Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France. It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world. The prevailing styles of architecture in most of Europe for the previous two centuries, Renaissance architecture and Baroque architecture, already represented partial revivals of the Classical architecture of ancient Rome and (much less) ancient Greek architecture, but the Neoclassical movement aimed to strip away the excesses of Late Baroque and return to a purer and more authentic classical style, adapted to modern purposes. The development of archaeology and published accurate records of surviving classical buildings was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. In many countries, there was an initial wave essentially drawing on Roman architecture, followed, from about the start of the 19th century, by a second wave of

Greek Revival architecture The Greek Revival was an architectural movement which began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe and the United States and Canada, but ...

. This followed increased understanding of Greek survivals. As the 19th century continued, the style tended to lose its original rather austere purity in variants like the French Empire style. The term "neoclassical" is often used very loosely for any building using some of the classical architectural vocabulary. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts. The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition. Therefore, the style is defined by symmetry, simple geometry, and social demands instead of ornament. In the 21st century, a version of the style continues, sometimes called

New Classical architecture New Classical architecture, New Classicism or the New Classical movement is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of Classical architecture. It is sometimes considered the modern continuation of Neoclassical architec ...

or New Classicism.

History

Neoclassical architecture is a specific style and moment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that was specifically associated with the

Enlightenment Enlightenment or enlighten may refer to: Age of Enlightenment * Age of Enlightenment, period in Western intellectual history from the late 17th to late 18th century, centered in France but also encompassing (alphabetically by country or culture): ...

empiricism In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological theory that holds that knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience. It is one of several views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empir ...

, and the study of sites by early archaeologists. Classical architecture after about 1840 must be classified as one of a series of "revival" styles, such as Greek, Renaissance, or Italianate. Various historians of the 19th century have made this clear since the 1970s. Classical architecture during the twentieth century is classified less as a revival, and more a return to a style was decelerated with the advent of Modernism. Yet still Neoclassical architecture is beginning to be practiced again in twenty-first Century more in the form of

New Classical Architecture New Classical architecture, New Classicism or the New Classical movement is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of Classical architecture. It is sometimes considered the modern continuation of Neoclassical architec ...

and even in Gentrification and Historicism Architecture, the Neoclassical architecture or its important elements are still being used, even when the

Postmodernist architecture Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourseNuyen, A.T., 1992. The Role of Rhetorical Devices in Postmodernist Discourse. Philosophy & Rhetoric, pp.183–194. characterized by skepticism toward the "grand narratives" of modernis ...

is dominant throughout the world.

Palladianism

Basilica Palladiana (Vicenza) - facade on Piazza dei signori

A return to more classical architectural forms as a reaction to the Rococo style can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century, most vividly represented in the

Palladian architecture Palladian architecture is a European architectural style derived from the work of the Venetian architect Andrea Palladio (1508–1580). What is today recognised as Palladian architecture evolved from his concepts of symmetry, perspective and ...

of Georgian Britain and Ireland. The name refers to the designs of the 16th-century Venetian architect Andrea Palladio. The

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: '' Vitruvius Britannicus'' by

Colen Campbell Colen Campbell (15 June 1676 – 13 September 1729) was a pioneering Scottish architect and architectural writer, credited as a founder of the Georgian style. For most of his career, he resided in Italy and England. As well as his architectural ...

(1715), Palladio's '' I quattro libri dell'architettura'' (''The Four Books of Architecture'', 1715), '' De re aedificatoria'' by Leon Battista Alberti (first published in 1452) and ''The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs'' (1727). The most popular was the four-volume ''Vitruvius Britannicus'' by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of

Inigo Jones Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant architect in England and Wales in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable archit ...

, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain. At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent designed Chiswick House. This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra "La Rotonda", but purified of 16th-century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of Palladianism. In 1734, William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture, Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicizing vein was also detectable, to a lesser degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris, such as in the

Louvre Colonnade The Louvre Colonnade is the easternmost façade of the Palais du Louvre in Paris. It has been celebrated as the foremost masterpiece of French Architectural Classicism since its construction, mostly between 1667 and 1674. The design, dominated by ...

. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran. Stourhead 1.gif, The east façade of Stourhead House, based on Palladio's Villa Emo Russborough-House Part-of-the-facade.jpg, Russborough House (

County Wicklow County Wicklow ( ; ga, Contae Chill Mhantáin ) is a county in Ireland. The last of the traditional 32 counties, having been formed as late as 1606, it is part of the Eastern and Midland Region and the province of Leinster. It is bordered by t ...

, Ireland) a notable example of Irish Palladianism, 1741–1755, by

Richard Cassels Richard Cassels (1690 – 1751), also known as Richard Castle, was an architect who ranks with Edward Lovett Pearce as one of the greatest architects working in Ireland in the 18th century. Cassels was born in 1690 in Kassel, Germany. Althou ...

Woburn Abbey.jpg, Woburn Abbey ( Woburn, Bedfordshire, England), 1746, by Henry Flitcroft Province House (Nova Scotia).jpg, Nova Scotia Legislature Building from Halifax ( Nova Scotia, Canada), 1819

Neoclassicism

By the mid-18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. An early centre of neoclassicism was Italy, especially Naples, where by the 1730s court architects such as Luigi Vanvitelli and Ferdinando Fuga were recovering classical, Palladian and Mannerist forms in their Baroque architecture. Following their lead, Giovanni Antonio Medrano began to build the first truly neoclassical structures in Italy in the 1730s. In the same period,

Alessandro Pompei Count Alessandro Pompei (1705–1772) was an Italian architect and author of a prominent treatise on architecture: ''Cinque Ordini dell’ Architettura Civile di Michele Sanmicheli'' or ''Five Orders of the Civic Architecture of Michele Sanmic ...

introduced neoclassicism to the Venetian Republic, building one of the first

lapidarium A lapidarium is a place where stone (Latin: ) monuments and fragments of archaeological interest are exhibited. They can include stone epigraphy, epigraphs; statues; architectural elements such as columns, cornices, and acroterions; bas reliefs ...

s in Europe in Verona, in the Doric style (1738). During the same period, neoclassical elements were introduced to Tuscany by architect

Jean Nicolas Jadot de Ville-Issey Jean may refer to: People * Jean (female given name) * Jean (male given name) * Jean (surname) Fictional characters * Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character * Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations * Jean ...

