Chapssal (glutinous Rice)

Glutinous rice (''Oryza sativa var. glutinosa''; also called sticky rice, sweet rice or waxy rice) is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast and East Asia, and the northeastern regions of South Asia, which has opaque grains, very low amylose content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.

It is called glutinous ( la, glūtinōsus) in the sense of being glue-like or sticky, and not in the sense of containing gluten (which it does not). While often called ''sticky rice'', it differs from non-glutinous strains of japonica rice which also become sticky to some degree when cooked. There are numerous cultivars of glutinous rice, which include ''japonica'', ''indica'' and ''tropical japonica'' strains.

History

In China, glutinous rice has been grown for at least 2,000 years. However, researchers believe that glutinous rice distribution appears to have been culturally influenced and closely associated with the early southward migration and distribution of the Tai ethnic groups, particularly the Lao people along the Mekong River basin originating from Southern China.  

Cultivation

Glutinous rice is grown in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Northeast India, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines. An estimated 85% of Lao rice production is of this type. The rice has been recorded in the region for at least 1,100 years.

As of 2013, approximately 6,530 glutinous rice varieties were collected from five continents (Asia, South America, North America, Europe and Africa) where glutinous rice are grown for preservation at the International Rice Genebank (IRGC). The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has described Laos as a "collector's paradise". Laos has the largest biodiversity of sticky rice in the world. IRRI-trained collectors gathered more than 13,500 samples and 3,200 varieties from Laos alone.

Composition

Glutinous rice is distinguished from other types of rice by having no (or negligible amounts of) amylose, and high amounts of amylopectin (the two components of starch). Amylopectin is responsible for the sticky quality of glutinous rice. The difference has been traced to a single mutation that was selected for by farmers.

Like all types of rice, glutinous rice does not contain dietary gluten (i.e. does not contain glutenin and gliadin), and should be safe for gluten-free diets.

Glutinous rice can be used either milled or unmilled (that is, with the bran removed or not removed). Milled glutinous rice is white and fully opaque (unlike non-glutinous rice varieties, which are somewhat translucent when raw), whereas the bran can give unmilled glutinous rice a purple or black color. Black and purple glutinous rice are distinct strains from white glutinous rice. In developing Asia, there is little regulation, and some governments have issued advisories about toxic dyes being added to colour adulterated rice. Both black and white glutinous rice can be cooked as discrete grains, or ground into flour and cooked as a paste or gel.

Use in foods

Sticky rice is used in many recipes throughout Southeast and East Asia, such as in dumplings, as a filling or side in spicy dishes, with beans and fried by itself. (Rice cakes.)

Bangladesh

In Bangladesh and especially in the Chittagong (Cox's Bazar and Sylhet areas), sticky rice called ''bini dhan'' (unhusked sticky rice) is very popular. Both white and pink varieties are cultivated at many homestead farms. Husked sticky rice is called ''bini choil'' (chal) in some dialects. Boiled or steamed ''bini choil'' is called ''Bini Bhat''. Served with a curry of fish or meat and grated coconut, ''Bini Bhat'' is a popular breakfast. Sometimes it is eaten with a splash of sugar, salt, and coconut alone. ''Bin dhan'' is also used to make ''khoi'' (popcorn-like puffed rice) and ''chida'' (bitten husked rice).

Many other sweet items made of ''bini choil'' are also popular:

One of the favorite pitas made of ''bini choil'' is ''atikka pita'' (pitha). It is made with a mixture of cubed or small sliced coconut, white or brown sugar, ripe bananas and ''bini choil'' wrapped with banana leaf and steamed.

Another delicacy is ''Patishapta'' pita made of ground ''bini choil''. Ground ''bini choil'' is sprayed over a hot pan and a mixture of grated coconut, sugar, milk powder; then ghee is sprayed over that and rolled out. Dumplings made of powdered fried ''bini choil'' called laru. First ''bini choil'' is fried and ground into flour. This flour is mixed with sugar or brown sugar, and ghee or butter and is made into small balls or dumplings.

One kind of porridge or ''khir'' made of ''bini choil'' is called ''modhu (honey) bhat''. This ''modhu bhat'' becomes naturally sweet without mixing any sugar. It is one of the delicacies of local people. To make ''modhu bhat'' first prepare some normal paddy or rice ''(dhan)'' for germination by soaking it in the water for few days. After coming out of little sprout dry the paddy and husk and grind the husked rice called ''jala choil'' into flour. It tastes sweet. Mixing this sweet flour with freshly boiled or steamed warm ''bini bhat'' and then fermenting the mixture overnight yields ''modhu bhat''. It is eaten either on its own or with milk, jaggery or grated coconut.

