''Catocala'' is a generally

Holarctic The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical region ...

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...

s in the family

Erebidae The Erebidae are a family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea. The family is among the largest families of moths by species count and contains a wide variety of well-known macromoth groups. The family includes the underwings ('' Catocala'') ...

. The genus was erected by

Franz von Paula Schrank Franz von Paula Schrank (21 August 1747, in Vornbach – 22 December 1835) was a German priest, botanist and entomologist. He was ordained as a priest in Vienna in 1784, gaining his doctorate in theology two years later. In 1786 he was named ...

in 1802. The moths are commonly known as underwing moths or simply underwings. These terms are sometimes used for a few related moths, but usually – especially when used in

plural The plural (sometimes abbreviated pl., pl, or ), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number. The plural of a noun typically denotes a quantity greater than the default quantity represented by that noun. This de ...

, not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only. Of the more than 250 known

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...

. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern

Neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropics, tropical Ecoregion#Terrestrial, terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperat ...

and

Indomalaya The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Indi ...

Description and ecology

Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, cryptically coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

. In, ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II'', the genus described as follows. It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly

concentric In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric, coaxal, or coaxial when they share the same center or axis. Circles, regular polygons and regular polyhedra, and spheres may be concentric to one another (sharing the same center point ...

markings, at a casual glance resemble the

eye Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide living organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and conv ...

s of a

predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...

y animal, such as a

cat The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...

. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...

or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the

blue jay The blue jay (''Cyanocitta cristata'') is a passerine bird in the family Corvidae, native to eastern North America. It lives in most of the eastern and central United States; some eastern populations may be migratory. Resident populations are a ...

, ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding

nocturnal Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...

predators such as

bat Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most bi ...

s, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs. Catocala ilia

The

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...

s of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical food plants are

Fagales The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best-known trees. The order name is derived from genus ''Fagus'', beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families and genera currently included are a ...

of the families

Betulaceae Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of the t ...

Fagaceae The Fagaceae are a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with about 927 species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species occur as evergre ...

and

Juglandaceae The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. The nine or ten genera in the family have ...

– mainly

hickory Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus ''Carya'', which includes around 18 species. Five or six species are native to China, Indochina, and India (Assam), as many as twelve are native to the United States, four are found in Mexi ...

(''Carya''),

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

(''Quercus'') and

walnut tree Walnut trees are any species of tree in the plant genus ''Juglans'', the type genus of the family Juglandaceae, the seeds of which are referred to as walnuts. All species are deciduous trees, tall, with pinnate leaves , with 5–25 leaflets; t ...

(''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as

alder Alders are trees comprising the genus ''Alnus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few sp ...

(''Alnus''),

beech Beech (''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia, and North America. Recent classifications recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, ''Engleriana'' and ''Fagus''. The ''Engle ...

(''Fagus''),

birch A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 30 ...

(''Betula'') and

chestnut The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Castanea'', in the beech family Fagaceae. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. The unrelat ...

(''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous

Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by the ...

and some North American species feed on the

Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly ...

Populus ''Populus'' is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (), aspen, and cottonwood. The we ...

'' (poplars) and ''

Salix Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge. of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist so ...

'' (willows), which belong to the

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinsett ...

. Less common larval food plants of ''Catocala'' are for example

elm Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North ...

s (''Ulmus'') and various

Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...

of the

Rosales Rosales () is an order of flowering plants. Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) It is sister to a clade consisting of Faga ...

, ''

Tilia ''Tilia'' is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperateness, temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Britain a ...

'' (linden and basswood) of the

Malvales The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots. The plants are mostly shrubs and ...

, or some

Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...

of the

Fabales The Fabales are an order (biology), order of flowering plants included in the Rosids, rosid group of the eudicots in the APG II system, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. In the APG II circumscription, this order includes the f ...

; as the preceding, these all belong to the

Fabidae The rosids are members of a large clade ( monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species, more than a quarter of all angiosperms. The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classific ...

lineage of rosid

eudicot The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons. Traditionally they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicot ...

s. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as

maple ''Acer'' () is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the family Sapindaceae.Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 nd more or less continuously updated since http ...

(''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as

ash tree ''Fraxinus'' (), commonly called ash, is a genus of flowering plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae. It contains 45–65 species of usually medium to large trees, mostly deciduous, though a number of subtropical species are evergree ...

s (''Fraxinus'') and

blueberries Blueberries are a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plants with blue or purple berries. They are classified in the section ''Cyanococcus'' within the genus ''Vaccinium''. ''Vaccinium'' also includes cranberries, bi ...

