The Ci Durian (Durian River), or Ci Kandi, is a river in the
Banten
Banten ( id, Banten; Sundanese: , romanized ''Banten'') is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Se ...
province of western
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
.
It rises in the mountains to the south and flows north to the
Java Sea
The Java Sea ( id, Laut Jawa, jv, Segara Jawa) is an extensive shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf, between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south, Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its nort ...
.
The delta of the river, now canalized, has long been used for rice paddies and for a period was also used for sugarcane plantations.
Extensive irrigation works diverted water from the river into a canal system in the 1920s, but these works were not completed and suffered from neglect in the post-colonial era.
Plans were made in the 1990s to rehabilitate the irrigation works and dam the river to provide water for industrial projects, with Dutch and Japanese assistance, but these were cancelled by the Indonesian government.
Location
The Ci Durian rises on the slopes of the high
Mount Halimun
Mount Halimun ( id, Gunung Halimun) is a mountain in the island of Java, Indonesia. It is protected by the Mount Halimun Salak National Park. It is Banten's highest point.
Location
Mount Halimun is in the volcanic belt of the Bandung Zone.
It ...
and flows northward through the Banten region.
It reaches the coast to the east of
Kota Banten.
The rivers in
Banten
Banten ( id, Banten; Sundanese: , romanized ''Banten'') is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Se ...
, the westernmost province of Java, run roughly parallel to each other.
The main ones are the Peteh, called the
Banten
Banten ( id, Banten; Sundanese: , romanized ''Banten'') is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Se ...
on the lower reaches near the city of Kota Banten, the
Ujung
Ujung is a village in Bali in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It is located 1.8 miles outside Kuta on the south coast of the island .Fallingrain world gazetteer
Nearby towns and villages include Tuban
Tuban is a town located on the n ...
, which enters the sea at
Pontang, the Durian, which enters the sea at
Tanara
Tanara is a district in the Banten province on the island of Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With ...
, the
Manceuri, and the
Sadane, which rises in the mountainous region of Priyangan and in 1682 formed the border between the
Dutch East India Company
The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...
(VOC) territory and
Batavia
Batavia may refer to:
Historical places
* Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands
* Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...
(modern
Jakarta
Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...
).
The Durian, Manceuri and Sadane rivers flow through the
Tangerang Plain.
The rivers fan out into deltas near the coast.
There are marshes between the mouth of the Durian at Tanara and the mouth of the Sadane.
History
The original inhabitants of the mouths of Ci Ujung, Ci Durian and Ci Banten rivers were
Sundanese people
The Sunda or Sundanese ( id, Orang Sunda; su, ᮅᮛᮀ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ, Urang Sunda) are an indigenous ethnic group native to the western region of Java island in Indonesia, primarily West Java. They number approximately 42 million and form ...
.
In 1682 there were paddy fields on the lower reaches of the Ujung and Durian.
After 1700 sugar production in Banten was revived, mostly in the swampy Ci Durian delta, which had the water needed to grow
sugarcane
Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, Perennial plant, perennial grass (in the genus ''Saccharum'', tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar Sugar industry, production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with ...
.
This project was organized by the Chinese entrepreneur Limpeenko, a merchant who lived in Batavia and regularly visited the
Banten Sultanate
The Banten Sultanate (كسلطانن بنتن) was a Bantenese Islamic trading kingdom founded in the 16th century and centred in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English name of both was Bantam. It is said ...
, bringing luxury fabrics for the Sultan's court.
Limpeenko obtained a number of leases from the sultan in 1699.
At this time the area at the mouth of the Durian was sparsely populated, with the original inhabitants living by fishing and some agriculture.
Their way of life remained unchanged with the rise of sugar production.
Newcomers such as Malays settled without permission in the area to work the sugar plantations, but the bulk of the labor force was Chinese from Batavia.
In 1808 the part of the Banten Sultanate to the east of the Ci Durian (or Ci Kandi) was ceded to the Dutch.
This territory became part of the Dutch-controlled Banten Province, whose western border was defined by the Ci Durian, which now separated the province from the Banten Sultanate.