, the court architect of Francis Stephen of Lorraine. On Jadot's lead, an original neoclassical style was developed by

Gaspare Maria Paoletti Gaspare Maria Paoletti (December 6, 1727 - February 19, 1813) was a Neoclassical sculptor and architect, active mainly in his native Florence, region of Tuscany, Italy. Biography Paoletti mainly worked for the Tuscan Grand-Dukes of the Hapsburg- ...

, transforming Florence into the most important centre of neoclassicism in the peninsula. In the second half of the century, Neoclassicism flourished also in Turin, Milan ( Giuseppe Piermarini) and Trieste (

Matteo Pertsch Matteo Pertsch (; 1769–1834) was an Austrian classical architect best known for designing a number of structures in Trieste built in the early decades of the 19th century. He was born in Buchhorn (now Friedrichshafen, Germany) to a family o ...

). In the latter two cities, just as in Tuscany, the sober neoclassical style was linked to the reformism of the ruling

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

enlightened monarchs. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at

Pompeii Pompeii (, ) was an ancient city located in what is now the ''comune'' of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried ...

and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour, and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, were pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia. International neoclassical architecture was exemplified in Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings, especially the Altes Museum in Berlin, Sir John Soane's Bank of England in London and the newly built White House and Capitol in Washington, D.C. of the nascent American Republic. The style was international. The Baltimore Basilica, which was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1806, is considered one of the finest examples of neoclassical architecture in the world. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the First French Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the

Louis XVI style Louis XVI style, also called ''Louis Seize'', is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1793), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of t ...

, and the second in the styles called Directoire and Empire. Its major proponents were Percier and Fontaine, court architects who specialized in interior decoration. In the decorative arts, neoclassicism is exemplified in French furniture of the Empire style; the English furniture of Chippendale, George Hepplewhite and Robert Adam, Wedgwood's

bas relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the ...

s and "black basaltes" vases, and the

Biedermeier The ''Biedermeier'' period was an era in Central Europe between 1815 and 1848 during which the middle class grew in number and the arts appealed to common sensibilities. It began with the Congress of Vienna at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in ...

furniture of Austria. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in Saint Petersburg. File:West facade of Petit Trianon 002.JPG, West facade of the Petit Trianon ( Versailles, France) File:Pantheon 1, Paris May 11, 2013.jpg, The Panthéon (Paris), 1758–1790 File:University of Virginia Rotunda in 2006.jpg, The Rotunda of the University of Virginia ( Charlottesville, Virginia, US), by Thomas Jefferson and Stanford White, 1826 File:Akademie von Athen.jpg, The Academy of Athens, 1859, by Theophil Hansen File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg, Legislative Building Manila File:Oudenbosch Basiliek H. Agatha en H. Barbara 1.jpg,

Oudenbosch Basilica The Oudenbosch Basilica is a Roman Catholic basilica in the Dutch village of Oudenbosch. The basilica is named after Agatha of Sicily and Barbara of Nicomedia, two Christian martyrs from the third century. It was built at the initiative of Willem ...

, 1892 ( Oudenbosch, The Netherlands) File:Concertgebouw from Museumplein 2539.jpg, Concertgebouw, 1886 ( Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

Interior design

Château de Malmaison - Appartement de Joséphine 003

Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at

and

Herculaneum Herculaneum (; Neapolitan and it, Ercolano) was an ancient town, located in the modern-day ''comune'' of Ercolano, Campania, Italy. Herculaneum was buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. Like the nea ...

. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of ''

Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte The ''Le Antichità di Ercolano Esposte'' (''Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed'') is an eight-volume book of engravings of the findings from excavating the ruins of Herculaneum in the Kingdom of Naples (now Italy). It was published between 1757 ...

'' (''The Antiquities of Herculaneum Exposed''). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the

, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into

gilded Gilding is a decorative technique for applying a very thin coating of gold over solid surfaces such as metal (most common), wood, porcelain, or stone. A gilded object is also described as "gilt". Where metal is gilded, the metal below was tradi ...

mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts. The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones '' en camaïeu'' ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or

bucrania Bucranium (plural ''bucrania''; Latin, from Greek ''βουκράνιον'', referring to the skull of an ox) was a form of carved decoration commonly used in Classical architecture. The name is generally considered to originate with the practic ...

or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the '' goût grec'' ("Greek taste"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774,

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Josèphe Jeanne (; ; née Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. She was born an archduchess of Austria, and was the penultimate child a ...

, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the

to court. However, there was no real attempt to employ the basic forms of Roman furniture until around the turn of the century, and furniture-makers were more likely to borrow from ancient architecture, just as silversmiths were more likely to take from ancient pottery and stone-carving than metalwork: "Designers and craftsmen ..seem to have taken an almost perverse pleasure in transferring motifs from one medium to another". A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled ''The Works in Architecture'' in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam style available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the Rococo and

styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. ''The Works in Architecture'' illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams. File:Compiègne (60), palais, salon Bleu 3.jpg, The Blue Salon of the Château de Compiègne ( Compiègne, France), an example of an Empire interior File:Vaults of the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (10047443365).jpg, Detail of the ceiling of the

Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (, , ; ) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the ''étoile'' ...

from Paris File:Design for a Room in the Etruscan or Pompeian style (Elevation) MET DP804393.jpg, Design for a room in the Etruscan or Pompeian style, from 1833, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) File:Berlin Hotel Kaiserhof Speisesaal AS.jpg, Dining room of the Centralhotel (Berlin), designed in 1881 by von der Hude & Hennicke File:Salle de lecture Bibliothèque Mazarine depuis gallerie.jpg, The Reading Room of the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris)

Greek Revival

Second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia

From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little direct knowledge of surviving Greek buildings before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the

Society of Dilettanti The Society of Dilettanti (founded 1734) is a British society of noblemen and scholars that sponsors the study of ancient Greek and Roman art, and the creation of new work in the style. History Though the exact date is unknown, the Society is b ...

in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century. Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for

Downing College, Cambridge Downing College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge and currently has around 650 students. Founded in 1800, it was the only college to be added to Cambridge University between 1596 and 1869, and is often described as the olde ...