Cambodia

Glutinous rice is known as ''bay damnaeb'' ( km, បាយដំណើប) in Khmer.

In Cambodian cuisine, glutinous rice is used exclusively for desserts and is an essential ingredient for most sweet dishes, such as ''ansom chek'', ''kralan'', and ''num ple aiy''.

China

In the Chinese language, glutinous rice is known as ''nuòmǐ'' (糯米) or ''chu̍t-bí'' (秫米) in Hokkien.

Glutinous rice is also often ground to make glutinous rice flour. This flour is made into ''niangao'' and sweet-filled dumplings '' tangyuan'', both of which are commonly eaten at Chinese New Year. It is also used as a thickener and for baking.

Glutinous rice or glutinous rice flour are both used in many Chinese bakery products and in many varieties of dim sum. They produce a flexible, resilient dough, which can take on the flavors of whatever other ingredients are added to it. Cooking usually consists of steaming or boiling, sometimes followed by pan-frying or deep-frying.

Sweet glutinous rice is eaten with red bean paste.

''Nuòmǐ fàn'' (糯米飯), is steamed glutinous rice usually cooked with Chinese sausage, chopped Chinese mushrooms, chopped barbecued pork, and optionally dried shrimp or scallop (the recipe varies depending on the cook's preference).

''Zongzi'' (Traditional Chinese 糭子/糉子, Simplified Chinese 粽子) is a dumpling consisting of glutinous rice and sweet or savory fillings wrapped in large flat leaves (usually bamboo), which is then boiled or steamed. It is especially eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival, but may be eaten at any time of the year. It is popular as an easily transported snack, or a meal to consume while traveling. It is a common food among Chinese in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia.

Cifangao (Traditional Chinese 糍飯糕, Simplified Chinese 糍饭糕) is a popular breakfast food originating in Eastern China consisting of cooked glutinous rice compressed into squares or rectangles, and then deep-fried. Additional seasoning and ingredients such as beans, zha cai, and sesame seeds may be added to the rice for added flavour. It has a similar appearance and external texture to hash browns.

''Cifantuan'' (Traditional Chinese 糍飯糰, Simplified Chinese 糍饭团) is another breakfast food consisting of a piece of youtiao tightly wrapped in cooked glutinous rice, with or without additional seasoning ingredients. Japanese onigiri resembles this Chinese food.

''Lo mai gai'' (糯米雞) is a dim sum dish consisting of glutinous rice with chicken in a lotus-leaf wrap, which is then steamed. It is served as a dim sum dish in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia.

''Ba bao fan'' (八寶飯), or "eight treasure rice", is a dessert made from glutinous rice, steamed and mixed with lard, sugar, and eight kinds of fruits or nuts. It can also be eaten as the main course.

A distinctive feature of the Cuisine of the Hakka people of Southern China is its variety of steamed snack-type buns, dumplings and patties made with a dough of coarsely ground rice, or ''ban''. Collectively known as "rice snacks", some kinds are filled with various salty or sweet ingredients.

Common examples of rice snacks made with ''ban'' from glutinous or sticky rice and non-glutinous rice include ''Aiban'' (mugwort patty), ''Caibao'' ( yam bean bun), ''Ziba'' (sticky rice balls) and ''Bantiao'' (''Mianpaban'' or flat rice noodles).

''Aiban'' encompasses several varieties of steamed patties and dumplings of various shapes and sizes, consisting of an outer layer made of glutinous ''ban'' dough filled with salty or sweet ingredients. It gets its name from the aromatic ''ai'' grass (mugwort), which after being dried, powdered and mixed with the ''ban'', gives the dough a green color and an intriguing tea-like taste. Typical salty fillings include ground pork, mushrooms, and shredded white turnips. The most common sweet filling is made with red beans.

''Caibao'' is a generic term for all types of steamed buns with various sorts of filling. Hakka-style ''caibao'' are distinctive in that the enclosing skin is made with glutinous rice dough in the place of wheat flour dough. Besides ground pork, mushrooms and shredded turnips, fillings may include ingredients such as dried shrimp and dry fried-shallot flakes.

''Ziba'' is glutinous rice dough which, after steaming in a big container, is mashed into a sticky, putty-like mass from which small patties are formed and coated with a layer of sugary peanut powder. It has no filling.

Philippines

In the Philippines, glutinous rice is known as ''malagkit'' in Tagalog or ''pilit'' in Visayan, among other names. Both mean "sticky". The most common way glutinous rice is prepared in the Philippines is through soaking uncooked glutinous rice in water or coconut milk (usually overnight) and then grinding it into a thick paste (traditionally with stone mills). This produces a rich and smooth viscous rice dough known as ''galapóng'', which is the basis for numerous rice cakes in the Philippines. However, in modern preparation methods, ''galapong'' is sometimes made directly from dry glutinous rice flour (or from commercial Japanese ''mochiko''), with poorer-quality results.