(''Vaccinium'') which are

asterid In the APG IV system (2016) for the classification of flowering plants, the name asterids denotes a clade (a monophyletic group). Asterids is the largest group of flowering plants, with more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total floweri ...

s and quite unrelated to the other food plants by eudicot standards. The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after

dusk Dusk occurs at the darkest stage of twilight, or at the very end of astronomical twilight after sunset and just before nightfall.''The Random House College Dictionary'', "dusk". At predusk, during early to intermediate stages of twilight, enou ...

right up to daybreak. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around

noon Noon (or midday) is 12 o'clock in the daytime. It is written as 12 noon, 12:00 m. (for meridiem, literally 12:00 noon), 12 p.m. (for post meridiem, literally "after noon"), 12 pm, or 12:00 (using a 24-hour clock) or 1200 (military time). Solar ...

, during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day. The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").

Classification

There are over 250 species in this genus. The species of ''Catocala'' are here divided into a Eurasian group, and another one which is found in North America. This does not imply actual relationships; it is mainly done to more conveniently deal with the large number of species. Still, it is not unlikely at all that the groups consist at least to some extent of closely related species. There are several

cryptic species complex In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

es in ''Catocala'', e.g. the group around the Delilah underwing (''C. delilah''); these and other hitherto unknown species are still being discovered and described in some numbers. Thus, resolving the

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

and

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

of the underwing moths is an ongoing effort, which has made () little progress. In the scientific literature, smaller subdivisions into putatively related species are sometimes applied, but there is no consistent and widely accepted

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

treatment for the genus as a whole.

Synonyms

Several distinct genera have formally been proposed for splitting from ''Catocala'', but these are all treated here as

junior synonym The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linna ...

s. These synonyms and other invalid names of ''Catocala'' are: * ''Andreusia'' Hampson, 1913 (unjustified

emendation An emendation is an alteration to a term, for a specific technical reason: * Emendation (textual), altering a word to make sense, e.g. when incomplete or assumed to have been copied incorrectly * Emendation (zoology), altering the spelling of the ...

) * ''Andrewsia'' Grote, 1882 * ''Astiodes'' (''

lapsus In philology, a lapsus (Latin for "lapse, slip, error") is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking. Investigations In 1895 an investigation into verbal slips was undertaken by a philologist and a psychologist, Rudolf Meringer and K ...

'') * ''Astiotes''

Hübner __NOTOC__ Hübner is a Germanic surname, sometimes spelled Huebner or Hubner. The name means an agricultural worker, a farmer, possibly and specifically one who worked a "hube", which was a piece of land roughly equivalent to the English measuremen ...

, 1823 * ''Belpharidia'' (''lapsus'') * ''Bihemena'' Beck, 1966 * ''Blephara''

Ochsenheimer Ferdinand Ochsenheimer (17 March 1767 – 2 November 1822) was a German actor and entomologist (lepidopterist). Life Ochsenheimer was born and brought up in Mainz (then in the Electorate of Mainz) and began to show an interest in butterflies ...

, 1816 ( unavailable) * ''Blepharidia'' Hübner, 1822 * ''Blepharonia'' Hübner, 1823 (unavailable)"Blepharonia" was initially proposed as name for a

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

in 1823, and only established as a genus name ''Blepharonia'' in 1825: Pitkin & Jenkins (2004a). * ''Blepharonia'' Hübner, 1825 * ''Blepharum'' Hübner, 1806 (

rejected ''Rejected'' is an animated film directed by Don Hertzfeldt that was released in 2000. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film the following year at the 73rd Academy Awards, and received 27 awards from film festivals ...

) * ''Catabapta'' Hulst, 1884 * ''Catacola'' (''lapsus'') * ''Catocalla'' (''lapsus'') * ''Convercala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Corisce'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Corisee'' (''lapsus'') * ''Divercala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Ephesia'' Hübner, 1818 * ''Eucala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Eucora'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Eunetis'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Hemigeometra''

Haworth Haworth () is a village in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, in the Pennines, south-west of Keighley, west of Bradford and east of Colne in Lancashire. The surrounding areas include Oakworth and Oxenhope. Nearby villages includ ...

, 1809 * ''Koraia'' Nye, 1975 * ''Lamprosia'' Hübner,

821 __NOTOC__ Year 821 ( DCCCXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine general Thomas the Slav leads a revolt, and secures control ...

