Jeongjo (; 28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800), personal name Yi San (), sometimes called Jeongjo the Great (), was the 22nd monarch of the

Joseon dynasty Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as ''Chosun''), officially Great Joseon (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom w ...

Korea Korea is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically Division of Korea, divided at or near the 38th parallel north, 3 ...

. He was the second son of

Crown Prince Sado Crown Prince Sado (; 13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762), personal name Yi Seon (), was the second son of King Yeongjo of Joseon. His biological mother was Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan. Due to the prior death of Sado's ...

and

Lady Hyegyŏng Lady Hyegyŏng of the Pungsan Hong clan (; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816), also known as Queen Heongyeong (), was a Korean writer and Crown prince, Crown Princess during the Joseon period. She was the wife of Crown Prince Sado and mother ...

, and succeeded his grandfather,

King Yeongjo Yeongjo (; 31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776), personal name Yi Geum (), was the 21st monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Sukjong by his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan. Before asc ...

, in 1776. His father

was executed in 1762, leading to conflicts over Yi San’s legitimacy as heir. As king, he sought to clear his father’s name, balance political factions, and strengthen royal authority. He built the

Hwaseong Fortress Hwaseong Fortress or Suwon Hwaseong () is a Korean fortress surrounding the centre of Suwon, the provincial capital of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It was built from 1794 to 1796 by King Jeongjo of the Joseon dynasty to house and honour the ...

, reformed governance, and promoted talented scholars. Facing assassination attempts, he created the Changyongyeong royal guards. Jeongjo established the Kyujanggak royal library, expanded social mobility, and encouraged

Neo-Confucian Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a Morality, moral, Ethics, ethical, and metaphysics, metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, which originated with Han Yu (768� ...

scholarship. His reign marked a cultural and political renaissance, but factional struggles persisted. Today, Jeongjo is remembered for his various efforts to reform and improve the nation.

Biography

Early life

He was the son of

(who was put to death when Jeongjo was 11 by his father,

) and

(who wrote the ''

Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng ''The Memoirs of Lady Hyegyŏng'' () is an autobiographical manuscript written by Lady Hyegyŏng of Joseon (6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816) that details her life during the years she was confined to Changgyeong Palace. ''The Memoirs of La ...

'', details her life as the ill-fated Crown Princess of Korea, and as advice and explanations for her grandson about the deaths of his grandfather and so many maternal relatives). His elder brother

Crown Prince Uiso Crown Prince Uiso (; 27 September 1750 – 17 April 1752) or Crown Prince Successor Uiso (), personal name Yi Jeong () was a Joseon Crown Prince as the son of Crown Prince Sado and Lady Hyegyŏng, Crown Princess Consort Hyegyeong and was third in ...

died in infancy. His mother Lady Hyegyŏng's collection of memoirs serves as a significant source of historical information on the political happenings during the reigns of

(her father-in-law), King Jeongjo (her son), and King Sunjo (her grandson). In 1762, his father,

, was executed (by imprisonment in a rice chest) by King Yeongjo (Crown Prince Sado's father and Prince Yi San's grandfather) after long conflicts and Sado's years of mental illness. Crown Prince Sado opposed the ruling Noron party. He started to hate the parties of Joseon. Eight years later Yi San asked to visit Sado's living quarter but his Grandfather King Yeongjo refused. So he refused to attend Crown Prince Sado's funeral. On 21 February 1764, Yi San became the adoptive son of

Crown Prince Hyojang Crown Prince Hyojang (; April 4, 1719 – December 16, 1728), personal name Yi Haeng (), was the first son of Yeongjo of Joseon, King Yeongjo of Joseon and his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Jeongbin Yi, Royal Noble Consort Jeong of the Hamyang Y ...

and Princess Consort Hyosun by the order of King Yeongjo.