''Galapong'' was traditionally allowed to ferment, which is still required for certain dishes. A small amount of starter culture of microorganisms ('' tapay'' or ''bubod'') or palm wine (''tubâ'') may be traditionally added to rice being soaked to hasten the fermentation. These can be substituted with yeast or baking soda in modern versions. Other versions of ''galapong'' may also be treated with wood ash lye.

Aside from the numerous white and red glutinous rice cultivars, the most widely used glutinous rice heirloom cultivars in the Philippines are '' tapol'' rice, which is milky white in color, and '' pirurutong'' rice, which range in color from black to purple to reddish brown. However both varieties are expensive and becoming increasingly rare, thus some Filipino recipes nowadays substitute it with dyed regular glutinous rice or infuse purple yam (''ube'') to achieve the same coloration.

Dessert delicacies in the Philippines are known as ''kakanin'' (from ''kanin'', "prepared rice"). These were originally made primarily from rice, but in recent centuries, the term has come to encompass dishes made from other types of flour, including corn flour (''masa''), cassava, wheat, and so on. Glutinous rice figures prominently in two main subtypes of ''kakanin'': the '' puto'' (steamed rice cakes), and the ''bibingka'' (baked rice cakes). Both largely utilize glutinous rice ''galapong''. A notable variant of ''puto'' is ''puto bumbong'', which is made with ''pirurutong''.

Other ''kakanin'' that use glutinous rice include '' suman'', '' biko'', and ''sapin-sapin'' among others. There is also a special class of boiled ''galapong'' dishes like ''palitaw'', '' moche'', ''mache'', and '' masi''. Fried ''galapong'' is also used to make various types of '' buchi'', which are the local Chinese-Filipino versions of ''jian dui''. They are also used to make '' puso'', which are boiled rice cakes in woven leaf pouches.

Aside from ''kakanin'', glutinous rice is also used in traditional Filipino rice gruels or porridges known as ''lugaw''. They include both savory versions like ''arroz caldo'' or ''goto'' which are similar to Chinese-style congee; and dessert versions like ''champorado'', ''binignit'', and ''ginataang mais''.

Indonesia

Glutinous rice is known as ''beras ketan'' or simply ''ketan'' in Java and most of Indonesia, and ''pulut'' in Sumatra. It is widely used as an ingredient for a wide variety of sweet, savoury or fermented snacks. Glutinous rice is used as either hulled grains or milled into flour. It is usually mixed with santan, meaning coconut milk in Indonesian, along with a bit of salt to add some taste. Glutinous rice is rarely eaten as a staple. One example is ''lemang'', which is glutinous rice and coconut milk cooked in bamboo stem lined by banana leaves. Glutinous rice is also sometimes used in a mix with normal rice in rice dishes such as ''nasi tumpeng'' or nasi tim. It is widely used during the Lebaran seasons as traditional food. It is also used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as ''tuak'' and ''brem bali''.

Savoury snacks

* Ketan - traditionally refers to the glutinous rice itself as well as sticky rice delicacy in its simplest form. The handful mounds of glutinous rice are rounded and sprinkled with grated coconut, either fresh or sauteed as serundeng.
* Ketupat - square-shaped crafts made from the same local leaves as ''palas'', but it is usually filled with regular rice grains instead of ''pulut'', though it depends on the maker.
* Gandos - a snack made from ground glutinous rice mixed with grated coconut, and the fried.
* Lemang - wrapped in banana leaves and inside a bamboo, and left to be barbecued/grilled on an open fire, to make the taste and texture tender and unique
* Lemper - cooked glutinous rice with shredded meat inside and wrapped in banana leaves, popular in Java
* Nasi kuning - either common rice or glutinous rice can be made into ketan kuning, yellow rice colored with turmeric
* Songkolo or Sokko - steamed black glutinous rice serves with serundeng, anchovies, and sambal. It was very popular in Makassar
* Tumpeng - glutinous rice can be made into tumpeng nasi kuning, yellow rice colored by turmeric, and shaped into a cone.

