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Chocolate-on-White ware is the description commonly given to an important diagnostic ceramic type of Bronze Age
Southern Levant The Southern Levant is a Region, geographical region encompassing the southern half of the Levant. It corresponds approximately to modern-day Israel, State of Palestine, Palestine, and Jordan; some definitions also include southern Lebanon, southe ...
. It is characterized by a white slip and dark-brown or black decorations on it. Often it is also classified as ''bichrome'' (or two-coloured) decorated pottery ware, although it also sometimes comes in ''monochrome'' variety. Such distinctive pottery was produced during the later part of the
Middle Bronze Age The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
and the
Late Bronze Age The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second pri ...
I. A comprehensive study of the typology, chronology and possible provenance of the Chocolate-on-White wares was made by P.M. Fischer in 1999 based on material from the settlement of Tell Abu-al-Kharaz in the
Jordan Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...
Valley. This type of pottery is found in the Jordan valley and east of it.


Recent excavations

In 1989, a Swedish team under the direction of P.M. Fischer started excavations at the settlement of Tell Abu al-Kharaz in Jordan Valley, where Chocolate-on-White Wares had been found. Ten seasons of excavations (state 1999) produced 347 stratified vessels, which were included within the Chocolate-on-White Ware group as satisfying a number of listed criteria. Most of the bichrome-decorated and monochrome-decorated Chocolate-on-White Ware vessels were bowls, chalices, goblets, kraters, juglets and jugs, and jars. The wares were confirmed in Phases IV/1 and 2, V and VI and include six sub-groups: *Proto-Chocolate-on-White Bichrome Ware, *Chocolate-on-White Bichrome Ware, *Eggshell Ware, and *Chocolate-on-White I, II and III.


Chronology

The chronological framework, which is supported by radiocarbon dates and cross-references with Cyprus, shows that the ware was produced from the late Middle Bronze Age IIB until the beginning of the Late Bronze Age IB. Trade and the possible provenance of the different wares have been considered by excavators. The petrographically analysed pottery samples point to two production areas: the Central Jordan Valley, and southern Lebanon. The pottery included both burnished and unburnished bichrome-decorated types. Chocolate-on-white ware has been found at sites in Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Palestine; there is no confirmed find of such pottery on Cyprus or in the Aegean.The investigation of Chocolate-on-White Ware.
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften -- P.M. Fischer


See also

*
Cypriot Bichrome ware Cypriot Bichrome ware is a type of Late Bronze Age, and Iron Age, pottery that is found widely on Cyprus and in the Eastern Mediterranean. This type of pottery is found in many sites on Cyprus, in the Levant, and also in Egypt. It was typically p ...
*
Philistine Bichrome ware Philistine Bichrome ware is an archaeological term coined by William F. Albright in 1924 which describes pottery production in a general region associated with the Philistine settlements during the Iron Age I period in ancient Canaan (ca. 1200 - ...
*
Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware Tell el-Yahudiyeh Ware or Tell el-Yahudiya ware (often abbreviated TEY) is a distinctive ceramic ware of the late Middle Bronze Age / Second Intermediate Period. The ware takes its name from its type site at Tell el-Yahudiyeh in the eastern Nil ...


Bibliography

Fischer, Peter M.
999 999 or triple nine most often refers to: * 999 (emergency telephone number), a telephone number for the emergency services in several countries * 999 (number), an integer * AD 999, a year * 999 BC, a year Books * ''999'' (anthology) or ''999: T ...
"Chocolate-on-White Ware: Typology, Chronology and Provenance - The Evidence from Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley", ''
BASOR The Basor or Bansor or Vanskaar are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh, India. They have scheduled caste status and also belongs to kshatriya status because they also used to make bamboo based weapons for soldier ...
'' 313
999 999 or triple nine most often refers to: * 999 (emergency telephone number), a telephone number for the emergency services in several countries * 999 (number), an integer * AD 999, a year * 999 BC, a year Books * ''999'' (anthology) or ''999: T ...
pp. 1–29.


References


External links

{{Commons Category, Chocolate on white ware
The investigation of Chocolate-on-White Ware
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften * Peter M. Fischer
Chocolate-on-White Ware: Typology, Chronology, and Provenance: The Evidence from Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. No. 313 (Feb., 1999), pp. 1-29
Books.google.com.au
Types of pottery decoration Archaeology of Jordan Ancient pottery