Clarice Marjoribanks Beckett (21 March 1887 – 7 July 1935) was an Australian artist and a key member of the Australian tonalist movement. Known for her subtle, misty landscapes of

Melbourne Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...

and its suburbs, Beckett developed a personal style that helped give rise to modernism in Australia. Disregarded by the art establishment during her lifetime, and largely forgotten in the decades after her death, she is now considered one of Australia's greatest artists. Born and raised in the country town of Casterton, Victoria, Beckett was seen as extremely shy from a young age, as well as bright and artistic. In 1914, after moving to Melbourne with her family, she began a three-year study at the National Gallery School under Australian impressionist painter

Frederick McCubbin Frederick McCubbin (25 February 1855 – 20 December 1917) was an Australian artist, art teacher and prominent member of the Heidelberg School art movement, also known as Australian impressionism. Born and raised in Melbourne, Victoria, McCubb ...

, then for nine months attended the rival school of art theorist

Max Meldrum Duncan Max Meldrum (3 December 1875 – 6 June 1955) was a Scottish-born Australian artist and art teacher, best known as the founder of Australian tonalism, a representational painting style that became popular in Melbourne during the interwa ...

, a controversial outlier of the Australian art world who propounded his own tonalist painting system drawn from scientific principles. Beckett and others in Meldrum's circle, derided as "Meldrumites" by his critics, began staging group exhibitions in 1919. Beckett also exhibited with the Meldrum-inspired Twenty Melbourne Painters Society, and staged the first of her annual solo exhibitions in 1923. Beckett never left Victoria and rarely traveled outside Melbourne, much of her adult life being spent caring for her ailing parents at their home in bayside

Beaumaris Beaumaris ( ; cy, Biwmares ) is a town and community on the Isle of Anglesey in Wales, of which it is the former county town of Anglesey. It is located at the eastern entrance to the Menai Strait, the tidal waterway separating Anglesey from th ...

. She did however paint prolifically, often ''

en plein air ''En plein air'' (; French for 'outdoors'), or ''plein air'' painting, is the act of painting outdoors. This method contrasts with studio painting or academic rules that might create a predetermined look. The theory of 'En plein air' painting ...

'' in and around Beaumaris, and mostly at daybreak or towards evening, when she was exempted from domestic duties. In her method and choice of "everyday" subject matter, Beckett remained indebted to Meldrum, but her work also differed from that of other tonalists, in part due to its emotional and spiritual qualities, reflecting her interest in

Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...

Theosophy Theosophy is a religion established in the United States during the late 19th century. It was founded primarily by the Russian Helena Blavatsky and draws its teachings predominantly from Blavatsky's writings. Categorized by scholars of religion a ...

and

Freud Sigmund Freud ( , ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies explained as originating in conflicts in ...

. By 1926, she was creating landscapes unprecedented in Australian art for their "radical simplicity", and from 1930, she experimented further with a broader colour palette and more challenging compositions. In 1935, while painting the sea off Beaumaris during a winter storm, Beckett contracted pneumonia and died four days later, aged 48. In what has been called "one of the great disasters of Australian art history", well over one thousand of Beckett's works were destroyed in the decades after her death, including many by her father that he deemed "unfinished"—works from her final years that were said by friends to be more abstracted and spiritual. More works were lost in a bush fire, and in 1970, in an open-sided shed in country Victoria, as many as two thousand works were found abandoned, two thirds of which had been destroyed by the elements. Those that did survive were exhibited the following year in Melbourne, precipitating a resurgence of interest in Beckett. Catalogues, biographies and major exhibitions followed, and today she is represented in Australia's national and state galleries.

Life

Family and early years

Beckett was born in

Casterton, Victoria Casterton is a town in Victoria, Australia, located on the Glenelg Highway, 42 kilometres east of the South Australian border, in the Shire of Glenelg. The Glenelg River passes through the town. Casterton is named after the village of Caste ...

, the eldest daughter of Joseph Clifden Beckett (c.1852-1936), a bank manager, and his wife Elizabeth Kate, née Brown (c.1855-1934) and sister of Hilda Raby, who marrried Thomas Mangan, 2 November 1922. Her grandfather was John Brown, a Scottish master builder, who had designed and built

Como House Como House is a historical house, with associated gardens in the City of Stonnington, Victoria, Australia. It was constructed in 1847 for Sir Edward Eyre Williams, and now serves as a tourist attraction under the custodianship of the National ...

, and its gardens, in

South Yarra, Victoria South Yarra is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4 km south-east of Melbourne's Melbourne central business district, Central Business District, located within the Cities of City of Melbourne, Melbourne and City of Sto ...