Sweet snacks

* Variety of kue - glutinous rice flour is also used in certain traditional local desserts, known as ''kue'', such as ''kue lapis''.
* Bubur ketan hitam - black glutinous rice porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar syrup
* Candil - glutinous rice flour cake with sugar and grated coconut
* Dodol - traditional sweets made of glutinous rice flour and coconut sugar. Similar variants include ''wajik'' (or ''wajit'').
* Gemblong - white glutinous rice flour balls smeared with palm sugar caramel. In East Java, it was known as ''getas'', except it uses black glutinous rice flour as the main ingredient.
* Jipang (food) - popped glutinous rice held together by caramelized sugar
* Klepon - glutinous rice flour balls filled with palm sugar and coated with grated coconut
* Lupis - glutinous rice wrapped in individual triangles using banana leaves and left to boil for a few hours. The rice pieces are then tossed with grated coconut all over and served with palm sugar syrup.
* Onde-onde - glutinous rice flour balls filled with sweetened mung bean paste and coated with sesame similar to Jin deui
* Wingko babat - baked glutinous rice flour with coconut

Fermented snacks

* Brem - solid cake from the dehydrated juice of pressed fermented glutinous rice
* Tapai ketan - cooked glutinous rice fermented with ''yeast'', wrapped in banana or roseapple leaves. Usually eaten as it is or in a mixed cold dessert

Crackers

* Rengginang - traditional rice crackers related to kerupuk

In addition, glutinous rice dishes adapted from other cultures are just as easily available. Examples include ''kue moci'' (mochi, Japanese) and ''bacang'' (zongzi, Chinese).

File:Lemper.jpg, ''Lemper'', glutinous rice filled with chicken wrapped in banana leaves
File:Dodol Bangka.JPG, ''Dodol'' made from coconut sugar and ground glutinous rice
File:Black rice pudding.jpg, ''Bubur ketan hitam'', black glutinous rice porridge with coconut milk and palm sugar
File:Lamang tapai Bukittinggi.JPG, ''Lemang'' topped with fermented ''tapai'' made of black glutinous rice
File:Ketan saus durian.jpg, ''Ketan'' served with durian sauce
File:Uli.jpg, ''Uli bakar'' or grilled glutinous rice cube
File:Cendil.jpg, ''Cendil'' a Javanese cake made of glutinous rice flour, sugar, and grated coconut
File:Kue Moci Kacang.jpg, ''Kue mochi'' derived from Chinese-Japanese mochi, made from glutinous rice flour
File:Kue Lupis.JPG, ''Kue lapis'' - Indonesian cake made mainly of glutinous rice
File:Lupis.jpg, '' Kue lupis'' - Glutinous rice cake with grated coconut and liquid palm sugar
File:Tape uli 170305-0101 ipb.JPG, '' Tapai ketan'' (right) served with ''uli'' (glutinous rice cooked with grated coconut, and mashed; left)

Japan

In Japan, glutinous rice is known as ''mochigome'' ( ja, もち米). It is used in traditional dishes such as sekihan also known as Red bean rice, okowa, and ohagi. It may also be ground into ''mochiko'' (もち粉) a rice flour, used to make ''mochi'' (もち) which are known as sweet rice cakes. ''Mochi'' a traditional rice cake prepared for the Japanese New Year but also eaten year-round. Many different types of mochi exist from different regions, and they are normally flavored with traditional ingredients red beans, water chestnuts, green tea and pickled cherry flowers. See also Japanese rice.

Korea

In Korea, glutinous rice is called ''chapssal'' (Hangul: 찹쌀), and its characteristic stickiness is called ''chalgi'' (Hangul: 찰기). Cooked rice made of glutinous rice is called ''chalbap'' (Hangul: 찰밥) and rice cakes (Hangul: 떡, ddeok) are called ''chalddeok'' or '' chapssalddeok'' (Hangul: 찰떡, 찹쌀떡). ''Chalbap'' is used as stuffing in ''samgyetang'' (Hangul: 삼계탕).

Laos

Along the Greater Mekong Sub-region, the Lao have been cultivating glutinous rice for approximately 4000 - 6000 years. Glutinous rice is the national dish of Laos. In Laos, a tiny landlocked nation with a population of approximately 6 million, per-capita sticky rice consumption is the highest on earth at 171 kg or 377 pounds per year.
Sticky rice is deeply ingrained in the culture, religious tradition and national identity of Laos (see Lao cuisine). Sticky rice is considered the essence of what it means to be Lao. It has been said that no matter where they are in the world, sticky rice will always be the glue that holds the Lao communities together, connecting them to their culture and to Laos. Lao people often identify themselves as the "children of sticky rice" and if they did not eat sticky rice, they would not be Lao.