was the elder half-brother of his father, Crown Prince Sado. Crown Prince Hyojang though, had died during his childhood. King Yeongjo made Yi San a part of Hyojang's family because he was concerned that Yi San, who was Sado's son and successor, would be opposed. The Noron faction protested Yi San's legitimacy as the royal successor under the claim that Yi San was the 'Son of a prisoner' or 'Son of a madman' and thus ineligible to succeed the throne. This was a major source of vexation for

for an extended period. After 1762 to 1777, some members of Noron attempted to depose Jeongjo for his relation to

and open the path of succession for his half-brothers Prince Eunjeon, Prince Euneon and, Prince Eunshin. His grand uncle Hong In-han and

Jeong Hu-gyeom Jeong Hu-gyeom (; 1749–1777) was a Korean court official during the Joseon period. He was the Royal Secretary, and the youngest person ever to be part of the royal court. He was the adoptive son of Princess Hwawan. Biography Jeong Hu-gyeom was ...

, adopted son of

Princess Hwawan Princess Hwawan (; 9 March 1738 – 10 June 1808) was a Joseon princess and the ninth daughter of King Yeongjo of Joseon. Biography Princess Hwawan was born in 1738, and she received the title ''Hwawan'' in 1743. She was the ninth daughter of Kin ...

, were amongst them. When he was the Crown Prince, King Jeongjo met

Hong Guk-yeong Hong Guk-yeong (, 1748 – 28 April 1781), was a noted Korean scholar and politician of Joseon dynasty who first strongly supported King Jeongjo's accession and toiled to improve the king's power, but ended up being expelled because of his desir ...

Digital Korean studies (Korean site)
(), a controversial politician who first strongly supported Jeongjo's accession and toiled to improve the king's power, but ended up being expelled because of his desire and ambition for power. Another helper was Kim Jong-su (), despite being a member of Noron. In 1775, one year before King Yeongjo's death, King Jeongjo was appointed regent. However, King Yeongjo did not give him any military power.

Reign

Before Yeongjo died, Jeongjo had his coronation in

Gyeonghuigung Gyeonghuigung (, 'Palace of Serene Harmony') is a palace located in Seoul, South Korea. It was one of the " Five Grand Palaces" built by the Joseon Dynasty. History The land where Gyeonghuigung stood was originally the site of the house of P ...

on 10 March 1776. After his coronation, Jeongjo chose his spouse. The first thing that Jeongjo said to his officials was that he was the son of Jangjo (temple name of Crown Prince Sado) who was executed by the former king. Jeongjo tried to empathize with his people. During his second year of reign, a great drought came. During the drought, Jeongjo was nervous just like the people and did a rainmaking ritual for his people. He also was deeply concerned about the continuing outbreaks of measles epidemics, and among other things supplied free public medicines in an attempt curb the death rates. Concerned about political factions, Jeongjo continued his grandfather's policy of (political harmony policy) in an attempt to balance political factions. By this, he tried to get rid of the parties which caused his father's death. From the first day of the reign, Jeongjo spent much of his

reign A reign is the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation (e.g., King of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia, List of Belgian monarchs, Belgium, Co-princes of Andorra, Andorra), of a people (e.g., List of Frankish kin ...

trying to clear his father's name. One of the first things Jeongjo said following his ascension to the throne of Joseon was declaring that he was the son of Crown Prince Sado. He also moved the court to the city of

Suwon Suwon (; ) is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea's most populous province. The city lies approximately south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population of 1.2 million, Suwon has more inhabitants than Ulsan, tho ...

to be closer to his father's

grave A grave is a location where a cadaver, dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is burial, buried or interred after a funeral. Graves are usually located in special areas set aside for the purpose of buria ...

. He built

to guard the tomb. It is now a

UNESCO World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an treaty, international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural ...