/small> * ''Lamprosia'' Hübner, 1827 (''non'' Hüber,

preoccupied) * ''Metacala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Mormonia'' Hübner, 1823 * ''Mormosia'' (''lapsus'') * ''Optocala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Promonia'' Beck, 1966 * ''Puercala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Reticcala'' Beck, 1966 * ''Simplicala'' Beck, 1966

Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...
species

* '' Catocala abacta'' Staudinger, 1900 * '' Catocala abamita'' Bremer & Grey, 1853 (including ''C. scortum'') * '' Catocala actaea'' Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 * '' Catocala adultera'' Ménétries, 1856 * '' Catocala aenigma'' Sheljuzhko, 1943 * '' Catocala aestimabilis'' Staudinger, 1892 * '' Catocala afghana'' Swinhoe, 1885 * '' Catocala agitatrix'' Graeser, 1889 (including ''C. mabella'') * '' Catocala amabilis'' Bang-Haas, 1907 * '' Catocala amnonfreidbergi'' Kravchenko et al., 2008 * '' Catocala ariana'' Vartian, 1964 * '' Catocala armandi'' (including ''C. davidi'') * '' Catocala artobolevskiji'' Sheljuzhko, 1943 * '' Catocala bella'' (including ''C. serenides'') * '' Catocala bokhaica'' * '' Catocala borthi'' Saldaitis, Ivinskis, Floriani & Babics, 2012 * '' Catocala brandti'' * '' Catocala butleri'' * '' Catocala catei'' Weisert, 1998 * '' Catocala chenyixini'' Ishizuka, 2011 * '' Catocala columbina'' * '' Catocala coniuncta'' – Minsmere crimson underwing * '' Catocala connexa'' * '' Catocala contemnenda'' * '' Catocala conversa'' * '' Catocala danilovi'' Bang-Haas, 1927 * '' Catocala dariana'' Sviridov, Speidel, Reshöft, 1996 * '' Catocala davidi'' Oberthür, 1881 * '' Catocala deducta'' Eversmann, 1843 * ''

Catocala dejeani ''Catocala dejeani'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Rudolf Mell in 1936. It is found in China ( Situan, Shaanxi, Guangxi) and Taiwan. Note: This source does not list ''Catocala dejeani'', but has ''C. k. dejeani'' Mell, 1936 ...

'' (sometimes in ''C. kuangtungensis'') * '' Catocala desiderata'' * '' Catocala detrita'' Warren, 1913 * '' Catocala deuteronympha'' * '' Catocala dilecta'' Hübner,

808 808 may refer to: Music * Roland TR-808, a drum machine * ''808'' (film), a documentary about the Roland TR-808 * 808 State, British electronic group * ''808s & Heartbreak'', the fourth studio album by American Hip hop artist Kanye West * ''808'' ...

/small> ( type of ''Astiotes'') * '' Catocala disjuncta'' * '' Catocala dissimilis'' (including ''C. nigricans'') * '' Catocala distorta'' Butler, 1889 * '' Catocala diversa'' * '' Catocala doerriesi'' * '' Catocala dotatoides'' * '' Catocala dula'' * '' Catocala duplicata'' * '' Catocala editarevayae'' * ''

Catocala electa ''Catocala electa'', the rosy underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Karl Friedrich Vieweg in 1790. It can be found in Europe and Asia (ranging to Korea). Technical description and variation ''C. ele ...

'' – rosy underwing * '' Catocala ella'' Butler, 1877 * '' Catocala ellamajor'' Ishizuka, 2010 * '' Catocala elocata'' – French red underwing * '' Catocala eminens'' Staudinger, 1892 * '' Catocala eutychea'' * '' Catocala flavescens'' * '' Catocala florianii'' Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2008 * '' Catocala formosana'' Okano, 1958 * ''

Catocala fraxini ''Catocala fraxini'', the blue underwing or Clifden nonpareil, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. Distribution The distribution area covers almos ...

'' – blue underwing, Clifden nonpareil (type of ''Hemigeometra'') * '' Catocala fredi'' Bytinsky-Salz & Brandt, 1937 * '' Catocala fugitiva'' Warren, 1914 * ''

Catocala fulminea ''Catocala fulminea'', the yellow bands underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found in central and southern Europe, east Asia and Sib ...

'' (type of ''Ephesia'') * '' Catocala fuscinupta'' * '' Catocala gansan'' Ishizuka & M. Wang, 2013 * '' Catocala giuditta'' Schawerda, 1934 * '' Catocala haitzi'' Bang-Haas, 1936 * '' Catocala hariti'' Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2002 * '' Catocala helena'' * '' Catocala hoenei'' Mell, 1936 * '' Catocala hoferi'' Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2003 * '' Catocala hymenaea'' * '' Catocala hymenoides'' Draeseke, 1927 * '' Catocala hyperconnexa'' Sugi, 1965 * '' Catocala inconstans'' Butler, 1889 * '' Catocala infasciata'' Mell, 1936 * '' Catocala intacta'' * '' Catocala invasa'' * '' Catocala jansseni'' A. E. Prout, 1924 * '' Catocala jonasii'' Butler, 1877 * '' Catocala jouga'' Ishizuka, 2003 * '' Catocala juncta'' * '' Catocala jyoka'' Ishizuka, 2006 * '' Catocala kaki'' Ishizuka, 2003 * '' Catocala kasenko'' Ishizuka, 2007 * '' Catocala koreana'' Staudinger, 1892 * '' Catocala kotschubeyi'' Sheljuzhko, 1927 * ''