Sticky rice is known as ''khao niao'' ( Lao: ເຂົ້າໜຽວ): ''khao'' means rice, and ''niao'' means sticky. It is cooked by soaking for several hours and then steaming in a bamboo basket or ''houat'' ( Lao: ຫວດ). After that, it should be turned out on a clean surface and kneaded with a wooden paddle to release the steam; this results in rice balls that will stick to themselves but not to fingers. The large rice ball is kept in a small basket made of bamboo or ''thip khao'' ( Lao:ຕິບເຂົ້າ). The rice is sticky but dry, rather than wet and gummy like non-glutinous varieties. Laotians consume glutinous rice as part of their main diet; they also use toasted glutinous rice ''khao khoua'' ( Lao:ເຂົ້າຄົ່ວ) to add a nut-like flavor to many dishes. A popular Lao meal is a combination of larb ( Lao:ລາບ), Lao grilled chicken ping gai ( Lao:ປີ້ງໄກ່), spicy green papaya salad dish known as ''tam mak hoong'' ( Lao:ຕຳໝາກຫູ່ງ), and sticky rice (''khao niao'').

*Khao lam ( Lao:ເຂົ້າຫລາມ): sticky rice is mixed with coconut milk, red or black bean, or taro, and is filled in a bamboo tube. The tube is roasted until all the ingredients are cooked and blended together to give a sweet aromatic treat. Khao Lam is such a popular food for Laotians and is sold on the streets.
*Nam Khao ( Lao:ແໝມເຂົ້າ): sticky rice has also been used for preparing a popular dish from Laos called Nam Khao (or Laotian crispy rice salad). It is made with a deep-fried mixture of sticky rice and jasmine rice balls, chunks of Lao-style fermented pork sausage called som moo, chopped peanuts, grated coconut, sliced scallions or shallots, mint, cilantro, lime juice, fish sauce, and other ingredients.
*Khao Khua ( Lao:ເຂົ້າຂົ້ວ): sticky rice are toasted and crushed. Khao Khua is a necessary ingredient for preparing a national Laotian dish called Larb ( Lao:ລາບ) and Nam Tok ( Lao:ນ້ຳຕົກ) that are popular for ethnic Lao people living in both Laos and in the Northeastern region of Thailand called Isan.
*Khao tom ( Lao:ເຂົ້າຕົ້ມ): a steamed mixture of ''khao niao'' with sliced fruits and coconut milk wrapped in banana leaf.
* Khao jee: Lao sticky rice pancakes with egg coating, an ancient Laotian cooking method of grilling glutinous rice or sticky rice over an open fire.
* Sai Krok ( Lao:ໄສ້ກອກ): Lao sausage made from coarsely chopped fatty pork seasoned with lemongrass, galangal, kaffir lime leaves, shallots, cilantro, chillies, garlic, salt and sticky rice.
*Or lam ( Lao:ເອາະຫຼາມ): a mildly spicy and tongue-numbing stew originating from Luang Prabang, Laos.
*Lao-Lao ( Lao:ເຫລົ້າລາວ): Laotian rice whisky produced in Laos.

Khao niao is also used as an ingredient in desserts. Khao niao mixed with coconut milk can be served with ripened mango or durian.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, glutinous rice is known as pulut. It is usually mixed with santan (coconut milk) along with a bit of salt to add some taste. It is widely used during the Raya festive seasons as traditional food which is shared both with certain parts of Indonesia, such as:
* Dodol - traditional sweets made of glutinous rice flour and coconut sugar. Similar variants are ''wajik'' (or ''wajit'').
* Inang-inang - glutinous rice cracker. Popular in Melaka.
* Kelupis - a type of glutinous rice kuih in East Malaysia.
* Ketupat - square-shaped crafts made from the same local leaves as ''palas'', but it is usually filled with regular rice grains instead of ''pulut'', though it depends on the maker.
* Kochi - Malay-Peranakan sweet and sticky kuih.
* Lamban - another type of glutinous rice dessert in East Malaysia.
* Lemang - wrapped in banana leaves and inside a bamboo, and left to be barbecued/grilled on an open fire, to make the taste and texture tender and unique.
* Pulut inti – wrapped in banana leaf in the shape of a pyramid, this kuih consists of glutinous rice with a covering of grated coconut candied with palm sugar.
* Pulut panggang – glutinous rice parcels stuffed with a spiced filling, then wrapped in banana leaves and char-grilled. Depending on the regional tradition, the spiced filling may include pulverised dried prawns, caramelised coconut paste or beef floss. In the state of Sarawak, the local pulut panggang contains no fillings and are wrapped in pandan leaves instead.
* Tapai - cooked glutinous rice fermented with ''yeast'', wrapped in banana, rubber tree or roseapple leaves.

