech made by Marcus Tullius Cicero in 52 BC on behalf of his friend Titus Annius Milo. Milo was accused of murdering his political enemy Publius Clodius Pulcher on the Via Appia. Cic ...
'', ''Pro Scauro'', ''Pro Sestio'', ''Pro Sulla'', ''Tusculanae Quaestiones
The ''Tusculanae Disputationes'' (also ''Tusculanae Quaestiones''; English: ''Tusculan Disputations'') is a series of five books written by Cicero, around 45 BC, attempting to popularise Greek philosophy in Ancient Rome, including Stoicism. It is s ...
''.
* Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust
Gaius Sallustius Crispus, usually anglicised as Sallust (; 86 – ), was a Roman historian and politician from an Italian plebeian family. Probably born at Amiternum in the country of the Sabines, Sallust became during the 50s BC a partisan ...
), ''Historiae'' (The Histories), ''Bellum Catilinae'' (The Conspiracy of Catiline).
*Gaius Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and ...
, ''Commentarii de Bello Civili
''Commentarii de Bello Civili'' ''(Commentaries on the Civil War)'', or ''Bellum Civile'', is an account written by Julius Caesar of his war against Gnaeus Pompeius and the Roman Senate. It consists of three books covering the events of 49–4 ...
'' (Commentaries on the Civil War).
* Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities).
* Titus Livius (Livy
Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Ancient Rome, Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled , covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditiona ...
), ''History of Rome
The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced m ...
''.
* Publius Vergilius Maro (Virgil
Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 7021 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: t ...
), ''Aeneid
The ''Aeneid'' ( ; la, Aenē̆is or ) is a Latin Epic poetry, epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Troy, Trojan who fled the Trojan_War#Sack_of_Troy, fall of Troy and travelled to ...
''.
* Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid
Pūblius Ovidius Nāsō (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the th ...
), ''Fasti
In ancient Rome, the ''fasti'' (Latin plural) were chronological or calendar-based lists, or other diachronic records or plans of official and religiously sanctioned events. After Rome's decline, the word ''fasti'' continued to be used for simil ...
''.
*Valerius Maximus
Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("Nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' ...
, ''Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium
''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX'' ("nine books of memorable deeds and sayings", also known as ''De factis dictisque memorabilibus'' or ''Facta et dicta memorabilia'') by Valerius Maximus (c. 20 BC – c. AD 50) was written arou ...
'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
*Marcus Velleius Paterculus
Marcus Velleius Paterculus (; c. 19 BC – c. AD 31) was a Roman historian, soldier and senator. His Roman history, written in a highly rhetorical style, covered the period from the end of the Trojan War to AD 30, but is most useful for the per ...
, ''Compendium of Roman History''.
*Quintus Asconius Pedianus
Quintus Asconius Pedianus (BC 9 - AD 76) was a Roman historian. There is no evidence that Asconius engaged in a public career, but he was familiar both with Roman government of his time and with the geography of the city. He may, therefore, have w ...
, ''Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Milone'' (Commentary on Cicero's Oration ''Pro Milone'').
* Pseudo-Asconius, ''Commentarius in Oratorio Ciceronis in Verrem'' (Commentary on Cicero's ''In Verrem''), ed. Orelli The name Orelli can refer to several different people:
* Carlo Orelli (1894–2005) was, until his death, the oldest living Italian veteran of World War I
*Johann Caspar von Orelli
Johann Caspar von Orelli (Latin ''Iohannes Caspar Orellius''; 13 ...
.
* Lucius Annaeus Seneca ( Seneca the Elder), ''Controversiae'' (Epitome).
* Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Seneca the Younger
Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (; 65 AD), usually known mononymously as Seneca, was a Stoic philosopher of Ancient Rome, a statesman, dramatist, and, in one work, satirist, from the post-Augustan age of Latin literature.
Seneca was born in ...
), '' De Brevitate Vitae'' (On the Brevity of Life).
* Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...
), ''Naturalis Historia
The ''Natural History'' ( la, Naturalis historia) is a work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the ''Natural History'' compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. ...
'' (Natural History).
* Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ( Pliny the Younger), '' Epistulae'' (Letters).
* Sextus Julius Frontinus, ''Strategemata
''Strategemata'', or ''Stratagems'', is a Latin work by the Roman author Frontinus (c. 40 – 103 AD). It is a collection of examples of military stratagems from Greek and Roman history, ostensibly for the use of generals. Frontinus is assumed ...