. Jeongjo was always threatened by some of his officials who were against his reign. He was able to overcome these challenges with the help of

and others. During his accession, he also issued a royal decree that his mother, Lady Hyegyŏng, be a Dowager Queen since his father, her husband, was supposed to be the King before him. Thus, she became the Queen Dowager, the widow of Jangjo. From then on, King Jeongjo experienced many turbulent periods, but overcame them with the aid of Hong Guk-yeong, Kim Chong-su. In 1776, Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung and other some member of Noron unsuccessfully attempted to stage a military ''coup d'état'' and assassinate him. Jeongjo fought the rebels who were secretly in royal palace and personally arrested his assassins. Jeongjo executed Hong Sang-beom, Hong Kye-neung, and another some member of Norons, and put to death Prince Eunjeon, Hong In-han, and Chung Hu-kyom. Jeongjo tried to impeach

in an attempt to stop the concentration of political power in single civil family but the impeachment failed. In 1785 he established Changyongyeong () as the King's royal bodyguards. Jeongjo had started selecting officers by competitive examination since 1782 to recruit them into the Changyongyeong unit, to replace the Naekeunwe (corps of Joseon royal bodyguards created by

Taejong of Joseon Taejong (; 16 May 1367 – 10 May 1422), personal name Yi Pangwŏn (), was the third monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea and the father of Sejong the Great. He was the fifth son of King Taejo, the founder of the dynasty. Before ascending ...

in 1407), which he no longer trusted.

Renaissance

King Jeongjo led the renaissance of Joseon, but was initially busy continuing the policy of

Yeongjo Yeongjo (; 31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776), personal name Yi Geum (), was the 21st monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Sukjong by his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan. Before asc ...

's Tangpyeong ("Magnificent Harmony"; 蕩平, 탕평) policy of political reconciliation between the parties. He tried to control the politics of the whole nation to advance and further national progress. He made various reforms throughout his reign, notably establishing

Kyujanggak Kyujanggak () was the royal library of the Joseon dynasty. It was founded in 1776 by order of King Jeongjo of Joseon (as a major policy arm of his government), at which time it was located on the grounds of Changdeokgung. Today known as Kyujangg ...

(), a royal library. The primary purpose of Kyujanggak was to improve the cultural and political stance of Joseon and to recruit gifted officers to help run the nation. Jeongjo also spearheaded bold new social initiatives, including opening government positions to those who were previously barred because of their

social status Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. Such social value includes respect, honour, honor, assumed competence, and deference. On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members ...

. He cultivated knowledge of humanities and philosophy (

Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, which originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) i ...

). He was known to be studious and well-read. Among the King's entourage, one that had a great influence and became both a great teacher and father figure for him was Kim Jong-su. Jeongjo also had the support of the many

Silhak ''Silhak'' () was a Korean Confucian social reform movement in the late Joseon Dynasty. ''Sil'' means "actual" or "practical", and ''hak'' means "studies" or "learning". It developed in response to the increasingly metaphysical nature of Neo-C ...

scholars who favored regal power over the parties, including scholars

Jeong Yak-yong Jeong (the Revised Romanization spelling of ) may refer to: *Jeong (surname) *Jeong (given name) Jeong, also spelled Jung or Jong, Chung, Chong is a single-syllable Korean given name, and an element in many two-syllable Korean given names. Its ...

, Pak Ji-won,

Pak Je-ga Pak Chega (; November 5, 1750–1805) was a Korean philosopher. He was of the school of Practical learning (Silhak) in the late Joseon Dynasty. He was a student of Pak Chiwŏn. Background Pak Chega was a famous Silhak scholar in the late ...

and

Yu Deuk-gong Yu Deuk-gong (; 1749–1807) was a Korean scholar during the Joseon Dynasty. He is remembered today for his work in recovering the history of Balhae, which had not generally been considered part of Korean history before his time. See also *Hist ...