Myanmar

Glutinous rice, called ''kao hnyin'' (), is very popular in Myanmar (also known as Burma).
* ''Kao hnyin baung'' () is a breakfast dish with boiled peas (pèbyouk) or with a variety of fritters, such as urad dal (''baya gyaw''), served on a banana leaf. It may be cooked wrapped in a banana leaf, often with peas, and served with a sprinkle of salted toasted sesame seeds and often grated coconut.
* The purple variety, known as '' kao hynin ngacheik'' (), is equally popular cooked as ''ngacheik paung''.
* They may both be cooked and pounded into cakes with sesame called ''hkaw bouk'', another favourite version in the north among the Shan and the Kachin, and served grilled or fried.
* The ''Htamanè pwè'' festival () takes place on the full moon of Dabodwè() (February), when '' htamanè'' () is cooked in a huge wok. Two men, each with a wooden spoon the size of an oar, and a third man coordinate the action of folding and stirring the contents, which include ''kao hnyin'', ''ngacheik'', coconut shavings, peanuts, sesame and ginger in peanut oil.
* '' Si htamin'' () is glutinous rice cooked with turmeric and onions in peanut oil, and served with toasted sesame and crisp-fried onions; it is a popular breakfast like ''kao hnyin baung'' and ''ngacheik paung''.
* ''Paung din'' () or "Kao hyin kyi tauk" () is another ready-to-eat portable form cooked in a segment of bamboo. When the bamboo is peeled off, a thin skin remains around the rice and also gives off a distinctive aroma.

* ''Mont let kauk'' () is made from glutinous rice flour; it is donut-shaped and fried like ''baya gyaw'', but eaten with a dip of jaggery or palm sugar syrup.
* ''Nga pyaw douk'' () or "Kao hynin htope" (), banana in glutinous rice, wrapped in banana leaf and steamed and served with grated coconut - another favourite snack, like ''kao hnyin baung'' and ''mont let kauk'', sold by street hawkers.
* '' Mont lone yay baw'' () are glutinous rice balls with jaggery inside, thrown into boiling water in a huge wok, and ready to serve as soon as they resurface. Their preparation is a tradition during Thingyan, the Burmese New Year festival.
* '' Htoe mont'' (), glutinous rice cake with raisins, cashews and coconut shavings, is a traditional dessert for special occasions. It is appreciated as a gift item from Mandalay.

Nepal

In Nepal, Latte/Chamre is a popular dish made from glutinous rice during Teej festival, the greatest festival of Nepalese women.

Northeastern India

Sticky rice called '' bora saul'' is the core component of indigenous Assamese sweets, snacks, and breakfast. This rice is widely used in the traditional sweets of Assam, which are very different from the traditional sweets of India whose basic component is milk.

Such traditional sweets in Assam are Pitha (Narikolor pitha, Til pitha, Ghila pitha, Tel pitha, Keteli pitha, Sunga pitha, Sunga saul etc.). Also, its powder form is used as breakfast or other light meal directly with milk. They are called Pitha guri (if the powder was done without frying the rice, by just crushing it after soaking) or Handoh guri (if rice is dry fried first, and then crushed).

The soaked rice is also cooked with no added water inside a special kind of bamboo (called ''sunga saul bnaah''). This meal is called ''sunga saul''.

During religious ceremonies, indigenous Assamese communities make ''Mithoi'' (''Kesa mithoi'' and ''Poka mithoi'') using ''Gnud'' with it. Sometimes ''Bhog'', ''Payokh'' are also made from it using milk and sugar with it.

Different indigenous Assamese communities make rice beer from sticky rice, preferring it over other varieties of rice for the sweeter and more alcoholic result. This rice beer is also offered to their gods and ancestors (demi-gods). Rice cooked with it is also taken directly as lunch or dinner on rare occasions.
Similarly, other indigenous communities from NE India use sticky rice in various forms similar to native Assamese style in their cuisine.

Thailand

In Thailand, glutinous rice is known as ''khao niao'' ( th, ข้าวเหนียว; lit. 'sticky rice') in central Thailand and Isan, and as ''khao nueng'' ( th, ข้าวนึ่ง; lit. 'steamed rice') in northern Thailand. Northern Thais (Lanna people) and Northeastern Thais ( Isan people) traditionally eat glutinous rice as their staple food. Southern and central Thais, and northeastern Thais from Surin Province and neighboring areas influenced by the Khmer-Thai people favor non-sticky ''khao chao''. Sticky rice at table is typically served individually in a small woven basket ( th, กระติบข้าว, ).