, that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal,

Covent Garden Covent Garden is a district in London, on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist si ...

(1808–1809), the General Post Office (1824–1829) and the British Museum (1823–1848), Wilkins University College London (1826–1830) and the National Gallery (1832–1838). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and

Hugh William Williams Hugh William Williams FRSE (1773–1829), known as "Grecian Williams," was a Scottish landscape painter. Life Williams was born onboard the ship of his father, Captain Williams, whilst en route to the West Indies. His mother, "Miss Lewis", die ...

(1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–1829). At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois

style in the German-speaking lands,

Federal style Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was heavily based on the works of Andrea Palladio with several inn ...

in the United States, the

Regency style Regency architecture encompasses classical buildings built in the United Kingdom during the Regency era The Regency era of British history officially spanned the years 1811 to 1820, though the term is commonly applied to the longer perio ...

in Britain, and the ''Napoleonstil'' in Sweden. According to the art historian

Hugh Honour Hugh Honour FRSL (26 September 1927 – 19 May 2016) was a British art historian, known for his writing partnership with John Fleming (art historian), John Fleming. Their ''A World History of Art'' (a.k.a. ''The Visual Arts: A History''), is now ...

"so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces". File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG, British Museum, London, by Robert Smirke, 1823-1847 File:Palais de Justice BORDEAUX.JPG, Bordeaux Courthouse, Bordeaux, France, unknown architect, 1839-1846 File:Edinburgh - Royal Scottish Academy Building - 20140421192731.jpg,

Royal Scottish Academy The Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) is the country’s national academy of art. It promotes contemporary Scottish art. The Academy was founded in 1826 by eleven artists meeting in Edinburgh. Originally named the Scottish Academy, it became the ...

, Edinburgh, Scotland, unknown architect, unknown date File:München BW 2017-03-15 19-06-19.jpg,

Propyläen ''Die Propyläen'' was a periodical begun in July 1798 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and his friend Johann Heinrich Meyer. Impetus During the journal's short, three-year existence its various contributors and editors, for example, shown in essay ...

, Munich, Germany, by Leo von Klenze, finished in 1862 Austria reichsratssaal 2010.jpg,

Austrian Parliament Building The Austrian Parliament Building (german: Parlamentsgebäude, colloquially ''das Parlament'') in Vienna is where the two houses of the Austrian Parliament conduct their sessions. The building is located on the ''Ringstraße'' boulevard in the f ...

, Vienna, by Theophil Hansen, 1874-1883 File:Friedrich-von-Thiersch-Saal Bühne.jpg, Friedrich-von-Thiersch hall of the

Kurhaus Kurhaus (German for "spa house" or "health resort") may refer to: * Kurhaus of Baden-Baden in Germany * Kurhaus, Wiesbaden in Germany * Kurhaus, Meran in South Tyrol, Italy * Kurhaus of Scheveningen in the Netherlands * Kurhaus Bergün, a grand ho ...

, Wiesbaden, Germany, 1905-1907, by Friedrich von Thiersch

Characteristics

High neoclassicism was an international movement. Architects reacted against the excesses and profuse ornament used in Late Baroque architecture. The new "classical" architecture emphasized planar qualities, rather than elaborate sculptural ornament in both the interior and the exterior. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flat and tended to be framed by friezes, tablets or panels. This was the first "stripped down" classical architecture, and appeared to be modern in the context of the Revolutionary period in Europe. At its most elemental, as in the work of Etienne-Louis Boullée, it was highly abstract and geometrically pure. Lutheran Cathedral Helsinki

Neoclassicism also influenced city planning. The ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience; however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings. Many of these urban planning patterns found their way into the first modern planned cities of the 18th century. Exceptional examples include Karlsruhe, Washington, D.C., Saint Petersburg, Buenos Aires, Havana, and Barcelona. Contrasting models may be found in Modernist designs exemplified by Brasília, the Garden city movement, and levittowns.

Regional trends

Great Britain and Ireland

From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal.

James 'Athenian' Stuart James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (disambiguat ...

's work ''The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece'' was very influential in this regard, as were

Robert Wood Robert Wood may refer to: Art * Robert E. Wood (painter, born 1971), Canadian landscape artist * Robert William Wood (1889–1979), American landscape artist * Robert Wood (artist), accused and acquitted of the Camden Town murder Military * R ...

's ''Palmyra'' and ''Baalbec''. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon, and provincially based architects such as

John Carr John Carr may refer to: Politicians *John Carr (Indiana politician) (1793–1845), American politician from Indiana *John Carr (Australian politician, born 1819) (1819–1913), member of the South Australian House of Assembly, 1865–1884 * John H ...

and Thomas Harrison of

Chester Chester is a cathedral city and the county town of Cheshire, England. It is located on the River Dee, close to the English–Welsh border. With a population of 79,645 in 2011,"2011 Census results: People and Population Profile: Chester Loca ...