. His reign also saw the further growth and development of Joseon's popular culture. Jeongjo favored members of the Soron and Namin party over those of the powerful Noron faction, as a way to establish checks and balances and strengthen royal authority. He was opposed to new fashions in the composition style of Korean writing and personally taught composition to some intellectuals and bureaucrats called (문체반정 文體反正 – ''literary criticism/reform''). In 1791, Jeongjo got a report from

Chae Je-gong Chae Je-gong (12 May 1720 – 22 February 1799) was a scholar, writer, and politician of the Joseon period of Korea. Chae was the leader of the Southerners (or Namin faction) during the reign of King Jeongjo. He passed the regional civil examina ...

that the people were having difficulty surviving by selling the fruit of their labor. Jeongjo then established the new law of (free trade law), which allowed anyone to sell their goods at the market. This abolished the previous law of , which reserved this right exclusively to members of merchant groups in the capital.

Death

In his final years, Jeongjo arranged for the marriage of his second son and successor

Sunjo of Joseon Sunjo (; 29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834), personal name Yi Gong (), was a Korean royal who was the 23rd monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Jeongjo by his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam P ...

to Lady Kim of the Andong clan, daughter of

Kim Jo-sun Kim Jo-Sun (, born June 13, 1975) is a female South Korean archer and Olympic champion. She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where she won a gold medal with the South Korean archery team (with Kim Kyung-wook and Yoon Hye-youn ...

, but did not live to see his son's marriage. In 1800, Jeongjo died suddenly under uncertain circumstances at the age of 47, without seeing much of his life's work come to fruition under his son, Sunjo. There are many books regarding the mystery behind his death, and speculation as to the cause of his death continues even today. He is buried with his wife,

Queen Hyoui Queen Hyoui (; 5 January 1754 – 10 April 1821), of the Cheongpung Kim clan (), was the wife and queen consort of King Jeongjo of Joseon. In 1899, Emperor Gojong posthumously gave her the title of Hyoui, the Kind Empress (). Biography Early ...

, at the royal tomb of Geonneung () in the city of Hwaseong. On 7 December 1899, Jeongjo posthumously became Jeongjo Sanghwangjae.

Family

* Biological father: King Jangjo of Joseon (; 13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762) ** Grandfather: King Yeongjo of Joseon (; 31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776) ** Biological grandmother:

Royal Noble Consort Yeong Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan (; 15 August 1696 – 23 August 1764), alternatively known as Lady Seonhui (), was a concubine of King Yeongjo of Joseon and the mother of Crown Prince Sado. She is most well known for advising Ye ...

of the Jeonui Yi clan (; 15 August 1696 – 23 August 1764) ** Adoptive grandmother:

Queen Jeongseong Queen Jeongseong (; 2 January 1693 – 23 March 1757), of the Daegu Seo clan, was the first wife of King Yeongjo of Joseon and the adoptive mother of Crown Prince Sado. Biography It's said the queen was born on 12 January 1693 in Gahoebang () ...

of the Daegu Seo clan (; 12 January 1693 – 3 April 1757) * Adoptive father: King Jinjong of Joseon (; 4 April 1719 – 16 December 1728) * Biological mother: Queen Heongyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (; 6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816) ** Grandfather: Hong Bong-han (; 1713–1778) ** Grandmother: Lady Yi of the Hansan Yi clan (; 1713–1755) * Adoptive mother:

Queen Hyosun Queen Hyosun (; 8 January 1716 – 30 December 1751), of the Pungyang Jo clan, was the crown princess of Joseon. She was never known by the title queen during her lifetime. Both Hyosun and her husband were posthumously made the adoptive parents o ...

of the

Pungyang Jo clan The Pungyang Cho clan () is a Korean clan that traces its origin to Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province. According to the 2015 Korean census, the clan has 124,262 members. Origin Cho Maeng (), who was originally known by the name of Pa-u (), was born ...

