Chrysomelid

The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 (and probably at least 50,000) species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

Leaf beetles are partially recognizable by their tarsal formula, which appears to be 4-4-4, but is actually 5-5-5 as the fourth tarsal segment is very small and hidden by the third. As with many taxa, no single character defines the Chrysomelidae; instead, the family is delineated by a set of characters. Some lineages are only distinguished with difficulty from longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae), namely by the antennae not arising from frontal tubercles.

Adult and larval leaf beetles feed on all sorts of plant tissue, and all species are fully herbivorous. Many are serious pests of cultivated plants, for example the Colorado potato beetle (''Leptinotarsa decemlineata''), the asparagus beetle (''Crioceris asparagi''), the cereal leaf beetle (''Oulema melanopus''), the mustard beetle (''Phaedon cochleariae'') and various flea beetles, and a few act as vectors of plant diseases. Others are beneficial due to their use in biocontrol of invasive weeds. Some Chrysomelidae are conspicuously colored, typically in glossy yellow to red or metallic blue-green hues, and some (especially Cassidinae) have spectacularly bizarre shapes. Thus, they are highly popular among insect collectors.

Description

The imagos of leaf beetles are small to medium-sized, i.e. most species range from 1.0 to 18 mm in length, excluding appendages, with just a few larger species such as ''Alurnus humeralis'', which reaches 35 mm. The bodies of most species are domed, and oval in dorsal view (though some are round or elongated), and they often possess a metallic luster or multiple colors. In most specimens, the antennae are notably shorter than head, thorax, and abdomen, i.e. not more than half their combined length. The second antennal segment is of normal size (which differentiates leaf beatles from the closely related longhorn beetles). In most species, the antennal segments are of a more or less equal shape, at most they gradually widen towards the tip, although some Galerucinae in particular have modified segments, mainly in males. The first segment of the antenna in most cases is larger than the following ones. The pronotum of leaf beetles varies between species. In most, it is slightly to highly domed and trapezoidal to rounded-squarish in dorsal view. In some subfamilies such as the Cassidinae and to a lesser extent the Cryptocephalinae, the head is covered by the pronotum and thus not visible from above. The first three sternites are not fused, instead being linked by mobile sutures. Most species possess wings, although the level of development and thus flight ability varies widely, including within a single species, and some are flightless with fused elytra.

Subfamilies

The family includes these subfamilies:

*Bruchinae Latreille, 1802 – bean weevils or seed beetles
*Cassidinae Gyllenhaal Latreille, 1802 – broad-bodied leaf beetles
*Criocerinae Latreille, 1804 – asparagus beetles, lily beetles, etc.
*Cryptocephalinae Gyllenhaal Kirby, 1837 – longhorned leaf beetles
*Eumolpinae Hope, 1840 – oval leaf beetles
*Galerucinae Latreille, 1802 – includes the former "Alticinae" (flea beetles)
*Lamprosomatinae Lacordaire, 1848
*Sagrinae Leach, 1815 – frog-legged beetles or kangaroo beetles
* Spilopyrinae Chapuis, 1874
* Synetinae LeConte & Horn, 1883 – sometimes considered a tribe of Eumolpinae

Until recently, the subfamily Bruchinae was considered a separate family, while two former subfamilies are presently considered families (Orsodacnidae and Megalopodidae). Other commonly recognized subfamilies have recently been grouped with other subfamilies, usually reducing them to tribal rank (e.g., the former Alticinae, Chlamisinae, Clytrinae, and Hispinae). The extinct subfamily Protoscelidinae, containing fossils described from the Middle to Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, has been transferred to the family Anthribidae.

Natural enemies

A Finnish researcher published an exhaustive paper describing the natural enemies of the alder leaf beetle '' Plagiosterna aenea'' and other species of leaf beetles observed in the field. Predators of chrysomelid eggs include true bugs such as ''Anthocorus nemorum'' and ''Orthotylus marginalis.'' Hoverflies (e.g. ''Parasyrphus nigritarsis'') sometimes lay eggs adjacent to beetle egg clutches and when the fly larva hatches it consumes beetle eggs and young larvae. Larval predators include ''A. nemorum,'' the bug ''Rhacognathus punctatus'', and the wasp ''Symmorphus bifasciatus''. Some species of wasps, such as ''Polistes carolina'', have been known to prey upon Chrysomelidae larvae after the eggs are laid in flowers. Adult beetles are consumed by ''R. punctatus''. More information about natural enemies can be found in the articles about the chrysomelid beetles ''Chrysomela aeneicollis,'' ''Phratora laticollis'' and '' Phratora vitellinae.''

Gallery

File:Acalymma vittatum.jpg, '' Acalymma vittatum''
File:Agelastica alni.jpg, '' Agelastica alni''
File:Altica larva.jpg, ''Altica'', larva
File:Bruchus pisorum01.jpg, '' Bruchus pisorum'' (Bruchinae)
File:Charidotella sexpunctata pupa.jpg, '' Charidotella sexpunctata'', pupa
File:Chrysolina-americana-1.jpg, '' Chrysolina americana''
File:Chrysomelidae 082. Escaravello en Bastavales, Brión. Marzo.jpg, '' Chrysolina bankii''
File:Chrysolina fastuosa01.jpg, ''Chrysolina fastuosa''
File:Chrysomela populi1.jpg, ''Chrysomela populi''
File:Clytra laeviuscula.jpg, ''Clytra laeviuscula''
File:Crioceris asparagi.jpg, '' Crioceris asparagi''
File:Donacia splendida syntype B MNHN.F.R06676 direct lighting.jpg, ''Donacia splendida'', fossil
File:Labidomera clivicollis larva.jpg, ''Labidomera clivicollis'', larva
File:Lilioceris lilii.jpg, ''Lilioceris lilii''
File:Luperus longicornis01.jpg, '' Luperus longicornis''
File:Sphaeroderma rubidum01.jpg, '' Sphaeroderma rubidum''
File:Timarcha 01.jpg, ''Timarcha'' sp.
File:Xanthogaleruca luteola 20060905 582 part.jpg, ''Xanthogaleruca luteola''
File:Leaf Beetle Grubs (Chrysomelidae spp.).jpg, Several Chrysomelidae spp. larvae feeding on undefined host plant

References

Bibliography

*
*

External links

Chyrsomelidae of northwest Europe


from University of Wrocław

Brisbane leaf beetles

Keys to the British genera and species of Chrysomelidae

Chrysomelidae @ MIZA

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leaf beetle

Insect vectors of plant pathogens