.Rosalind Hollinrake, 'Beckett, Clarice Marjoribanks (1887–1935)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/beckett-clarice-marjoribanks-5178/text8701, published in hardcopy 1979, accessed online 5 November 2014. Undertaking her primary education in Casterton, for secondary school Beckett was a boarder at Queen's College,

Ballarat Ballarat ( ) is a city in the Central Highlands (Victoria), Central Highlands of Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 Census, Ballarat had a population of 116,201, making it the third largest city in Victoria. Estimated resid ...

, until 1903, where she revealed strong drawing ability and wrote a play, including a part for herself, which was performed by the students. To foster her artistic skill, she took private lessons in charcoal drawing in Ballarat. After her family's relocation to 22 Kensington Road, South Yarra, she finished her final year of school at the nearby Merton Hall campus of Melbourne Church of England Girls' Grammar School. In 1914, she attended Melbourne's National Gallery School, completing three years of study under

, before continuing her studies under

, whose controversial theories became a pivotal factor in her own art practice. In 1919, her parents moved from

Bendigo Bendigo ( ) is a city in Victoria, Australia, located in the Bendigo Valley near the geographical centre of the state and approximately north-west of Melbourne, the state capital. As of 2019, Bendigo had an urban population of 100,991, makin ...

to the then undeveloped Melbourne bayside suburb of

into an existing dwelling at 14 Dalgetty Road which they named ''St. Enoch's'' after their Bendigo house. With her parents' health failing, and after her sister's marriage in 1922, Beckett assumed household responsibilities that dictated the structure of the rest of her life, severely limiting her artistic endeavours; Beckett could only go out during the dawn and dusk to paint as most of her day was spent caring for them.

Australian tonalism

After joining Meldrum's school, Beckett adopted aspects of his unique tonalist system of painting, the "Scientific Order of Impressions", which resulted in a style now known as Australian tonalism, characterised by a particular "misty" or atmospheric quality created by building "tone on tone". In a 1999 analysis, John Christian paraphrases Meldrum's conviction that art "should be a pure science based on optical analysis; its sole purpose being to place on the canvas the first ordered tonal impressions that the eye received. All adornments and narrative and literary references should be rejected". The Australian tonalists opposed

impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating ...

and

modernist Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, an ...

art styles, The whole movement had been the subject of fierce controversy. Its practitioners were unpopular amongst other artists, and derided as "Meldrumites". Influential Melbourne artist and teacher

George Bell George Bell may refer to: Law and politics * George Joseph Bell (1770–1843), Scottish jurist and legal author * George Alexander Bell (1856–1927), Canadian pioneer and Saskatchewan politician * George Bell (Canadian politician) (1869–1940) ...

described Australian Tonalism as a "cult which muffles everything in a pall of opaque density". Beckett persistently and diligently painted, and was highly productive, mounting a solo show every year from 1923 to 1933. Her subjects were sea and beachscapes, and rural and suburban scenes, often enveloped in the atmospheric effects of early mornings or evening. Early critical appraisal of her paintings was mixed, with members of the conservative art establishment often finding fault in their "opaque" quality. Reviewing one of her shows, a critic from ''

The Age ''The Age'' is a daily newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, that has been published since 1854. Owned and published by Nine Entertainment, ''The Age'' primarily serves Victoria (Australia), Victoria, but copies also sell in Tasmania, the Austral ...

'' wrote that "one would imagine from the little scenes that Miss Beckett has gathered, in the name of Australian art, that Australia was in a continual state of fog—all kinds of fogs—pink, blue, green and grey with an occasional mist that surely was never on land or sea." In 1925, ''Herald'' reviewer and staunch anti-modernist James S. MacDonald was especially derogatory, favouring, if anything, the flower studies that Beckett regarded as minor in comparison with her landscapes. By 1931, however,

Percy Leason Percy Alexander Leason (23 February 1889 – 11 September 1959) was an Australian political cartoonist and artist who was a major figure in the Australian tonalist movement. As a painter and commercial artist his works span two continents. Ea ...

, writing a long review in ''Table Talk'', said that Beckett's work showed "a convincing illusion of actual space and air and light; the same refinement and delicacy of true color; the same regard for true form and character; and the same complete indifference to conventions and the mere clever handling of paint for the sake of it." Meldrum blamed social decadence for artists' exaggerated interest in colour over tone and proportion. However, Beckett's painting represents a departure from Meldrum's strict principles, which dictated that tone should take precedence over colour, as commented upon in a newspaper critique of her 1931 solo exhibition. A reviewer of her 1932 Atheneum show expressed her particular version of this as "an adaptation of art to nature, which belongs neither to the realm of the orthodox normalist or the avowed modern, but is a purely individual expression of certain sensations in light, form and color..." Rosalind Hollinrake, who was largely responsible for Beckett's revival, notes a use colour to reinforce form, and more daring design, in the later years of the artist's short life.

