Clarks Creek (also known as UNT 28600 of the Lackawanna River) is a

tributary A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage ...

of the

Lackawanna River The Lackawanna River is a U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline dataThe National Map, accessed August 8, 2011 tributary of the Susquehanna River in Northeastern Pennsylvania. It flows through a region of th ...

Wayne County, Pennsylvania Wayne is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is part of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The county's population was 51,155 at the 2020 census. The county seat is the Borough of Honesdale. The county was formed from part of Northampto ...

, in the United States. It is approximately long and flows through Clinton Township. The watershed of the creek has an area of . The creek has no named tributaries, but does have two unnamed tributaries. It is not considered to be impaired. The pH of the creek is slightly acidic and the concentration of

water hardness Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbo ...

is 12 milligrams per liter. Metals such as

magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic ta ...

calcium Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to ...

chromium Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal. Chromium metal is valued for its high corrosion resistance and hardne ...

manganese Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy use ...

iron Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in f ...

nickel Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow to ...

copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkis ...

zinc Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a shiny-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 (IIB) of the periodi ...

cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of ...

aluminum Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It has ...

lead Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin ) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cu ...

, and

arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As and atomic number 33. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals, but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. It has various allotropes, but ...

have been observed in the creek's waters in various amounts. It is a freestone stream in the Lackawanna Valley. The surficial geology in its vicinity mainly consists of Wisconsinan Till, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, fill, surface mining lands, and bedrock. Clarks Creek is a second-order stream. Most of its watershed is forested, but there are some residential areas and roads as well. The creek was surveyed by the Pennsylvania Boat Commission in 1997. It is currently designated as Exceptional Value waters and a Migratory Fishery, but was historically a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. Brook trout and brown trout inhabit the creek, but the former is far more common. Five other species of fish have also been observed in its waters. Additionally, the creek has a high level of

macroinvertebrate Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate s ...

diversity, including a number of pollution-intolerant taxa.

Course

Clarks Creek begins in a valley near Ravinikar Road in Clinton Township. It flows southwest for approximately a mile before turning south-southwest and then west-southwest, exiting the valley. At this point, the creek receives an unnamed tributary from the

left Left may refer to: Music * ''Left'' (Hope of the States album), 2006 * ''Left'' (Monkey House album), 2016 * "Left", a song by Nickelback from the album ''Curb'', 1996 Direction * Left (direction), the relative direction opposite of right * L ...

and flows in a west-northwesterly direction for a few tenths of a mile. It then flows in a west-southwesterly direction for a few tenths of a mile and receives an unnamed tributary from the

right Rights are law, legal, social, or ethics, ethical principles of Liberty, freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convent ...

as it passes through Forest City Station. The creek then turns south for several tenths of a mile before turning southwest. Several hundred feet further downstream, it reaches its confluence with the Lackawanna River. Clarks Creek joins the Lackawanna River upriver of its mouth.

Tributaries

Clarks Creek has no named tributaries. However, it does have two unnamed tributaries. The upper tributary is approximately long and the lower tributary is approximately long. These tributaries are known in the Lackawanna River Watershed Conservation Plan as "Unnamed trib 1" and "Unnamed trib 2". However, one tributary of the creek was known as Trout Creek in the early 1900s.

Hydrology

There are no surface water withdrawals for the purpose of public

water supply Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Public water supply systems are crucial to properly functioning societies. Thes ...

within the watershed. Additionally, there are no NPDES permitted surface discharges in the creek's drainage basin. The creek is not designated as an impaired stream. On April 24, 2002, the water temperature of Clarks Creek in its middle reaches was . The conductivity of the creek was 44 umhos and the pH was 6.7. The concentration of

acidity In computer science, ACID ( atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee data validity despite errors, power failures, and other mishaps. In the context of databases, a sequ ...

was 1.4 milligrams per liter and the

alkalinity Alkalinity (from ar, القلوي, al-qaly, lit=ashes of the saltwort) is the capacity of water to resist acidification. It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale. Alkalinity is the strength of ...

concentration was 5 milligrams per liter. The concentration of

was 12 milligrams per liter. Less than 2 milligrams per liter of

suspended solids Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to motion of the water. Suspended solids can be removed by sedimentation if their size or density is comparatively large, or by filtration. It ...

were observed, but 66 milligrams per liter of

total dissolved solids Total dissolved solids (TDS) is a measure of the dissolved combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-granular ( colloidal sol) suspended form. TDS concentrations are often repor ...