'' (Stratagems), ''De aquaeductu
( en, On aqueducts) is a two-book official report given to the emperor Nerva or Trajan on the state of the aqueducts of Rome, and was written by Sextus Julius Frontinus at the end of the 1st century AD. It is also known as or . It is the earlie ...
'' (''On Aqueducts'').
*Publius Cornelius Tacitus
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus ( , ; – ), was a Roman historian and politician. Tacitus is widely regarded as one of the greatest Roman historians by modern scholars.
The surviving portions of his two major works—the ...
, ''Annales
Annals are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically, year by year. The equivalent word in Latin and French is ''annales'', which is used untranslated in English in various contexts.
List of works with titles contai ...
'', '' Historiae''.
* Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρχος, ''Ploútarchos''; ; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. He is known primarily for his ''P ...
), ''Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
Plutarch's ''Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans'', commonly called ''Parallel Lives'' or ''Plutarch's Lives'', is a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably writt ...
''.
* Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, ''De Vita Caesarum
''De vita Caesarum'' (Latin; "About the Life of the Caesars"), commonly known as ''The Twelve Caesars'', is a set of twelve biographies of Julius Caesar and the first 11 emperors of the Roman Empire written by Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. The g ...
'' (''Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars''), ''De Claris Rhetoribus'' (''On the Eminent Orators'').
* Lucius Annaeus Florus, ''Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC'' (''Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years'').
* Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian
Appian of Alexandria (; grc-gre, Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς ''Appianòs Alexandreús''; la, Appianus Alexandrinus; ) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who flourished during the reigns of Emperors of Rome Trajan, Hadr ...
), ''Bella Mithridatica'' (''The Mithridatic Wars''), ''Bellum Civile'' (''The Civil War''), ''Bellum Hannibalicum'' (''The War with Hannibal'').
* Aulus Gellius, ''Noctes Atticae'' (Attic Nights).
* Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history on ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...
), ''Roman History''.
*Herodian
Herodian or Herodianus ( el, Ἡρωδιανός) of Syria, sometimes referred to as "Herodian of Antioch" (c. 170 – c. 240), was a minor Roman civil servant who wrote a colourful history in Greek titled ''History of the Empire from the Death o ...
us, ''Tes Meta Marcon Basileas Istoria'' (History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius).
* Eusebius of Caesarea, '' Historia Ecclesiastica''.
* Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, Vulcatius Gallicanus, & Flavius Vopiscus, '' Historia Augusta'' (Augustan History).
*Julius Obsequens
Julius Obsequens was a Roman writer active in the 4th or early 5th centuries AD, during late antiquity. His sole known work is the ''Prodigiorum liber'' (''Book of Prodigies''), a tabulation of the wonders and portents that had occurred in the Ro ...
, ''Liber de Prodigiis'' (The Book of Prodigies).
*Sextus Aurelius Victor
Sextus Aurelius Victor (c. 320 – c. 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire. Victor was the author of a short history of imperial Rome, entitled ''De Caesaribus'' and covering the period from Augustus to Constantius II. The work w ...
(attributed), '' Epitome de Caesaribus''.
*Ammianus Marcellinus
Ammianus Marcellinus (occasionally anglicised as Ammian) (born , died 400) was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius). His work, known as the ''Res Gestae ...
, ''Res Gestae''.
* Codex Theodosianus.
*Paulus Orosius
Paulus Orosius (; born 375/385 – 420 AD), less often Paul Orosius in English, was a Roman priest, historian and theologian, and a student of Augustine of Hippo. It is possible that he was born in ''Bracara Augusta'' (now Braga, Portugal), th ...
, ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos'' (History against the Pagans).
* Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (St. Jerome
Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian priest, confessor, theologian, and historian; he is com ...
), ''De Viris Illustribus
''De Viris Illustribus'', meaning "concerning illustrious men", represents a genre of literature which evolved during the Italian Renaissance in imitation of the exemplary literature of Ancient Rome. It inspired the widespread commissioning of g ...
'' (On the Illustrious Men), ''Epistulae''.
*''Digesta'', or ''Pandectae'' ( The Digest).
*Theodoret
Theodoret of Cyrus or Cyrrhus ( grc-gre, Θεοδώρητος Κύρρου; AD 393 – 458/466) was an influential theologian of the School of Antioch, biblical commentator, and Christian bishop of Cyrrhus (423–457). He played a pi ...