. In Scotland and the north of England, where the

Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...

was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of

Cuthbert Brodrick Cuthbert Brodrick FRIBA (1 December 1821 – 2 March 1905) was a British architect, whose most famous building is Leeds Town Hall. Early life Brodrick was born in the Yorkshire port of Hull where his father was a well-to-do merchant and shi ...

and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric. In Ireland, where

was also less popular, a refined, restrained form of the neoclassical developed, and can be seen in the works of James Gandon and other architects working at the time. It is particularly evident in Dublin, which is a largely neoclassical and Georgian city. File:The.circus.bath.arp.jpg, The Circus (

Bath Bath may refer to: * Bathing, immersion in a fluid ** Bathtub, a large open container for water, in which a person may wash their body ** Public bathing, a public place where people bathe * Thermae, ancient Roman public bathing facilities Plac ...

, Somerset, England), 1754–1768, by

John Wood, the Elder John Wood, the Elder (1704 – 23 May 1754) was an English architect, working mainly in Bath. In 1740 he surveyed Stonehenge and the Stanton Drew stone circles. He later wrote extensively about Bladud and Neo-Druidism. Because of some ...

File:Harewood House The State Bedroom.jpg, Bedroom in Harewood House ( Harewood, West Yorkshire, England), 1759–1771, by Robert Adam File:Kedleston Hall 20080730-06.jpg, Kedleston Hall (

Kedleston Kedleston is a village and civil parish in the Amber Valley district of Derbyshire, approximately north-west of Derby. Nearby places include Quarndon, Weston Underwood, Derbyshire, Weston Underwood, Mugginton and Kirk Langley. The population a ...

, Derbyshire, England) based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome, the 1760s, by Robert Adam File:Syon House, Ante room, Gilded panels (2).jpg, Interior of

Syon House Syon House is the west London residence of the Duke of Northumberland. A Grade I listed building, it lies within the 200-acre (80 hectare) Syon Park, in the London Borough of Hounslow. The family's traditional central London residence had be ...

(London) with Ionic columns and gilded statues, 1767–1775, by Robert Adam File:Syon House, Dining room.jpg, Dining room of Syon House, with a complex ceiling File:Archives Nationales Édimbourg 2.jpg, The

General Register House General Register House is an Adam style neoclassical building on Princes Street, Edinburgh, purpose built by Robert Adam between 1774 and 1788 as the headquarters of the National Archives of Scotland. It is a Category A listed building. Archit ...

( Edinburgh, Scotland), 1774–1788, by Robert Adam File:O'Connell Street, Dublin, Ireland.jpg, alt=View upwards of street buildings with green domed roofs, Buildings in Lower O'Connell Street ( Dublin) constructed between 1918 and 1923 in the highly refined and aesthetically restrained style typical of the Irish capital File:Somerset House.jpg, The central courtyard of

Somerset House Somerset House is a large Neoclassical complex situated on the south side of the Strand in central London, overlooking the River Thames, just east of Waterloo Bridge. The Georgian era quadrangle was built on the site of a Tudor palace ("O ...

(London), 1776, by Sir William Chambers File:Chiswick - Obelisk & Ionic Temple (15298918976).jpg, Ionic Temple at the Chiswick House (London), an example of English landscape garden File:Dublin - General Post Office - 20181206094732.jpg, The Greek hexastyle portico of the General Post Office (Dublin) completed in 1818 File:St Georges Hall Liverpool 4 (6730033549).jpg, The western front of St George's Hall in Liverpool from St. John's Gardens File:CustomHouseDublin.JPG, Dublin's Custom House File:Parliament Buildings Stormont 2.jpg, Parliament Buildings, Northern Ireland (1933)

France

The first phase of

neoclassicism in France Neoclassicism is a movement in architecture, design and the arts which was dominant in France between about 1760 to 1830. It emerged as a reaction to the frivolity and excessive ornament of the baroque and rococo styles. In architecture it featur ...

is expressed in the Louis XV style of architect Ange-Jacques Gabriel ( Petit Trianon, 1762–1768); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and Empire, might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar

(designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the " Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1774 did

, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the

to court. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of

Étienne-Louis Boullée Étienne-Louis Boullée (12 February 17284 February 1799) was a visionary French neoclassical architect whose work greatly influenced contemporary architects. Life Born in Paris, he studied under Jacques-François Blondel, Germain Boff ...

and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and

Edmund Burke Edmund Burke (; 12 January NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS">New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style">NS/nowiki>_1729_–_9_July_1797)_was_an_ NS.html"_;"title="New_Style.html"_;"title="/nowiki>New_Style"> ...

's conception of the

sublime Sublime may refer to: Entertainment * SuBLime, a comic imprint of Viz Media for BL manga * Sublime (band), an American ska punk band ** ''Sublime'' (album), 1996 * ''Sublime'' (film), a 2007 horror film * SubLime FM, a Dutch radio station dedic ...

. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally, such ideas give rise to architecture parlante ("speaking architecture"). From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism that is called the Greek Revival. Although several European cities – notably Saint Petersburg, Athens, Berlin and Munich – were transformed into veritable museums of Greek revival architecture, the Greek Revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public. Boudoir de la reine, Château de Fontainebleau.jpg, Boudoir de la Reine of the Palace of Fontainebleau (

Fontainbleau Fontainebleau (; ) is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located south-southeast of the centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department, and it is the seat of the ''arrondissement ...

) Pantheon 1, Paris May 11, 2013.jpg, The Panthéon (Paris), 1758–1790, by Jacques-Germain Soufflot (1713–1780) and

Jean-Baptiste Rondelet Jean-Baptiste Rondelet (4 June 1743 – 25 September 1829) was an architectural theorist of the late Enlightenment era and chief architect of the church of Sainte-Geneviève after the death of Jacques Germain Soufflot of cancer in 1780. Rond ...

(1743–1829) Château de Bagatelle, Paris 17 July 2016 004.jpg, Château de Bagatelle (Paris), a small Neoclassical château, 1777, by François-Joseph Bélanger Bordeaux Grand Théâtre R03.jpg, Stairway of the Grand Theater of Bordeaux, 1780, by

Victor Louis Victor Louis (10 May 1731, Paris – 2 July 1800, Paris) was a French architect, disqualified on a technicality from winning the Prix de Rome in architecture in 1755. Life He was born Louis-Nicolas Louis in Paris. He did not adopt the name Vic ...