were recorded. The concentration of

nitrogen Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at se ...

from

ammonia Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous was ...

in the middle reaches of Clarks Creek was measured to be less than 0.02 milligrams per liter. The concentration of NO₂ in the form of nitrogen was less than 0.01 milligrams per liter and the concentration of NO₃ in the form of nitrogen was 0.17 milligrams per liter. The total

phosphorus Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Ear ...

concentration was less than 0.01 milligrams per liter. The

sulfate The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula . Salts, acid derivatives, and peroxides of sulfate are widely used in industry. Sulfates occur widely in everyday life. Sulfates are salts of sulfuric acid and many ar ...

concentration was less than 20 milligrams per liter and the

chlorine Chlorine is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate betwee ...

concentration was 2 milligrams per liter. The concentration of

in Clarks Creek in its middle reaches was found to be 0.89 milligrams per liter on April 24, 2002. The

concentration was 3.3 milligrams per liter. The concentration of

was less than 50 micrograms per liter, the

concentration was 13 micrograms per liter, and the

concentration was 29 micrograms per liter. The concentration of

was less than 4 micrograms per liter, the concentration of

was less than 4.0 micrograms per liter, the

concentration was less than 5 micrograms per liter, and the

concentration was less than 0.2 micrograms per liter. There was 66 micrograms per liter of

, less than 4.0 of

, and less than 1.0 of

. In the early 1900s, Clarks Creek was free of mine water and culm pollution as far downstream as the confluence of the tributary "Trout Creek".

Geography and geology

The elevation near the

mouth In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds. It is also the cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on ...

of Clarks Creek is above

sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datuma standardised g ...

. The elevation of the creek's

source Source may refer to: Research * Historical document * Historical source * Source (intelligence) or sub source, typically a confidential provider of non open-source intelligence * Source (journalism), a person, publication, publishing institute o ...

is between above sea level. The creek's gradient ranges from moderate to high. The lowest points in the watershed, near the creek's mouth, have an elevation of approximately above sea level. The highest points, in the northeastern part of the watershed, have an elevation of approximately above sea level. Clarks Creek is a

freestone stream In fly fishing, a freestone stream flows seasonally, based on the water supply. In the summer and fall, freestone streams grow warm and have reduced flow because water from snow melt is less readily available. In contrast to limestone streams, which ...

. It is located in the Lackawanna Valley. The creek's

channel Channel, channels, channeling, etc., may refer to: Geography * Channel (geography), in physical geography, a landform consisting of the outline (banks) of the path of a narrow body of water. Australia * Channel Country, region of outback Austral ...

was once modified, causing it to skirt a hill to the south and reach its confluence with the Lackawanna River a short distance downstream of its former mouth. A portion of the western side of the

Moosic Mountains The Moosic Mountains is a mountain range in northeastern Pennsylvania that stretches from Scranton to Mount Pleasant Township, a distance of roughly 32 miles. The high point of the range is in Jefferson Township, at an elevation of above sea ...

are in the watershed of the creek. The

surficial geology Superficial deposits (or surficial deposits) refer to geological deposits typically of Quaternary age (less than 2.6 million years old). These geologically recent unconsolidated sediments may include stream channel and floodplain deposits, beach ...

along Clarks Creek for most of its length consists of a glacial or resedimented

till image:Geschiebemergel.JPG, Closeup of glacial till. Note that the larger grains (pebbles and gravel) in the till are completely surrounded by the matrix of finer material (silt and sand), and this characteristic, known as ''matrix support'', is d ...

known as

Wisconsinan Till The Wisconsin Glacial Episode, also called the Wisconsin glaciation, was the most recent glacial period of the North American ice sheet complex. This advance included the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, which nucleated in the northern North American Cord ...

. However, patches of fill, Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift, and

surface mining Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which ...

land occur near the creek's mouth. Wisconsinan Ice-Contact Stratified Drift contains stratified

sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles. Sand has various compositions but is defined by its grain size. Sand grains are smaller than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of s ...

gravel Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel occurs naturally throughout the world as a result of sedimentary and erosive geologic processes; it is also produced in large quantities commercially as crushed stone. Gravel is classifi ...