, ''Haereticarum Fabularum Compendium'' (Compendium of Heretical Tales).
*''Corpus Juris Civilis
The ''Corpus Juris'' (or ''Iuris'') ''Civilis'' ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor. It is also sometimes referred ...
'', or ''Codex Justinianus'' (The Body of Civil Law, or the Code of Justinian).
* Stephanus of Byzantium, ''Ethnica''.
* Photius, '' Bibliotheca''.
*''Suda
The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' (; grc-x-medieval, Σοῦδα, Soûda; la, Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas ...
''.
* Joannes Zonaras, ''Epitome Historiarum'' (Epitome of History).
* Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus, ''Historia Ecclesiastica''.
Modern sources
*Joseph Hilarius Eckhel
Joseph Hilarius Eckhel (13 January 1737 – 16 May 1798) was an Austrian Jesuit priest and numismatist.
Biography
Eckhel was born at Enzersfeld, in Lower Austria.
His father was farm-steward to Count Zinzendorf, and he received his early educ ...
, ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'' (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
* Jean Foy-Vaillant, ''Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum Praestantiora a Julio Caesare ad Postumus'' (Outstanding Imperial Coins from Caesar to Postumus), Giovanni Battista Bernabò & Giuseppe Lazzarini, Rome (1674, 1743).
*Barthold Georg Niebuhr
Barthold Georg Niebuhr (27 August 1776 – 2 January 1831) was a Danish–German statesman, banker, and historian who became Germany's leading historian of Ancient Rome and a founding father of modern scholarly historiography. By 1810 Niebuhr wa ...
, ''The History of Rome'', Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828).
* Wilhelm Drumann, ''Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen'', Königsberg (1834–1844).
"Claudia Gens"
an
"Claudius"
in the ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
The ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'' (1849, originally published 1844 under a slightly different title) is an encyclopedia/biographical dictionary. Edited by William Smith, the dictionary spans three volumes and 3,700 p ...
'', William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
*Wilhelm Dittenberger
Wilhelm (William) Dittenberger (August 31, 1840 in Heidelberg – December 29, 1906 in Halle (Saale)) was a German philologist in classical epigraphy.
Life
Wilhelm Dittenberger was the son of the Protestant theologian Wilhelm Theophor Dittenberge ...
, ''Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum'' (Collection of Greek Inscriptions, abbreviated ''SIG''), Leipzig (1883).
* Michel Bréal and Anatole Bailly, ''Dictionnaire étymologique latin'', Librairie Hachette, Paris (1885).
* Karl Braasch, "Lateinische Personennamen, nach ihrer Bedeutung zusammen gestellt", in ''Jahresbericht des Königlich Stifts-Gymnasiums in Zeitz'', C. Brendel, Zeitz (1892).
* Antoine Meillet, ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, histoire des mots'', Klinsieck, Paris (1959).
*Lily Ross Taylor
Lily Ross Taylor (born August 12, 1886, in Auburn, Alabama - died November 18, 1969, in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) was an American academic and author, who in 1917 became the first female Fellow of the American Academy in Rome.
Biography
Born in ...
, ''The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic'', University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor (1960).
* D.P. Simpson, ''Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary'', Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963).
* Robert K. Sherk,
The Text of the ''Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno''
, in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'', vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966).
*
* J.E.H. Spaul,
Governors of Tingitana
, in ''Antiquités Africaines'', vol. 30 (1994).
*Michael Crawford
Michael Patrick Smith, (born 19 January 1942), known professionally as Michael Crawford, is an English tenor, actor and comedian.
Crawford is best known for playing both the hapless Frank Spencer in the sitcom '' Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em'' a ...
, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
*T. Corey Brennan
Terry Corey Brennan (born November 24, 1959) is a Professor of Classics at Rutgers University-New Brunswick ( USA). Under the stage name Corey "Loog" Brennan he was a guitarist and songwriter involved with several bands, including Boston-based b ...
, ''The Praetorship in the Roman Republic'', Oxford University Press (2000).
* James L. Franklin, Jr., ''Pompeis Difficile Est: Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii'', University of Michigan Press (2001).
*Michel Humm,
Appius Claudius Caecus, La République accomplie
', Rome, Publications de l'École française de Rome (2005).
* Gary D. Farney, ''Ethnic Identity and Aristocratic Competition in Republican Rome'', Cambridge University Press (2007).
* Inge Mennen, ''Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284'', Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden (2011).
*
*
{{Refend
Roman gentes