Catocala kuangtungensis ''Catocala kuangtungensis'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in China (Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Jangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan) and Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yakushima). The wingspan is about 63 mm. Subspecies *''Catocala k ...

'' * '' Catocala kusnezovi'' Püngeler, 1914 * '' Catocala lara'' Bremer, 1861 * '' Catocala largeteaui'' Oberthür, 1881 * '' Catocala laura'' Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008 * '' Catocala leechi'' * '' Catocala lehmanni'' Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008 * '' Catocala lesbia'' * '' Catocala longipalpis'' Mell, 1936 * '' Catocala lupina'' Herrich-Schäffer,

851 __NOTOC__ Year 851 ( DCCCLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Asia * Bagrat II Bagratuni, Armenian prince and leader of a rebellion against the Abbasi ...

/small> * '' Catocala luscinia'' Brandt, 1938 * '' Catocala maculata'' Vincent, 1919 * '' Catocala mariana'' * '' Catocala martyrum'' Oberthür, 1881 * '' Catocala maso'' Ishizuka, 2011 * ''

Catocala mesopotamica ''Catocala mesopotamica'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Nikolai Yakovlevich Kuznetsov in 1903. It is found in Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ...

'' * '' Catocala mirifica'' Butler, 1877 * '' Catocala moltrechti'' Bang-Haas, 1927 * '' Catocala musmi'' * '' Catocala naganoi'' Sugi, 1982 * '' Catocala nagioides'' * '' Catocala naumanni'' Sviridov, 1996 * '' Catocala neglecta'' * '' Catocala neonympha'' Esper, 1805 (type of ''Eucora'') * '' Catocala nivea'' Butler, 1877 * '' Catocala nubila'' * ''

Catocala nupta The red underwing (''Catocala nupta'') is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1767 12th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. This is a large (80 mm wingspan) nocturnal Palearctic (including Eur ...

'' – red underwing * '' Catocala nymphaea'' * '' Catocala nymphaeoides'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1852 * '' Catocala nymphagoga'' – oak yellow underwing * '' Catocala oberthueri'' Austaut, 1879 * '' Catocala obscena'' Alphéraky, 1879 * '' Catocala ohshimai'' Ishizuka, 2001 * '' Catocala olgaorlovae'' * '' Catocala optata'' * '' Catocala optima'' – Turanga underwing * '' Catocala pacta'' * '' Catocala paki'' Kishida, 1981 * '' Catocala patala'' Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 * '' Catocala pataloides'' * '' Catocala persimilis'' * '' Catocala pirata'' * '' Catocala praegnax'' Walker, 1858 * '' Catocala prolifica'' Walker, 1857 * '' Catocala promissa'' – light crimson underwing * '' Catocala proxeneta'' Alphéraky, 1895 * '' Catocala pudica'' Moore, 1879 * '' Catocala pudica sabine'' Saldaitis, Pekarsky & Borth 2014 * '' Catocala puella'' * '' Catocala puerpera'' (type of ''Eunetis'') * '' Catocala puerperoides'' * '' Catocala remissa'' * '' Catocala repudiata'' * '' Catocala rhodosoma'' Röber, 1927 * '' Catocala seibaldi'' Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Borth, 2010 (including ''C. pseudoformosana'') * '' Catocala seiohbo'' * '' Catocala separans'' * '' Catocala separata'' * '' Catocala sinyaevi'' Sviridov, 2004 * '' Catocala solntsevi'' * '' Catocala sponsa'' – dark crimson underwing * '' Catocala sponsalis'' * '' Catocala stamensis'' Kishida & Suzuki, 2002 * '' Catocala streckeri'' * '' Catocala sultana'' (sometimes in ''C. optata'') * '' Catocala svetlana'' Sviridov, 1997 * '' Catocala szechuena'' * '' Catocala tapestrina'' Moore, 1882 * '' Catocala thomsoni'' A. E. Prout, 1924 * '' Catocala timur'' – Timur underwing * '' Catocala tokui'' * '' Catocala toropovi'' Saldaitis, Kons & Borth, 2014 * '' Catocala triphaenoides'' Oberthür, 1881 * '' Catocala uljanae'' Sinyaev, Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2007 * '' Catocala viviannae'' * '' Catocala weigerti'' Hacker, 1999 * '' Catocala wushensis'' * '' Catocala xarippe'' Butler, 1877 (formerly in ''C. fulminea'') * '' Catocala xizangensis'' Chen, 1991 Comparison of Eurasian species Image:Catocala actaea 01.jpg, '' Catocala actaea'' Image:Catocala agitatrix.jpg, '' Catocala agitatrix'' Image:Catocala coniuncta.jpg, '' Catocala conjuncta'' Image:Catocala conversa.jpg, '' Catocala conversa'' Image:Catocala dilecta.jpg , '' Catocala dilecta'' Image:Catocala disjuncta.jpg, '' Catocala disjuncta'' Image:Catocala diversa.jpg, '' Catocala diversa'' Image:Catocala electa01.jpg, ''