*Steamed glutinous rice is one of the main ingredients in making the sour-fermented pork skinless sausage called ''naem'', or its northern Thai equivalent ''chin som'', which can be made from pork, beef, or water buffalo meat. It is also essential for the fermentation process in the northeastern Thai sausage called ''sai krok Isan''. This latter sausage is made, in contrast to the first two, with a sausage casing.
*Sweets and desserts: Famous among tourists in Thailand is '' khao niao mamuang'' ( th, ข้าวเหนียวมะม่วง): sweet coconut sticky rice with mango, while ''khao niao tat'', sweet sticky rice with coconut cream and black beans, ''Khao niao na krachik'' ( th, ข้าวเหนียวหน้ากระฉีก), sweet sticky rice topped with caramelized roasted grated coconut, ''khao niao kaeo'', sticky rice cooked in coconut milk and sugar and ''khao tom hua ngok'', sticky rice steamed with banana with grated coconut and sugar, are traditional popular desserts.
*''Khao lam'' ( th, ข้าวหลาม) is sticky rice with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths. It can be prepared with white or dark purple (''khao niao dam'') varieties of glutinous rice. Sometimes a few beans or nuts are added and mixed in. Thick ''khao lam'' containers may have a custard-like filling in the center made with coconut cream, egg and sugar.
*''Khao chi'' ( th, ข้าวจี่) are cakes of sticky rice having the size and shape of a patty and a crunchy crust. In order to prepare them, the glutinous rice is laced with salt, often also lightly coated with beaten egg, and grilled over a charcoal fire. They were traditionally made with leftover rice and given in the early morning to the children, or to passing monks as an offering.
*''Khao pong'' ( th, ข้าวโป่ง) is a crunchy preparation made of leftover steamed glutinous rice that is pounded and pressed into thin sheets before being grilled.
*'' Khao tom mat'' ( th, ข้าวต้มมัด), cooked sticky rice mixed with banana and wrapped in banana leaf, ''khao ho'', sticky rice molded and wrapped in conical shape, ''khao pradap din'', ''kraya sat'' and '' khao thip'' are preparations based on glutinous rice used as offerings in religious festivals and ceremonies for merit-making or warding off evil spirits.
*''Khao niao ping'' ( th, ข้าวเหนียวปิ้ง), sticky rice mixed with coconut milk and taro (''khao niao ping pheuak''), banana (''khao niao ping kluai'') or black beans (''khao niao ping tua''), wrapped in banana leaf and grilled slowly over charcoal fire. Glutinous rice is traditionally eaten using the right hand
*''Khao khua'' ( th, ข้าวคั่ว), roasted ground glutinous rice, is indispensable for making the northeastern Thai dishes ''larb'', '' nam tok'', and ''nam chim chaeo''. Some recipes also ask for ''khao khua'' in certain northern Thai curries. It imparts a nutty flavor to the dishes in which it is used.
*''Naem khluk'' (''Thai'': ยำแหนม) or ''yam naem khao thot'' is a salad made from crumbled deep-fried, curried-rice croquettes, and ''naem'' sausage
*''Chin som mok'' is a northern Thai specialty made with grilled, banana leaf-wrapped pork skin that has been fermented with glutinous rice
*''Sai krok Isan'': grilled, fermented pork sausages, specialty of northeastern Thailand
*Glutinous rice is also used as the basis for the brewing of ''sato'' ( th, สาโท), an alcoholic beverage also known as "Thai rice wine".

) are used by northern and northeastern Thais as containers for sticky rice
, File:Chin som mok.JPG, ''Chin som mok'', northern Thai specialty, grilled pork skin fermented with glutinous rice
, File:Sai krok isan.jpg, ''Sai krok Isan'' specialty of northeastern Thailand