The Dutch government leased the land to the east of the Ci Durian to private Dutch people.
The last titular sultan of Banten was removed in 1832, but in 1836 a rebellion broke out in Ci Durian Ilir that was put down by force.
Another rebellion in Ci Durian Udik was suppressed in 1845.
After a final revolt elsewhere in Banten in 1850 there was quiet for 30 years, when a terrible plague broke out, followed by the disaster of the
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa ( id, Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning hours of 27 August when over 70% of the island of Krakatoa and its surrounding archipelago w ...
.
The Tjikandi district in 1890 consisted of the privately owned Tjikandi üdik and Tjikandi Ilir.
The river was accessible by barges and river boats from its mouth up to Tji-Kandi-Ilir.
Irrigation works
![COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vrouwen en kinderen tijdens het baden en het wassen van kleding in de rivier Cidurian TMnr 60016587](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vrouwen_en_kinderen_tijdens_het_baden_en_het_wassen_van_kleding_in_de_rivier_Cidurian_TMnr_60016587.jpg)
The Tangerang Plain was still owned by private landlords in the early 20th century.
The farmers grew low-quality rice, mostly using rainfall-based water storage and irrigation systems that depended on the whims of landlords for functioning of key components, with arbitrary water distribution. They suffered from poverty and famine or food shortages.
In 1911 the colonial government started to prepare an irrigation plan, and in 1914 determined that various tracts in the plain should be subject to compulsory purchase for this purpose.
In 1919 a plan was issued where the north of the plain would be irrigated by the Ci Sadane and the southern area by the Ci Durian.
This plan assumed that a movable weir would be built on the Ci Durian at Solear Desa, but cost estimates showed it would be cheaper to build a permanent weir further upstream, even though the canal would have to be longer.
The Ci Durian River Intake Weir was built by Hollandsche Deton Maatschappij, which was praised for its good work in 1926.
Sixty years later the masonry was still in excellent condition.
Further work resulted in plans to extend the main Ci Durian canal further east, across the Ci Manceuri river.
Planned extensions to the Ci Durian irrigation network were delayed in the post-colonial era, as were repairs to the existing works.
The planned viaduct over the Ci Manceuri was not completed until the 1970s.
The existing works were not renovated until 1988–92.
By this time the irrigated area was 10,400 bouws, compared to the earlier estimate of 17,000 bouws.
Apart from the masonry the works were in extremely poor repair, particularly the steel equipment.
In 1989 two reports were published on the Ci Durian Ugrading and Water Management Project.
Japan International Cooperation Agency
The is a governmental agency that delivers the bulk of Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the government of Japan. It is chartered with assisting economic and social growth in developing countries, and the promotion of international co ...
(JICA) undertook the ''Ci Ujung – Ci Durian Integrated Water Resources Study'' in 1992.
There were advanced plans to build dams on these two rivers to supply water to industrial developments at
Bojonegara and nearby places.
A 1993 study of irrigation in Indonesia, based on detailed data from the Ci Durian Upgrading and Water Management Project, concluded there were serious imbalances between upstream and downstream water users, finding that downstream users sometimes had to raid upstream facilities at night to get a temporary release of water.
However, the Indonesian government made an abrupt decision to cancel the project and all others funded by Dutch aid.
A 1994 report said the Environmental Impact Control Agency had checked on untreated waste being dumped by the P. T. Indah Pulp and Paper Company into the Ci Durian River. They found that although the company had built an advanced facility for treating waste water, it was not used at night, when untreated waste was released into the river.
See also
*
List of rivers of Indonesia
This is a list of rivers in Indonesia.''Map of Indonesia''. Peta Indonesia. Wawasan Nusantara. CV. Indo Prima Sarana. Accessed 29 Juli 2017.
By island
This list is arranged by island in alphabetical order, with respective tributaries indented un ...
Notes
References
Sources
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{{Rivers of Java
Rivers of West Java
Rivers of Banten
Rivers of Indonesia