''
rosy underwing Image:Catocala elocata.01.jpg, '' Catocala elocata''
French red underwing Image:Catocala eutychea.jpg, '' Catocala eutychea'' Image:Catocala fraxini.01.jpg, ''

''
blue underwing

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

of ''Hemigeometra'' Image:'Catocala fulminea'.jpg, ''

''
type species of ''Ephesia'' Image:Catocala hymenaea.jpg, '' Catocala hymenaea'' Image:Catocala lara 01.jpg, '' Catocala lara'' Image:Catocala lupina.jpg, '' Catocala lupina'' Image:Catocala mariana.jpg, '' Catocala mariana'' Image: Catocala neonympha.01.jpg, '' Catocala neonympha'' Image:Catocala nupta.01.jpg, ''

''
red underwing
type species of ''Catocala'' Image:Catocala nymphaea.01.jpg, '' Catocala nymphaea'' Image:Catocala nymphagoga.jpg, '' Catocala nymphagoga''
oak yellow underwing Image:Catocala optata.jpg, '' Catocala optata'' Image:Catocala pacta.jpg , '' Catocala pacta'' Image:Catocala promissa.jpg, '' Catocala promissa''
light crimson underwing Image:Catocala puerpera.jpg, '' Catocala puerpera''
type species of ''Eunetis'' Image:Catocala separata.jpg, '' Catocala separata'' Image:Catocala sponsa.01.jpg, '' Catocala sponsa''
dark crimson underwing

Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...
species

* ''

Catocala abbreviatella ''Catocala abbreviatella'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Indiana south and west to Texas and Oklahoma and north to Nebraska and Wisconsin. The wingspan is 40–50 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August depending on ...

'' * '' Catocala agrippina'' – Agrippina underwing * ''

Catocala aholibah The Aholibah underwing (''Catocala aholibah'') is a moth of the "owlet" family Erebidae, which has over 25,000 known members, and more than that yet undescribed. Like other moths of the underwing genus (''Catocala''), this species has dull gray a ...

'' – Aholibah underwing * ''

Catocala alabamae ''Catocala alabamae'', the Alabama underwing or titan underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Pennsylvania south to Florida, west to Texas and north to Missouri, Wisconsin, and Illinois. The wingspan is 20–40 mm. A ...

'' – Alabama underwing, titan underwing (including ''C. olivia, C. titania'') * '' Catocala allusa'' (sometimes in ''C. faustina'') * ''

Catocala amatrix ''Catocala amatrix'', the sweetheart underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species can be found from Nova Scotia, south through Connecticut to Florida and west through Texas and Oklahoma to Arizona and north to Montana, Minnesota, and ...

'' – sweetheart underwing (type of ''Lamprosia'') * ''

Catocala amestris ''Catocala amestris'', the three-staff underwing, is a species of Catocalini that occurs in North America. It is considered endangered and is legally protected in the state of Michigan. Description Like most underwings, ''C. amestris'' has a br ...

'' – three-staff underwing * ''

Catocala amica ''Catocala amica'', the girlfriend underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. It is found from southern Canada (Ontario and Quebec) through the United States east of ...

'' – girlfriend underwing (type of ''Corisce'') * ''

Catocala andromache ''Catocala andromache'', the Andromache underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1885. It is found in the United States from southern California to Arizona. Subspecies ''Catocala andromach ...

'' – Andromache underwing * '' Catocala andromedae'' – Andromeda underwing, gloomy underwing * ''

Catocala angusi ''Catocala angusi'', commonly known as Angus' underwing, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It is found from Massachusetts and Connecticut south to Georgia west to Arkansas and Kansas and north to Illinois and Michigan. The wingspan is ...