(; 8 January 1716 – 30 December 1751) Consort(s) and their respective issue *

of the Cheongpung Kim clan (; 5 January 1754 – 10 April 1821) * Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan (; 1 June 1770 – 6 February 1823) ** Crown Prince Yi Gong (; 29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834), second son ** Princess Sukseon (; 1 March 1793 – 7 June 1836), second daughter * Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Changnyeong Seong clan (; 6 August 1753 – 4 November 1786) ** ''Miscarriage'' (8 December 1780) ** ''Miscarriage'' (July 1781) ** Yi Sun, Crown Prince Munhyo (; 13 October 1782 – 6 June 1786), first son ** ''First daughter'' (20 March – 12 May 1784) ** ''Unborn child'' (4 November 1786) * Royal Noble Consort Won of the Pungsan Hong clan (; 27 May 1766 – 7 May 1779) * Royal Noble Consort Hwa of the Namwon Yun clan (; 11 April 1765 – 14 January 1824)

Ancestry

In popular culture

* Portrayed by

Kim Yong-gun Kim Yong-gun (; born May 8, 1946) is a South Korean actor. His sons Ha Jung-woo and Cha Hyun-woo are also actors. Filmography Film Television series Variety shows Music video Awards References External links * * * {{DEFAULTSO ...

in the 1989 MBC TV series ''500 Years of Joseon Dynasty: Pa Mun''. * Portrayed by Jung Jae-gon in the 2001 MBC TV series ''Hong Guk-yeong''. * Portrayed by

Lee Seo-jin Lee Seo-jin (born January 30, 1971) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for the reality shows '' Three Meals a Day'' and '' Grandpa Over Flowers''. As an actor, he came to prominence with his leading roles in television series '' Damo'' ( ...

and

Park Ji-bin Park Ji-bin (; born March 14, 1995) is a South Korean actor. He began his career as a child actor, notably in '' Hello, Brother'' (2005) and ''Boys Over Flowers is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoko Kamio. Th ...

in the 2007 MBC TV series ''

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''. * Portrayed by

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in the 2007

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TV series ''

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''. * Portrayed by Kim Sang-joong and Park Gun-woo in the 2007 CGV TV series '' Eight Days, Assassination Attempts against King Jeongjo''. * Portrayed by

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in the 2008 SBS TV series ''

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''. * Portrayed by Han Myeong-goo in the 2008 film ''

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''. * Portrayed by

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in the 2010 KBS2 TV series ''

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''. * Portrayed by

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in the 2011 SBS TV series ''

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''. * Portrayed by

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and

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in the 2014 film ''

The Fatal Encounter ''The Fatal Encounter'' (; lit. ''The King's Wrath'') is a 2014 South Korean Period drama, period action film based on a real-life assassination attempt on Jeongjo of Joseon, King Jeongjo. Jeongjo is portrayed by Hyun Bin, in his first role in a pe ...

''. * Portrayed by

Lee Je-hoon Lee Je-hoon (; born July 4, 1984) is a South Korean actor. Having found success in both film and television, Lee first gained recognition for his roles in the films '' Bleak Night'' (2011) and '' The Front Line'' (2011), receiving numerous awar ...

, Kim Woo-suk, and Kim Dan-yool in the 2014 SBS TV series ''

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''. * Portrayed by Go Woo-rim in the 2015 KBS2 Drama Special '' Crimson Moon.'' * Portrayed by

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and Lee Hyo-je in the 2015 film '' The Throne''. *Portrayed by

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and Lee Joo-won in the 2021 MBC TV series ''

The Red Sleeve ''The Red Sleeve'' () is a South Korean television series starring Lee Jun-ho (entertainer), Lee Jun-ho, Lee Se-young, and Kang Hoon. It is a fictionalised account of the lives of Jeongjo of Joseon, King Jeongjo and his royal consort Royal No ...

.''

Notes

References

External links

* *
King Jeongjo Foundation for Humanities and ActOfficial website of Hwaseong Fortress"Introduction." A Unique Banchado: The Documentary Painting, with Commentary, of King Jeongjo's Royal Procesion to Hwaseong in 1795, by Han Young-woo and Chung Eunsun, Renaissance Books, Folkestone, 2017, pp. 1–6. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1s17p7t.7.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeongjo of Joseon 1752 births 1800 deaths 18th-century Korean monarchs People from Jongno District Jeonju Yi clan