Death

While painting the sea off Beaumaris during a storm in 1935, Beckett developed pneumonia and died four days later, aged 48, in a hospital at

Sandringham Sandringham can refer to: Places * Sandringham, New South Wales, Australia * Sandringham, Queensland, Australia * Sandringham, Victoria, Australia **Sandringham railway line **Sandringham railway station **Electoral district of Sandringham * Sand ...

. She was buried in the

Cheltenham Cheltenham (), also known as Cheltenham Spa, is a spa town and borough on the edge of the Cotswolds in the county of Gloucestershire, England. Cheltenham became known as a health and holiday spa town resort, following the discovery of mineral s ...

Memorial Park.

Work and style

Beckett elucidated her artistic aims in what is her only known surviving written statement, published in the catalogue accompanying the sixth annual exhibition of the Twenty Melbourne Painters Society, held in 1924:

To give a sincere and truthful representation of a portion of the beauty of Nature, and to show the charm of light and shade, which I try to give forth in correct tones so as to give as nearly as possible an exact illusion of reality.

Despite a talent for portraiture and a keen public appreciation for her

still life A still life (plural: still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly wikt:inanimate, inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or artificiality, m ...

s, the subject matter favoured by her teacher Meldrum, Beckett preferred the solo, outdoor process of painting landscapes. Her subjects were often drawn from the Beaumaris area, where she lived for the latter part of her life. She was one of the first of Meldrum's group to use a painting trolley, or mobile easel to make it easier to paint outdoors in different locations.Catalogue: "Misty Moderns – Australian Tonalists 1915–1950", written by curator Tracey Lock-Weir, Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide 2008Candice Bruce, 'Clarice Beckett', in

Legacy

During her lifetime, Beckett was not represented in any public collection in Australia, though almost every major Australian gallery now holds examples of her work. By 2001, her paintings had achieved six figure sums at auction. In 1936, a major memorial exhibition was organised at the

Melbourne Athenaeum The Athenaeum or Melbourne Athenaeum is an art and cultural hub in the Melbourne city centre, central business district of Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia. Founded in 1839, it is the city's oldest cultural institution. It ...

by Beckett's sister and father. In 1971, Beckett's sister alerted Hollinrake to a tragedy; more than 2,000 of her works had been left abandoned to the elements and vermin in an open-sided hay shed near

Benalla Benalla is a small city located on the Broken River gateway to the High Country north-eastern region of Victoria, Australia, about north east of the state capital Melbourne. At the the population was 10,822. It is the administrative cent ...

. Most were unsalvageable, but thirty well-preserved but neglected works were discovered at the

Montsalvat Montsalvat is an artists' colony in Eltham, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Established by Justus Jorgensen in 1934, the colony is set among gardens on five hectares (12 acres) of land, and is home to dozens of buildings, including ...

artist colony, sent there when the Beaumaris home was cleared. An image of at least one of the lost works survives (see external links below). Five commercial gallery exhibitions of Beckett's work were staged from 1971 to 1980. The first museum exhibition of her work, "In a Certain Light" (a two-person show with photographer

Olive Cotton Olive Cotton (11 July 191127 September 2003) was a pioneering Australian modernist photographer of the 1930s and 1940s working in Sydney. Cotton became a national "name" with a retrospective and touring exhibition 50 years later in 1985. A book ...

) was curated by Felicity Fenner and artist Jenny Bell for UNSW's Ivan Dougherty Gallery in 1995. Over 1999 and 2000, the retrospective exhibition "Politically incorrect: Clarice Beckett" was organised by the

Ian Potter Museum of Art The Ian Potter Museum of Art at the University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia was established in 1972. It houses the art collection of the University of Melbourne. Current director, Kelly Gellatly, was appointed in 2013. It is not to be con ...

University of Melbourne The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australia's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria. Its main campus is located in Parkville, an inner suburb nor ...

, and Rosalind Hollinrake. It toured eight national galleries. During the 2021

Adelaide Festival The Adelaide Festival of Arts, also known as the Adelaide Festival, an arts festival, takes place in the South Australian capital of Adelaide in March each year. Started in 1960, it is a major celebration of the arts and a significant cultural ...