, and some

boulder In geology, a boulder (or rarely bowlder) is a rock fragment with size greater than in diameter. Smaller pieces are called cobbles and pebbles. While a boulder may be small enough to move or roll manually, others are extremely massive. In c ...

s. Surface mining land consists of linear pits and piles of waste rock. The pits are generally several hundred feet long and less than deep. Additionally, some areas of

bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid Rock (geology), rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust (geology), crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface mater ...

consisting of

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) ...

and

shale Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especial ...

occur in the surficial geology near the creek, but not right alongside it.

Watershed

The watershed of Clarks Creek has an area of . There are of streams in the watershed. Clarks Creek is entirely within the

United States Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...

quadrangle of Forest City. Clarks Creek is a

second-order Second-order may refer to: Mathematics * Second order approximation, an approximation that includes quadratic terms * Second-order arithmetic, an axiomatization allowing quantification of sets of numbers * Second-order differential equation, a di ...

stream. The main land use in the watershed of Clarks Creek is

forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...

ed slopes. However, low-density residential land occurs in some areas of the watershed, along

paved road A road surface (British English), or pavement (American English), is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, hoggin, cob ...

s and in the watershed's lower reaches.

History

Clarks Creek was entered into the

Geographic Names Information System The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database of name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features throughout the United States and its territories, Antarctica, and the associated states of ...

on January 1, 1990. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1202342. The creek is also known as "UNT 28600 of the Lackawanna River". The

New York, Ontario and Western Railroad The New York, Ontario and Western Railway, more commonly known as the O&W or NYO&W, was a regional railroad with origins in 1868, lasting until March 29, 1957 (the last train ran from Norwich to Middletown, NY on this date), after which it was or ...

historically crossed Clarks Creek.

Coal mining Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from ...

was also historically done in the area. The mining occurred so close to the surface that the mines were in danger of flooding. The

Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission is an independent state agency responsible for the regulation of all fishing and boating in the state of Pennsylvania within the United States of America. Unlike many U.S. states, Pennsylvania has a separ ...

surveyed Clarks Creek in 1997, from its mouth to a point upstream. A survey of the creek was also done in April 2002. Clarks Creek used to be designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. A petition was eventually filed to re-designate the creek as a High-Quality Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. However, the officially recommended re-designation was Exceptional Value waters and Migratory Fishery.

Biology

The drainage basin of Clarks Creek is designated as Exceptional Value waters and a Migratory Fishery. Wild

trout Trout are species of freshwater fish belonging to the genera '' Oncorhynchus'', ''Salmo'' and ''Salvelinus'', all of the subfamily Salmoninae of the family Salmonidae. The word ''trout'' is also used as part of the name of some non-salmoni ...

naturally reproduce in the creek from its headwaters downstream to its mouth. In the 1997 survey of Clarks Creek by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, seven

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

species were observed in the creek. These included naturally reproducing

brook trout The brook trout (''Salvelinus fontinalis'') is a species of freshwater fish in the char genus ''Salvelinus'' of the salmon family Salmonidae. It is native to Eastern North America in the United States and Canada, but has been introduced elsewhere ...

and

brown trout The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a European species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally. It includes purely freshwater populations, referred to as the riverine ecotype, ''Salmo trutta'' morph ...

, through the former were far more common than the latter. The total wild trout

biomass Biomass is plant-based material used as a fuel for heat or electricity production. It can be in the form of wood, wood residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms, and households. Some people use the terms bi ...

was per . The creek is one of the few remaining native trout streams in the Lackawanna Valley. Other fish species observed in the creek in the 1997 survey included

eastern blacknose dace Eastern blacknose dace (''Rhinichthys atratulus'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus ''Rhinichthys''. Its name originates from the Old French word "dars" which is the nominative form of the word "dart" in reference to their swimming pat ...

creek chub ''Semotilus'' is the genus of creek chubs, ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. The term "creek chub" is sometimes used for individual species, particularly the common creek chub, ''S. atromaculatus''. The creek chub species of minnows can ...

longnose dace The longnose dace (''Rhinichthys cataractae'') is a freshwater minnow native to North America. ''Rhinicthys'' means snout fish (reference to the long snout) and ''cataractae'' means of the cataract (first taken from Niagara Falls). Longnose dace ...

, sunfish, and

white sucker The white sucker (''Catostomus commersonii)'' is a species of freshwater cypriniform fish inhabiting the upper Midwest and Northeast in North America, but it is also found as far south as Georgia and as far west as New Mexico. The fish is commonl ...