Hôtel de Salm côté Seine Palais Légion d'Honneur Paris.jpg, The Palais de la Légion d'Honneur (Paris), 1782–1787, by

Pierre Rousseau Pierre Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (11 February 1905 – 1983) was a French essayist, epistemologist, astronomer and journalist who authored numerous popular science essays and articles. He helped promote hard science to the general public and advocat ...

Cabinet dore Marie-Antoinette Versailles.jpg, Cabinet doré of Marie-Antoinette at the Palace of Versailles (1783) Église de la Madeleine 3753x3156.jpg, Église de la Madeleine ( Paris), 1807–1828, by Pierre-Alexandre Vignon File:Compiègne (60), palais, salon Bleu 3.jpg, The Blue Salon of the Château de Compiègne ( Compiègne), an example of an Empire interior Château de Malmaison, France (48029730202).jpg, Empress's bedroom from the Château de Malmaison, another Empire interior P1040409 Paris Ier colonne Vendôme rwk.JPG, The

Vendôme Column Vendôme (, ) is a subprefecture of the department of Loir-et-Cher, France. It is also the department's third-biggest commune with 15,856 inhabitants (2019). It is one of the main towns along the river Loir. The river divides itself at the ent ...

(Paris), modelled after Trajan's Column, 1810 Musee Guimet en 2013 1.jpg, The Guimet Museum (Paris), by

Jules Chatron Jules is the French form of the Latin "Julius" (e.g. Jules César, the French name for Julius Caesar). It is the given name of: People with the name *Jules Aarons (1921–2008), American space physicist and photographer *Jules Abadie (1876–195 ...

Greece

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece in 1832, the architecture of Greece was mostly influenced by the Neoclassical architecture. For Athens, the first King of Greece, Otto I, commissioned the architects Stamatios Kleanthis and Eduard Schaubert to design a modern city plan. The Old Royal Palace was the first important public building to be built, between 1836 and 1843. Later, in the mid- and late 19th century, Theophil von Hansen and Ernst Ziller took part in the construction of many neoclassical buildings. Theophil von Hansen designed his first building, the

National Observatory of Athens The National Observatory of Athens (NOA; el, Εθνικό Αστεροσκοπείο Αθηνών) is a research institute in Athens, Greece. Founded in 1842, it is the oldest research foundation in Greece, as it was the first scientific resea ...

, and two of the three contiguous buildings forming the so-called "Athens Classical Trilogy", namely the Academy of Athens (1859) and the National Library of Greece (1888), the third building of the trilogy being the National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843), which was designed by his brother Christian Hansen. Also he designed the Zappeion Hall (1888). Ernst Ziller also designed many private mansions in the centre of Athens which gradually became public, usually through donations, such the mansion of Heinrich Schliemann, Iliou Melathron (1880). The city of

Nauplio Nafplio ( ell, Ναύπλιο) is a coastal city located in the Peloponnese in Greece and it is the capital of the regional unit of Argolis and an important touristic destination. Founded in antiquity, the city became an important seaport in the ...

is also an important example of Neoclassical architecture along with the island of Poros. File:Griechisches Parlament.jpg, The Old Royal Palace, completed in 1843 File:Griechische Nationalbibliothek (Zuschnitt).jpg, The National Library of Greece designed by Theophil von Hansen (1888) File:Akademie von Athen.jpg, The main building of the Academy of Athens, one of Theophil Hansen's "Trilogy" in central Athens (1859) File:Universität von Athen.jpg, The National and Capodistrian University of Athens (1843) File:Attica 06-13 Athens 27 Zappeion.jpg, The Zappeion (1888) File:Ιλίου Μέλαθρον 6649.jpg, The Numismatic Museum of Athens or Iliou Melathron built for Heinrich Schliemann by Ernst Ziller (1880) File:Presidential Mansion in Athens.jpg, The

Presidential Mansion An official residence is the residence of a head of state, head of government, governor, religious leader, leaders of international organizations, or other senior figure. It may be the same place where they conduct their work-related functions. ...

(formerly the Crown Prince's Palace) in Athens built by Ernst Ziller

Hungary

The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the Baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect, Charles Moreau, is the garden façade of the

Esterházy Palace The House of Esterházy, also spelled Eszterházy (), is a Hungarian noble family with origins in the Middle Ages. From the 17th century, the Esterházys were the greatest landowner magnates of the Kingdom of Hungary, during the time that it ...

(1797–1805) in Kismarton (today

Eisenstadt Eisenstadt (; hu, Kismarton; hr, Željezni grad; ; sl, Železno, Bavarian language, Austro-Bavarian: ''Eisnstod'') is a city in Austria, the state capital of Burgenland. It had a recorded population on 29 April 2021 of 15,074. In the Habsburg ...

in Austria). The two principal architects of Neoclassicism in Hungary were

Mihály Pollack Mihály Pollack (born as Michael Pollack, August 30, 1773—January 5, 1855) was an Austrian-born Hungarian architect, key figure of neoclassical architecture. His main work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–46). Mihály Pollack was born ...

and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom. The

Reformed Great Church of Debrecen The Reformed Great Church or Great Reformed Church in Debrecen ( hu, debreceni református nagytemplom) is located in the city of Debrecen. It stands in the city centre, between Kossuth square and Kálvin square. It is the symbol of the Protestant ...

is an outstanding example of the many Protestant churches that were built in the first half of the 19th century. This was the time of the first iron structures in Hungarian architecture, the most important of which is the Chain Bridge (Budapest) by

William Tierney Clark William Tierney Clark Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, FRAS (23 August 1783 – 22 September 1852) was an English civil engineer particularly associated with the design and construction of bridges. ...