'' – Angus' underwing * ''

Catocala antinympha ''Catocala antinympha'', the sweetfern underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Quebec and Ontario east to Nova Scotia and south to Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The wingspan ...

'' – sweetfern underwing (type of ''Catabapta'') * ''

Catocala atocala ''Catocala atocala'', Brou's underwing or the atocala underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Louisiana west to Oklahoma and north to southern Illinois. Adults are on wing from July to August. There is probably one genera ...

'' – Atocala underwing, Brou's underwing * ''

Catocala badia ''Catocala badia'', the bay underwing, bayberry underwing or old maid, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from southern Maine and New Hampshire south to New York and Connecticut. The wingspan is 50–60 mm. There is probably ...

'' – bay underwing, bayberry underwing, old maid * ''

Catocala benjamini ''Catocala benjamini'', or Benjamin's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Auburn Edmund Brower in 1937. It is found in the US states of Arizona, Nevada, southern California and south ...

'' – Benjamin's underwing (formerly in ''C. andromache'') * ''

Catocala blandula ''Catocala blandula'', the charming underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1884. It is found in North America from Nova Scotia west to central Alberta, south to ...

'' – charming underwing * ''

Catocala briseis ''Catocala briseis'', the Briseis underwing or ribbed underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864. It is found across the North American Boreal forest region f ...

'' – Briseis underwing, ribbed underwing * ''

Catocala caesia ''Catocala caesia'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the mountains of south-eastern Arizona and south-western New Mexico (United States), and southward through the Sierra Madre Occidental in Chihuahua (Mexico). The length of the ...

'' – bluish-gray underwing * ''

Catocala californica ''Catocala californica'' is a moth of the family Erebidae Species description, first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864. It is found in western North America from British Columbia and Alberta south through Washington (state), Washington a ...

'' (including ''C. erichi'') * ''

Catocala californiensis ''Catocala californiensis'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in southern California. Adults are on wing from June to July. There is probably one generation per year. The larvae feed on ''Quercus turbinella ''Quercus turbinella'' ...

'' * '' Catocala cara'' – darling underwing * ''

Catocala carissima ''Catocala carissima'', the carissima underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species can be found from Florida through Georgia (U.S. State), Georgia to Texas. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of ''Catocala cara''. Refere ...

'' – carissima underwing (formerly in ''C. cara'') * ''

Catocala cerogama ''Catocala cerogama'', the yellow-banded underwing, is a moth of the tribe (biology), tribe Catocalini that occurs in North America. The species was Species description, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. Description The wingspan is 64 t ...

'' – yellow-banded underwing * '' Catocala charlottae'' (sometimes in ''C. praeclara'') * '' Catocala chelidonia'' * '' Catocala cleopatra'' (sometimes in ''C. faustina'') * '' Catocala clintoni'' – Clinton's underwing * '' Catocala coccinata'' – scarlet underwing * ''

Catocala concumbens ''Catocala concumbens'', the sleepy underwing or pink underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Francis Walker (entomologist), Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in eastern North Americ ...

'' – pink underwing, sleepy underwing * '' Catocala connubialis'' – connubial underwing * ''

Catocala consors ''Catocala consors'', the consort underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Maine and Connecticut south to Florida and west to Texas and eastern Oklahoma. The wingspan is over 70 mm. Adults are on wing from April to July ...

'' – consort underwing * ''

Catocala crataegi ''Catocala crataegi'', the hawthorn underwing or chokeberry underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Ontario and Quebec to Prince Edward Island south from Maine through Connecticut to Georgia and west to Arkansas and north to ...

'' – hawthorn underwing, chokeberry underwing * ''

Catocala dejecta ''Catocala dejecta'', the dejected underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Massachusetts and Connecticut south through New Jersey to Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma and north to southern Ontario. The wingspan is 56–7 ...

'' – dejected underwing * '' Catocala delilah'' – Delilah underwing * '' Catocala desdemona'' – Desdemona underwing (including ''C. ixion'', formerly in ''C. delilah'') * ''

Catocala dulciola ''Catocala dulciola'', the quiet underwing or sweet underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1881. It is found in the United States from New York through Virginia, west to Missou ...

'' – quiet underwing, sweet underwing * ''

Catocala electilis ''Catocala electilis'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Arizona and Mexico. The larvae feed on ''Populus fremontii ''Populus fremontii'', commonly known as Frémont's cottonwood, is a cottonwood (and thus a poplar) native ...

'' * ''

Catocala epione ''Catocala epione'', the Epione underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found in North America from Quebec and Ontario south through Connecticut to Florida and west to Texas and Okl ...

'' – Epione underwing (type of ''Mormonia'') * ''

Catocala faustina ''Catocala faustina'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Colorado west to California and north through Washington (U.S. State), Washington to British Columbia. It has also been reported in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon and Utah. ...