, the Art Gallery of South Australia staged the exhibition "Clarice Beckett: The Present Moment". Her most comprehensive retrospective to date, it featured 160 works, including a long-lost portrait that had recently been rediscovered. It drew large crowds and was the most successful ticketed solo exhibition in the museum's 140-year history. Between April and July 2023, the

Geelong Art Gallery The Geelong Art Gallery, currently known as Geelong Gallery, is a major regional art gallery, gallery in the city of Geelong, Victoria, Geelong in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia. The gallery has over 6,000 works of art in its collectio ...

will stage the retrospective "Clarice Beckett—Atmosphere". Ballarat Grammar, where the artist studied, awards the Clarice Beckett Prize annually to a student for outstanding achievement in the study of Art at VCE level. Kristel Thornell's debut novel ''Night Street'' (2009) is a fictionalised account of Beckett's life. It co-won ''The Australian''/Vogel Literary Award, and won the Dobbie Literary Award. A number of Beckett's paintings feature as a plot point in the 2022 film '' Poker Face'', directed by and starring

Russell Crowe Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is an actor. He was born in New Zealand, spent ten years of his childhood in Australia, and moved there permanently at age twenty one. He came to international attention for his role as Roman General Maxi ...

. An avid collector of Beckett's work, Crowe used real Beckett paintings from his personal collection, as well as some from the Art Gallery of New South Wales. Clarice Beckett's Lane in Black Rock is named after her, as is Beckett Ward, one of seven

Bayside City Council The City of Bayside is a local government area in Victoria, Australia. It is within the southern suburbs of Melbourne. It has an area of 36 square kilometres and in 2018 had a population of 105,718 people. History City of Brighton In 1858, a ...

wards. She is the eponym of Beckett, a crater on the planet

Mercury Mercury commonly refers to: * Mercury (planet), the nearest planet to the Sun * Mercury (element), a metallic chemical element with the symbol Hg * Mercury (mythology), a Roman god Mercury or The Mercury may also refer to: Companies * Merc ...

, discovered in 2008 and named by the

International Astronomical Union The International Astronomical Union (IAU; french: link=yes, Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is a nongovernmental organisation with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreac ...

Selected paintings

File:Spring Morning 1925.jpg, ''Spring Morning'', 1925, Benalla Art Gallery File:Summer Fields 1926.jpeg, ''Summer Fields'', 1926, Art Gallery of South Australia File:October Morning by Clarice Beckett, c. 1927.jpg, ''October Morning'', 1927, Art Gallery of South Australia File:Motor Lights by Clarice Beckett, 1929.jpg, ''Motor Lights'', 1929, Art Gallery of South Australia File:Sea Drift 1930.jpeg, ''Sea Drift'', 1930, Art Gallery of South Australia File:Clarice Beckett Wet Night Brighton.jpg, ''Wet Night, Brighton'', 1930, private collection File:Clarice Beckett - Evening, St Kilda Road, 1930.jpg, ''Evening, St Kilda Road'', 1930, Art Gallery of New South Wales File:Moonlight and Calm Sea 1931.jpg, ''Moonlight and Calm Sea'', 1931, private collection File:Clarice Beckett - Passing trams - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Passing Trams'', 1931, Art Gallery of South Australia File:Clarice Beckett Solitude.jpg, ''Solitude'', 1932, Art Gallery of South Australia File:Clarice Beckett - Hawthorn Tea Gardens, 1933.jpg, ''Hawthorn Tea Gardens'', 1933, Art Gallery of South Australia File:Clarice Beckett - Sandringham Beach - Google Art Project.jpg, ''Sandringham Beach'', 1933, National Gallery of Australia File:Clarice Beckett Tranquility.jpg, ''Tranquility'', 1933, Art Gallery of South Australia

Exhibitions

Solo exhibitions

* 1923 June, Athenaeum Gallery * 1924 September, Athenaeum Gallery * 1925 July, Athenaeum Gallery * 1926 July 20–31, Athenaeum Gallery * 1927 September, Athenaeum Gallery * 1928 July, Athenaeum Gallery * 1929 November, Athenaeum Gallery * 1930 October, Athenaeum Gallery * 1931 October, Athenaeum Gallery (show opened by Max Meldrum) * 1932 March, The Meldrum Gallery * 1932 October, Athenaeum Gallery * 1933 November, The Meldrum Gallery

Group exhibitions

* 1918 May,

Victorian Artists' Society The Victorian Artists Society, which can trace its establishment to 1856 in Melbourne, promotes artistic education, art classes and gallery hire exhibition in Australia. It was formed in March 1888 when the Victorian Academy of Arts (previously V ...