Malta

Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical

portico A portico is a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls. This idea was widely used in ancient Greece and has influenced many cult ...

decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th-century neoclassical buildings include the

Monument to Sir Alexander Ball The Monument to Sir Alexander Ball ( mt, Il-Monument ta' Sir Alexander Ball) is a neoclassical monument in the Lower Barrakka Gardens in Valletta, Malta. It was built in 1810 as a memorial to Sir Alexander Ball, a British admiral who was the firs ...

(1810),

RNH Bighi Royal Naval Hospital Bighi (RNH Bighi) also known as Bighi Hospital, was a major naval hospital located in the small town of Kalkara on the island of Malta. It was built on the site of the gardens of Palazzo Bichi, that was periodically known as ...

(1832),

St Paul's Pro-Cathedral St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (Malti: ''Il-Pro-Katridral ta' San Pawl''), officially The Pro-Cathedral and Collegiate Church of Saint Paul, is an Anglican pro-cathedral of the Diocese in Europe situated in Independence Square, Valletta, Malta. A "pro-ca ...

(1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now-destroyed Royal Opera House (1866). Neoclassicism gave way to other architectural styles by the late 19th century. Few buildings were built in the neoclassical style during the 20th century, such as the Domvs Romana museum (1922), and the Courts of Justice building in Valletta (1965–1971).

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The centre of Polish Neoclassicism was Warsaw under the rule of the last Polish king,

Stanislaus Augustus Stanislav and variants may refer to: People *Stanislav (given name), a Slavic given name with many spelling variations (Stanislaus, Stanislas, Stanisław, etc.) Places * Stanislav, a coastal village in Kherson, Ukraine * Stanislaus County, Cali ...

. The University of Vilnius was another important centre of the Neoclassical architecture in Europe, led by the notable professors of architecture

Marcin Knackfus Marcin Knackfus (, c. 1742 – c. 1821) was a Polish–Lithuanian Neoclassical architect of German descent. Born near Warsaw, he worked in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and particularly in its capital Vilnius. He was a tutor of Laurynas Guceviči ...

, Laurynas Gucevicius and

Karol Podczaszyński Karol Podczaszyński ( lt, Karolis Podčašinskis) (7 November 1790 – 19 April 1860) was a Polish- Lithuanian leading Vilnius architect, a representative of the neoclassical architecture and a professor of the Vilnius University, as well as on ...

. The style was expressed in the shape of main public buildings, such as the University's Observatory, Vilnius Cathedral and the

town hall In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or a municipal building (in the Philippines), is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually houses ...

. The best-known architects and artists, who worked in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were

Dominik Merlini Domenico Merlini () (22 February 1730 – 20 February 1797) was an Italian-Polish architect whose work was mostly in the classical style. Life and Style From 1750 till his death, Merlini lived in Poland. In 1768, he became a nobleman and later ...

, Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer,

Szymon Bogumił Zug Szymon Bogumił Zug (20 February 1733 – 11 August 1807), born Simon Gottlieb Zug, and also known as Zugk, was a renowned Polish-German classicist architect and designer of gardens. Born in Merseburg in Saxony, he spent most of his life in the ...

, Jakub Kubicki, Antonio Corazzi,

Efraim Szreger Ephraim (; he, ''ʾEp̄rayīm'', in pausa: ''ʾEp̄rāyīm'') was, according to the Book of Genesis, the second son of Joseph ben Jacob and Asenath. Asenath was an Ancient Egyptian woman whom Pharaoh gave to Joseph as wife, and the daughte ...

, Chrystian Piotr Aigner and

Bertel Thorvaldsen Bertel Thorvaldsen (; 19 November 1770 – 24 March 1844) was a Danes, Danish and Icelanders, Icelandic Sculpture, sculptor medallist, medalist of international fame, who spent most of his life (1797–1838) in Italy. Thorvaldsen was born in ...

Russia

In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture was equal to Saint Petersburg architecture because this style was specific for a huge number of buildings in the city.

Catherine the Great , en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes , house = , father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp , birth_date = , birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...

adopted the style during her reign by allowing the architect Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe to build the Old Hermitage and the Academy of Fine Arts in Saint Petersburg.

Spain

Spanish Neoclassicism was exemplified by the work of

Juan de Villanueva Juan de Villanueva (September 15, 1739 in Madrid – August 22, 1811) was a Spanish architect. Alongside Ventura Rodríguez, Villanueva is the best known architect of Spanish Neoclassicism. Biography His father was the sculptor Juan de Villa ...

, who adapted Burke's theories of beauty and the sublime to the requirements of Spanish climate and history. He built the

Museo del Prado The Prado Museum ( ; ), officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. It is widely considered to house one of the world's finest collections of European art, dating from the ...

, which combined three functions: an academy, an auditorium, and a museum in one building with three separate entrances. This was part of the ambitious program of Charles III, who intended to make Madrid the Capital of the Arts and Sciences. Very close to the museum, Villanueva built the

Royal Observatory of Madrid The Royal Observatory of Madrid is a historic observatory situated on a small hill next to the Buen Retiro Park in Madrid, Spain. It was completed in 1790 and took over some of the work previously done by the naval observatory on the south coast. ...

. He also designed several summer houses for the kings in El Escorial and Aranjuez and reconstructed the Plaza Mayor, Madrid, among other important works. Villanueva's pupils expanded the Neoclassical style in Spain.

Germany

Exterior views of the Altes Museum Berlin

Neoclassical architecture became a symbol of national pride during the 18th century in Germany, in what was then Prussia. Karl Friedrich Schinkel built many notable buildings in this style, including the Altes Museum in Berlin. While the city remained dominated by Baroque city planning, his architecture and functional style provided the city with a distinctly neoclassical center. Schinkel's work is very comparable to Neoclassical architecture in Britain since he drew much of his inspiration from that country. He made trips to observe the buildings and develop his functional style.