'' * ''

Catocala flebilis ''Catocala flebilis'', the mourning underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It is found in North America from Massachusetts and Connecticut south to North Carolina and Geo ...

'' – mournful underwing * '' Catocala francisca'' (sometimes in ''C. hermia'') * ''

Catocala frederici ''Catocala frederici'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For e ...

'' * '' Catocala gracilis'' – graceful underwing * ''

Catocala grisatra ''Catocala grisatra'' (grisatra underwing) is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from the coastal plain in Bladen County, North Carolina, south through Georgia (U.S. State), Georgia to Florida. The wingspan is 48–55 mm. Adults ar ...

'' – grisatra underwing * ''

Catocala grotiana ''Catocala grotiana'', or Grote's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by James S. Bailey in 1879. It is found in the US from Arizona, north through Utah into Colorado. It has also been spotted in Washingt ...

'' – Grote's underwing * ''

Catocala grynea ''Catocala grynea'', the woody underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1780. It is found in North America from Ontario and Quebec through Maine and Connecticut, south to Florida, west to T ...

'' – woody underwing * ''

Catocala habilis ''Catocala habilis'', the habilis underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It is found in North America from Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and New Brunswick south through Conne ...

'' – habilis underwing * '' Catocala hermia'' – Hermia underwing (including ''C. sheba'') * ''

Catocala herodias ''Catocala herodias'', the Herodias underwing or Gerhard's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Strecker in 1876. The nominate form is found in the US states of Texas and Oklahoma. Subspecies ''Catocala ...

'' – Herodias' underwing, Gerhard's underwing * '' Catocala hippolyta'' (sometimes in ''C. semirelicta'') * ''

Catocala ilia ''Catocala ilia'', the Ilia underwing, beloved underwing or wife underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776. It can be found in the eastern part of the United States as well as southern ...

'' – beloved underwing, Ilia underwing, wife underwing * ''

Catocala illecta ''Catocala illecta'', the Magdalen underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in North America from south-western Ontario south to Tennessee and South Carolina and west an ...

'' – Magdalen underwing * ''

Catocala innubens ''Catocala innubens'', the betrothed underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America from southern Ontario and Quebec (where it is rare) so ...

'' – betrothed underwing * ''

Catocala insolabilis ''Catocala insolabilis'', the inconsolable underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America from Ontario through Maine and Connecticut south ...

'' – inconsolable underwing * ''

Catocala irene ''Catocala irene'', or Irene's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Hans Hermann Behr in 1870. It is found in the western United States in Utah and California and Nevada. The wingspan is 65–75 mm. Adults are o ...

'' – Irene's underwing * ''

Catocala jair ''Catocala jair'', the Jair underwing or Barrens underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Strecker in 1897. It is found from the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, in the coastal plain in Bladen County, North Caro ...

'' – Jair underwing, barrens underwing * ''

Catocala jessica ''Catocala jessica'', the Jessica underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1877. It was described in the United States from Arizona through Colorado to Illinois and California. The wingsp ...

'' – Jessica underwing (including ''C. babayaga'') * '' Catocala johnsoniana'' – Johnson's underwing * ''

Catocala judith ''Catocala judith'', or Judith's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Strecker in 1874. It is found in North America from southern Quebec (where it is rare) and Ontario to the United States from New Ham ...

'' – Judith's underwing * '' Catocala junctura'' – joined underwing, Stretch's underwing (including ''C. elsa, C. stretchii'') * ''

Catocala lacrymosa ''Catocala lacrymosa'', the tearful underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Massachusetts and Connecticut south to Florida, west to Texas and eastern Oklahoma and north to Illinois and Michigan and into southern Ontario. Th ...

'' – tearful underwing * ''

Catocala lincolnana ''Catocala lincolnana'', the Lincoln underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Auburn Edmund Brower in 1976. It is found in the US from North Carolina south to Florida and west through Ar ...

'' – Lincoln underwing * ''

Catocala lineella ''Catocala lineella'', the lineella underwing, little lined underwing or steely underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It is found in North America from Ontario and Quebec ...

'' – lineella underwing, little lined underwing, steely underwing (formerly in ''C. amica'') * ''

Catocala louiseae ''Catocala louiseae'', or Louise's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species is endemic to the United States. The epithet, ''louiseae'', is in honor of "the late Louise (Mrs. E.P.) Mellon" who funded the Carnegie Museum of Natural ...

'' – Louise's underwing (including ''C. protonympha'') * '' Catocala luciana'' – shining underwing * ''

Catocala maestosa ''Catocala maestosa'', commonly known as the sad underwing, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1884. It is found in the United States from New York south to Florida and Alabama, ...