Autumn Exhibition, East Melbourne * 1918 September, Victorian Artists' Society Spring Exhibition, East Melbourne * 1919 September, A Meldrum Group, Athenaeum Gallery * 1920 June, A Meldrum Group, Athenaeum Gallery * 1921 May, A Meldrum Group, Athenaeum Gallery * 1922 May, Victorian Artists' Society Autumn Exhibition, East Melbourne * 1922 November, Victorian Artists' Society Spring Exhibition, East Melbourne * 1923 April, Victorian Artists' Society Autumn Exhibition, East Melbourne * 1923 July,

Twenty Melbourne Painters Twenty Melbourne Painters Society is an Australian arts organisation that was established in 1918. The group split from the Victorian Artists Society to follow the Australian Tonalist Max Meldrum. Membership is restricted to 20 and is upon invitat ...

, Athenaeum Gallery * 1923 October, Victorian Artists' Society Spring Exhibition, East Melbourne * 1924 May, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1925 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1926 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1926 December, Women's Art Club, Athenaeum Gallery * 1927 July, Women's Art Club, Athenaeum Gallery * 1927 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1928 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1928 October, Melbourne Society of Women Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1929 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1929 October, Melbourne Society of Women Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1930 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1930 October, Melbourne Society of Women Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1931 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1931 October, Melbourne Society of Women Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1932 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1933 March, Meldrum Gallery * 1933 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1934 September, Twenty Melbourne Painters, Athenaeum Gallery * 1934 October, A Meldrum Group, Athenaeum Gallery

Selected posthumous exhibitions

* 1936 Athenaeum Gallery (Memorial Exhibition) * 1971 Rosalind Humphries Galleries, Melbourne * 1973 "Clarice Beckett", David Sumner Galleries, Adelaide * 1975

Macquarie Galleries Macquarie Galleries was a Sydney private art gallery established in 1925 by John Henry Young and Basil Burdett. It was located at "Strathkyle", 19 Bligh Street Sydney then moved to 40 King Street in 1945. From 1991 to 1993 it was located at ...

, Sydney * 1978 ''Clarice Beckett 1887-1935'', 58 Wattle Valley Road, Canterbury, 29 October * 1979

Realities Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system, as opposed to that which is only imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence. In physical terms, rea ...

, Melbourne (Retrospective Exhibition) * 1980 Gallery Huntly, Canberra * 1995 "In a Certain Light" (with Olive Cotton), The University of New South Wales Ivan Dougherty Gallery, Sydney * 1999–2000 "Politically incorrect: Clarice Beckett" A retrospective touring exhibition organised by The lan Potter Museum of Art, University of Melbourne: ::

, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria: 5 February 1999 – 28 March 1999 :: S. H. Ervin Gallery (National Trust of Australia NSW), Sydney, NSW: 24 April 1999 – 13 June 1999 :: Orange Regional Gallery, Orange, NSW: 19 June 1999 – 18 July 1999 :: Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide SA: 6 August 1999 – 19 September 1999 :: Bendigo Art Gallery, Bendigo, Victoria: 30 September 1999 – 31 October 1999 ::

Art Gallery of Ballarat The Art Gallery of Ballarat is the oldest and largest regional art gallery in Australia. Established in 1884 as the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery by the citizens of Ballarat, both the building and part of its collection is listed on the Victorian H ...

, Ballarat, Victoria: 5 November 1999 – 16 January 2000 ::

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery The Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (TMAG) is a museum located in Hobart, Tasmania. The museum was established in 1846, by the Royal Society of Tasmania, the oldest Royal Society outside England. The TMAG receives 400,000 visitors annually. ...

, Hobart, Tasmania: 3 February 2000 – 26 March 2000 :: Burnie Regional Art Gallery, Burnie, Tasmania: 7 April 2000 – 22 May 2000 * 2000ff: Niagara Galleries, Melbourne has held three survey exhibitions of Beckett's work in 2000, 2002 and 2014. * 2021 "Clarice Beckett: The present moment" Art Gallery of South Australia, Adelaide SA: 27 February – 16 MayHannah Reic
Clarice Beckett: Australian artist's place in global art history cemented in exhibition
''ABC News'', 25 April 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.

References

Bibliography

Books * * * * * * * * * * * Journals * * * * * * *

External links

Between Sea and Sky: A Portrait of Clarice Beckett
ABC Radio National {{DEFAULTSORT:Beckett, Clarice 1887 births 1935 deaths 19th-century Australian women artists 20th-century Australian painters 20th-century Australian women artists Artists from Victoria (Australia) Australian women painters People educated at Ballarat Grammar School People educated at Melbourne Girls Grammar People from Casterton, Victoria National Gallery of Victoria Art School alumni