United States

In the new republic, Robert Adam's neoclassical manner was adapted for the local late 18th- and early 19th-century style, called

Federal architecture Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing architecture built in the newly founded United States between 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815, which was heavily based on the works of Andrea Palladio with several inn ...

. One of the pioneers of this style was the English-born Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who is often noted as one of America's first formally trained professional architects and the father of American architecture. The Baltimore Basilica, the first Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, is considered by many experts to be Latrobe's masterpiece. Another notable American architect who identified with Federal architecture was Thomas Jefferson. He built many neoclassical buildings including his personal estate Monticello, the Virginia State Capitol, and the University of Virginia. A second neoclassical manner found in the United States during the 19th century was called

. It differs from Federal architecture as it strictly follows the Greek idiom, however it was used to describe all buildings of the

Neoclassicism Neoclassicism (also spelled Neo-classicism) was a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity. Neoclassicism was ...

period that display classical orders. File:University of Virginia Rotunda in 2006.jpg, The University of Virginia Rotunda, an example of the Neoclassical architecture Thomas Jefferson built on campus. File:Columbia University - Butler Library (48170368646).jpg, Butler Library at Columbia University in New York City (finished in 1934) File:US Capitol west side.JPG, The United States Capitol (finished in 1800) File:Federal Hall and George Washington statue in New York City.JPG, Federal Hall National Memorial File:Jefferson Memorial (cropped).jpg, Jefferson Memorial in Washington D.C (1939-1943)

Mexico

As part of the

Spanish Enlightenment The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment ( es, Ilustración) came to Spain in the 18th century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last Habsburg monarch, Charles II, in 1700. The period of reform and ' enlightened despotism' u ...

's cultural impact on New Spain, the crown established the

Academy of San Carlos The Academy of San Carlos ( es, Academia de San Carlos) is located at 22 Academia Street in just northeast of the main plaza of Mexico City. It was the first major art academy and the first art museum in the Americas. It was founded in 1781 as th ...

in 1785 to train painters, sculptors, and architects in New Spain, under the direction of the peninsular Spaniard Gerónimo Antonio Gil. The academy emphasized neoclassicism, which drew on the inspiration of the clean lines of Greek and Roman architecture. Neoclassicism in architecture was directly linked to crown policies that sought to rein in the exuberance of the Baroque, considered in "bad taste" and creating public buildings of "good taste" funded by the crown, such as the

Palacio de Minería The Palace of Mining, also Palace of Mines, ( es, Palacio de Minería) is a building in Mexico City, Mexico, considered to be a fine example of Neoclassical architecture in the Americas. It was designed and built between 1797 and 1813 by Valencia ...

in Mexico City and the

Hospicio Cabañas The Hospicio Cabañas or Museum Cabañas in Guadalajara, Jalisco was one of the oldest and largest orphanage and hospital complexes in the Americas. Now turned into a museum, the main hall hosts the magnum opus frescoes of muralist painter Jos� ...

in Guadalajara, and the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato, all built in the late colonial era.James Oles, ''Art and Architecture in Mexico''. London: Thames and Hudson 2013, pp.132–33, 150. Vista palacio minería.jpg, The

in Mexico, built between 1797 and 1813 by the Spaniard Manuel Tolsá Casa del marques del apartado.jpg, The

Palacio del Marqués del Apartado The Palace of the Marquis del Apartado is a historic residence located in Mexico City, just to the northeast of the city's Zocalo (main plaza) in the Historic center of Mexico City. It was built between 1795 and 1805 over one of the pyramids of ...

from Mexico City, built 1795–1805 by Manuel Tolsá Mexico-nuevo-leon-monterrey-palacio-de-gobierno.jpg, The

Palacio de Gobierno (Nuevo León) The ''Palacio de Gobierno'', or the Government Palace of Nuevo León, is a state government building in Monterrey, the capital city of Nuevo León state, in northern Mexico. The Neoclassical architecture, Neoclassical style building is located ...

File:Hospicio cabañas.JPG,

(Guadalajara), built between 1805–1845, is one of the oldest and largest

hospital A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized health science and auxiliary healthcare staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emerge ...

complexes in the Americas. Parroquia de San José - San José Iturbide, Guanajuato, México.jpg, San José Iturbide parish, built in 1866 by Ramón Ramírez y Arangoiti

Rest of Latin America

The Neoclassical style arrived in the American empires of Spain and Portugal through projects designed in Europe or carried out locally by European or Criollo architects trained in the academies of the metropolis. There are also examples of the adaptation to the local architectural language, which during previous centuries had made a synthesis or syncretism of European and pre-Columbian elements in the so-called Colonial Baroque. To more Classical criteria belong, in Chile, the Palacio de La Moneda (1784-1805) and the

Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral () is the seat of the Archbishop of Santiago de Chile, currently Celestino Aós Braco, and the center of the Archdiocese of Santiago de Chile. Construction of the Neoclassical cathedral began in 1753 and ended in ...

(1748-1899), both works by the Italian architect

Joaquín Toesca Gioacchino Toesca e Ricci (1745–1799; known as Joaquín Toesca in the Spanish Empire) was an Italian architect who worked at the service of the Spanish Empire, mainly in Chile. He was mainly a Neoclassical architect although he also built Baro ...

. In Ecuador, the Quito's

Palacio de Carondelet Carondelet Palace ( es, Palacio de Carondelet) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador, located in Quito. Access is by the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colloquial name), around which are also the Ar ...

(Ecuador's Government Palace) built between 1611–1801 by Antonio García. At the dawn of the independence of Hispanic America, constructive programs were developed in the new republics. Neoclassicism was introduced in

New Granada New Granada may refer to various former national denominations for the present-day country of Colombia. *New Kingdom of Granada, from 1538 to 1717 *Viceroyalty of New Granada, from 1717 to 1810, re-established from 1816 to 1819 *United Provinces of ...