. Clarks Creek has a high level of

biodiversity Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (''genetic variability''), species (''species diversity''), and ecosystem (''ecosystem diversity'') l ...

s. This includes several genera sensitive to pollution, such as '' Epeorus'', ''

Leuctra Leuctra or Leuktra ( grc, τὰ Λεῦκτρα, tà Leûktra, grc, τὸ Λεῦκτρον, tò Leûktron, label=none ) was a village of ancient Boeotia, situated on the road from Thespiae to Plataea, and in the territory of the former city. I ...

'', and ''

Amphinemura ''Amphinemura'' is a genus of spring stoneflies in the family Nemouridae The Nemouridae are a family of Plecoptera, stoneflies containing more than 700 described species, occurring primarily in the Holarctic region.Nelson, C. Riley. 1996. ...

''. In 2002, 77 individuals of a 206-individual subsample from the creek's lower reaches were

mayflies Mayflies (also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and the upper Midwestern United States, as Canadian soldiers in the American Great Lakes region, and as up-winged flies in the United Kingdom) are aquatic insects belonging to the orde ...

. A total of 50 individuals were

stoneflies Plecoptera is an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the mo ...

, 42 were

true flies Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

, and 21 were

caddisflies The caddisflies, or order Trichoptera, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the b ...

. 13 were aquatic beetles, 2 were

dragonflies A dragonfly is a flying insect belonging to the infraorder Anisoptera below the order Odonata. About 3,000 extant species of true dragonfly are known. Most are tropical, with fewer species in temperate regions. Loss of wetland habitat threa ...

damselflies Damselflies are flying insects of the suborder Zygoptera in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies, which constitute the other odonatan suborder, Anisoptera, but are smaller and have slimmer bodies. Most species fold the wings along ...

, and 1 was of a non-

insect Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body ( head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs ...

taxon (''

Cambaridae The Cambaridae are the largest of the four families of freshwater crayfish, with over 400 Species. Most of the species in the family are native the United States east of the Great Divide and Mexico, but fewer range north to Canada, and south to ...

''). In a 217-individual subsample from the creek's middle reaches, 79 were mayflies, 51 were true flies, 37 were stoneflies, and 28 were caddisflies. An additional 17 were aquatic beetles, two were of a non-insect taxon (''Cambaridae''), two were

dobsonflies Dobsonflies are a subfamily of insects, Corydalinae, part of the Megalopteran family Corydalidae. The larvae (commonly called hellgrammites) are aquatic, living in streams, and the adults are often found along streams as well. The nine genera o ...

fishflies Fishflies are members of the subfamily Chauliodinae, belonging to the megalopteran family (biology), family Corydalidae. They are most easily distinguished from their closest relatives, Dobsonfly, dobsonflies, by the jaws (mandibles) and antenna ...

, and one was a dragonfly/damselfly. Habitat assessment scores for Clarks Creek were found to range from 188 to 198 (within the optimal range) in one stream survey. The former value occurred in the creek's middle reaches, while the latter value occurred in its lower reaches. In its lower reaches, the creek received the highest score on instream cover (19 points) and the lowest score on channel flow status (12 points). In its middle reaches, it received the highest scores of epifaunal substrate and

riffle A riffle is a shallow landform in a flowing channel. Colloquially, it is a shallow place in a river where water flows quickly past rocks. However, in geology a riffle has specific characteristics. Topographic, sedimentary and hydraulic indica ...

frequency (19 points each) and the lowest score on

riparian A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Riparian is also the proper nomenclature for one of the terrestrial biomes of the Earth. Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks ar ...

vegetation zone width (9 points). The taxa richness value of Clarks Creek is 24 in its lower reaches and 27 in its middle reaches. The modified EPT ('' Ephemeroptera'', ''

Plecoptera Plecoptera is an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. Some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. Stoneflies are found worldwide, except Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the mo ...

'', and ''

Trichoptera The caddisflies, or order Trichoptera, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the b ...

'') Index value of the creek is 15 in both its lower and middle reaches. The modified

Hilsenhoff Biotic Index The Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) is a quantitative method of evaluating the abundance of arthropod fauna in stream ecosystems as a measurement of estimating water quality based on the predetermined pollution tolerances of the observed taxa. This bi ...

value of the creek is 2.11 in its lower reaches and 2.42 in its middle reaches. The total biological condition score is 38 out of 40 in the creek's lower reaches and 40 out of 40 in its middle reaches.

References

{{authority control Rivers of Wayne County, Pennsylvania Tributaries of the Lackawanna River Rivers of Pennsylvania