Vietnam

Glutinous rice is called ''gạo nếp'' in Vietnamese. Dishes made from glutinous rice in Vietnam are typically served as desserts or side dishes, but some can be served as main dishes. There is a wide array of glutinous rice dishes in Vietnamese cuisine, the majority of them can be categorized as follows:
*Bánh, the most diverse category, refers to a wide variety of sweet or savoury, distinct cakes, buns, pastries, sandwiches, and food items from Vietnamese cuisine, which may be cooked by steaming, baking, frying, deep-frying, or boiling. It is important to note that not all bánh are made from glutinous rice; they can also be made from ordinary rice flour, cassava flour, taro flour, or tapioca starch. The word "bánh" is also used to refer to certain varieties of noodles in Vietnam, and absolutely not to be confused with glutinous rice dishes. Some bánh dishes that are made from glutinous rice include:
**Bánh chưng: a square-shaped, boiled glutinous rice dumpling filled with pork and mung bean paste, wrapped in a dong leaf, usually eaten in Vietnamese New Year.
**Bánh giầy: white, flat, round glutinous rice cake with tough, chewy texture filled with mung bean or served with Vietnamese sausage (chả), usually eaten in Vietnamese New Year with bánh chưng.
**Bánh dừa: glutinous rice mixed with black bean paste cooked in coconut juice, wrapped in coconut leaf. The filling can be mung bean stir-fried in coconut juice or banana.
**Bánh rán: a northern Vietnamese dish of deep-fried glutinous rice balls covered with sesame, scented with a jasmine flower essence, filled with either sweetened mung bean paste (the sweet version) or chopped meat and mushrooms (the savory version).
**Bánh cam: a southern Vietnamese version of bánh rán. Unlike bánh rán, bánh cam is coated with a layer of sugary liquid and has no jasmine essence.
** Bánh trôi: made from glutinous rice mixed with a small portion of ordinary rice flour (the ratio of glutinous rice flour to ordinary rice flour is typically 9:1 or 8:2) filled with sugarcane rock candy.
**Bánh gai: made from the leaves of the "gai" tree (Boehmeria nivea) dried, boiled, ground into small pieces, then mixed with glutinous rice, wrapped in banana leaf. The filling is made from a mixture of coconut, mung bean, peanuts, winter melon, sesame, and lotus seeds.
** Bánh cốm: the cake is made from ''young'' glutinous rice seeds. The seeds are put into a water pot, stirred on fire, juice extracted from the pomelo flower is added. The filling is made from steamed mung bean, scraped coconut, sweetened pumpkin, and sweetened lotus seeds.
**Other bánh made from glutinous rice are ''bánh tro, bánh tét, bánh ú, bánh măng, bánh ít, bánh khúc, bánh tổ, bánh in, bánh dẻo, bánh su sê, bánh nổ...''
*Xôi are sweet or savory dishes made from steamed glutinous rice and other ingredients. Sweet xôi are typically eaten as breakfast. Savory xôi can be eaten as lunch. Xôi dishes made from glutinous rice include:
**Xôi lá cẩm: made with the magenta plant.
**Xôi lá dứa: made with pandan leaf extract for the green color and a distinctive pandan flavor.
**Xôi chiên phồng: deep-fried glutinous rice patty
**Xôi gà: made with coconut juice and pandan leaf served with fried or roasted chicken and sausage.
**Xôi thập cẩm: made with dried shrimp, chicken, Chinese sausage, Vietnamese sausage (chả), peanuts, coconut, onion, fried garlic ...
**Other xôi dishes made from glutinous rice include: ''xôi lạc, xôi lúa, xôi đậu xanh, xôi nếp than, xôi gấc, xôi vò, xôi sắn, xôi sầu riêng, xôi khúc, xôi xéo, xôi cá, xôi vị...''
*Chè refers to any traditional Vietnamese sweetened soup or porridge. Though chè can be made using a wide variety of ingredients, some chè dishes made from glutinous rice include:
**Chè đậu trắng: made from glutinous rice and black-eyed peas.
**Chè con ong: made from glutinous rice, ginger root, honey, and molasses.
**Chè cốm: made from young glutinous rice seeds, kudzu flour, and juice from the pomelo flower.
**Chè xôi nước: balls made from mung bean paste in a shell made of glutinous rice flour; served in a thick clear or brown liquid made of water, sugar, and grated ginger root.
*Cơm nếp: glutinous rice that is cooked in the same way as ordinary rice, except that the water used is flavored by adding salts or by using coconut juice, or soups from chicken broth or pork broth.
*Cơm rượu: Glutinous rice balls cooked and mixed with yeast, served in a small amount of rice wine.
*Cơm lam: Glutinous rice cooked in a tube of bamboo of the genus Neohouzeaua, rượu cần and rượu đế.

Beverages

* Choujiu
* Sato (rice wine)
* Home brew sato kits
* Rượu nếp
* Rượu cần

Non-food uses

In construction, glutinous rice is a component of sticky rice mortar for use in masonry. Chemical tests have confirmed that this is true for the Great Wall of China and the city walls of Xi'an. In Assam also, this rice was used for building palaces during Ahom rule.

Glutinous rice starch may also be used to create wheatpaste, an adhesive material.

See also

* Cuisine of Assam
* Cuisine of Burma
* Cuisine of Cambodia
* Cuisine of China
** Hakka cuisine
* Cuisine of Indonesia
* Cuisine of Japan
* Cuisine of Korea
* Cuisine of Laos
* Cuisine of Malaysia
* Cuisine of the Philippines
* Cuisine of Thailand
* Cuisine of Vietnam

References

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Glutinous Rice
Rice varieties
Bangladeshi cuisine
Bhutanese cuisine
Burmese cuisine
Cambodian cuisine
Chinese cuisine
Crops originating from China
Food ingredients
Indian cuisine
Japanese cuisine
Korean cuisine
Lao cuisine
Philippine cuisine
Thai cuisine
Vietnamese cuisine