Marcelino Pérez de Arroyo Marcelino is a surname that originated in Spain. There are also several families with the Marcelino surname in Philippines, Portugal, and the Americas (North, Central, and South). *San Marcelino, is a 1st class municipality in the province of Zamb ...

. Later, in

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...

, the Capitolio Nacional was built in

Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...

between 1848–1926 by Thomas Reed, trained at the Berlin

Bauakademie The Bauakademie (''Building Academy'') in Berlin, Germany, was a higher education school for the art of building to train master builders. It originated from the construction department of the Academy of Fine Arts and Mechanical Sciences (from ...

; the

Primatial Cathedral of Bogotá The Metropolitan and Primate Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception and Saint Peter of Bogotá or better known as the Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of Bogotá and Primate of Colombia, officially ''Sacred Holy Temple Metropolitan Cathe ...

(1807–1823), designed by Friar

Domingo de Petrés Domingo may refer to: People * Domingo (name), a Spanish name and list of people with that name * Domingo (producer) (born 1970), American hip-hop producer * Saint Dominic (1170–1221), Castilian Catholic priest, founder of the Friars popularly ...

; and in Peru the

Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa The Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa ("Basílica Catedral", in Spanish) is located in the "Plaza de Armas" of the city of Arequipa, province of Arequipa, Peru. It is the most important Catholic church of the city and also of the larger Roman Cathol ...

built between 1540–1844 by

Lucas Poblete Lucas or LUCAS may refer to: People * Lucas (surname) * Lucas (given name) Arts and entertainment * Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk" * ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities * ''Lu ...

. Brazil, which became the seat of the court of the Portuguese monarchy, gaining independence from its metropolis as the Empire of Brazil, also used the resources of architecture for the glorification of political power, and it was decided to resort to architects trained in the Académie royale d'architecture. To this period belong the portal of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro made in 1826 and the Imperial Palace of Petrópolis built between 1845–1862. Argentina is another of the countries that seeks to shed its colonial past, but in the context of the reorganization of the country after independence in 1810, an aspect of power is sought that transmits the presence of the State, inspiring respect and devotion, including of course the architecture. However, an image of its own is not conceived, but the Classical canon is introduced, not in the form of a replica of buildings from Antiquity, but with a classical predominance and a lot of influence from French Classicism; which will last until the 20th century. File:129 - Santiago - La Moneda - Janvier 2010.jpg, Palacio de La Moneda from Santiago de Chile (1784-1805) by

File:Catedral Metropolitana de Santiago 2012-09-01 10-05-15.jpg,

(Chile) (1748-1899) by

and Ignacio Cremonesi File:Carondelet - Quito.JPG,

(

Quito Quito (; qu, Kitu), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital and largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its urban area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha. Quito is located in a valley o ...

, Ecuador) built between (1611–1801 by Antonio García) File:Capitalio National de Colombia, Bogotá.jpg, Capitolio Nacional (Bogotá, Colombia) (1848–1926 by Thomas Reed) File:Catedral Primada de Colombia-Bogota.JPG,

(Colombia) (1807–1823 by Friar

) File:Façana de la catedral d'Arequipa.jpg,

(Peru) (1540–1844 by Lucas Poblete) File:Lima, Peru…Palacio de Justica (8443267061).jpg, Palace of Justice (Lima, Peru) (1939 by Bruno Paprowsky) File:Museu Imperial - Frente.jpg, Palácio Imperial de Petrópolis (Brazil) (1845–1862 by Julius Friedrich Koeler) File:Atardecer en el Congreso de la Nación Argentina.jpg, Palacio del Congreso de Nación Argentina (1896–1906 by

Vittorio Meano Vittorio Meano (1860, Susa, Piedmont1904) was an Italian architect born in Susa, Italy, near Turin. Background and early career He studied architecture in Albertina Academy in Turin. In 1884 he arrived in Argentina to work in the studio of th ...

) File:El Capitolio Havana Cuba.jpg, El Capitolio (Havana, Cuba) (1926–1929 by Eugenio Rayneri Piedra)

Philippines

Like most western tradition, it arrived in the Archipelago via Manila galleon from

Acapulco Acapulco de Juárez (), commonly called Acapulco ( , also , nah, Acapolco), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semicircular bay and has bee ...

as one of the best preferred architecture in the Spanish east indies, manifested in Churches, Civic buildings and one of the popular architectural ornament for native houses, specifically Bahay na bato and Bahay kubo. When the power over the archipelago was transferred from Spain to the United States of America, the style even became more popular and developed from slightly simple approach during the Spanish era, to a more grandeur style of the Beaux-Arts architecture sparked by the return of massive number of native architectural students to the islands from the western schools. It also became a symbol of democracy and the approaching republic during the commonwealth. File:San Bartolome Church Malabon facade 001.JPG,

San Bartolome Church (Malabon) Malabon Church is a Roman Catholic church located in San Agustin, Malabon, Metro Manila, Philippines. The church's titular is Malabon's patron saint, Saint Bartholomew the Apostle whose feast day falls on every 24th day of August. History A former ...

File:Ayuntamiento de Manila, 2018 (01).jpg, Ayuntamiento de Manila File:National Museum of National History (Manila) in 2019.jpg,

National Museum of Natural History (Manila) The National Museum of Natural History ( fil, Pambansang Museo ng Likas na Kasaysayan) is the national natural history museum of the Philippines. It is located along Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park, Manila. History Agriculture and Commerce Buildi ...

File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg, El Hogar Building File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg, Cebu Provincial Capitol File:Basilica de San Martin de Tours (Taal).jpg, Taal Basilica

References

External links

Institute of Classical Architecture and Art

OpenSource Classicism
– project for free educational content about neoclassical architecture {{Use dmy dates, date=December 2022 A01 Revival architectural styles Architectural styles 18th-century architecture by style 19th-century architecture 20th-century architecture