'' – sad underwing * '' Catocala manitoba'' – Manitoba underwing (sometimes in ''C. praeclara'') * ''

Catocala marmorata ''Catocala marmorata'', the marbled underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864. It is found in the United States from Vermont to South Carolina and west to Indiana and Illinois. ...

'' – marbled underwing * ''

Catocala mcdunnoughi ''Catocala mcdunnoughi'', or McDunnough's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Auburn Edmund Brower in 1937. It is found in the US state of California. Adults are on wing from June ...

'' – McDunnough's underwing * ''

Catocala meskei ''Catocala meskei'', or Meske's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It is found in North America from Maine and Quebec west to southern Alberta and ...

'' – Meske's underwing * ''

Catocala messalina ''Catocala messalina'', the Messalina underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in the United States from Virginia south to Florida and west to Texas and north to Kansas. ...

'' – Messalina underwing (type of ''Andrewsia'') * '' Catocala micronympha'' – little nymph underwing, little bride underwing * ''

Catocala minuta ''Catocala minuta'', the little underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864. It is found in the US from New York to Florida and west to Texas and north to South Dakota, Indiana an ...

'' – little underwing * ''

Catocala mira ''Catocala mira'', the wonderful underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1876. It is found in North America from Manitoba through southern Ontario and Quebec ...

'' – wonderful underwing * ''

Catocala miranda ''Catocala miranda'', the Miranda underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It is found in the US from Illinois, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts to Florida and west to western North Ca ...

'' – Miranda underwing * ''

Catocala muliercula ''Catocala muliercula'', the little wife underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in the US from Massachusetts and Connecticut south to Florida and w ...

'' – little wife underwing * '' Catocala myristica'' - Myristica underwing Kons & Borth, 2015 * ''

Catocala nebulosa ''Catocala nebulosa'', the clouded underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864. It is found in North America from southern Ontario south through Tennessee to Florida, west to Texa ...

'' – clouded underwing * ''

Catocala neogama ''Catocala neogama'', the bride, is an moth in the family Erebidae first described by James Edward Smith in 1797. It is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, from Maine and Quebec south to northern Florida and west to South Dakota, ...

'' – the bride (including ''C. euphemia'') * '' Catocala nuptialis'' – married underwing * ''

Catocala obscura ''Catocala obscura'', the obscure underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Ferdinand Heinrich Hermann Strecker in 1873. In Canada it is found in southern Quebec (where it is rare) and Ontario and in the Uni ...

'' – obscure underwing * ''

Catocala ophelia ''Catocala ophelia'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the dry forests of Arizona, California and south-western Oregon. The wingspan is about 52 mm. Adults are on wing from July to October depending on the location. There is ...

'' * ''

Catocala orba ''Catocala orba'', the Orba underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Nikolai Yakovlevich Kuznetsov in 1903. It is found from Massachusetts south to Georgia and Florida, west to Texas, and as far north as M ...

'' – Orba underwing * ''

Catocala palaeogama ''Catocala palaeogama'', the old wife underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It is found in North America from Ontario and Quebec (where it is rare), through M ...

'' – old wife underwing (sometimes in ''C. neogama'') * '' Catocala parta'' – mother underwing * '' Catocala piatrix'' – penitent underwing * ''

Catocala praeclara ''Catocala praeclara'', the praeclara underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote and Coleman Townsend Robinson in 1866. It is found in North America from Nova Scot ...

'' – praeclara underwing * ''

Catocala pretiosa ''Catocala pretiosa'', the precious underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Joseph Albert Lintner in 1876. It was included in ''Catocala crataegi'' by many authors, but recently it has ...

'' – precious underwing (formerly in ''C. crataegi'') ** ''Catocala pretiosa texarkana'' – Texarkana underwing * ''

Catocala relicta ''Catocala relicta'', the white underwing or relict, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It lives in southern Canada, from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, south to Missouri, and Arizona ...

'' – the relict, "white underwing" * ''

Catocala residua ''Catocala residua'', the residua underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. It is found in North America from southern Ontario, Quebec and Maine south to North Carolina and ...

'' – residua underwing * ''

Catocala retecta ''Catocala retecta'', the yellow-gray underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It can be found in North America from southern Ontario and Quebec south t ...

'' – yellow-gray underwing ** ''Catocala'' (''retecta'') ''luctuosa'' – yellow-fringed underwing * '' Catocala robinsoni'' – Robinson's underwing * ''

Catocala sappho ''Catocala sappho'', the Sappho underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Ferdinand Heinrich Hermann Strecker in 1874. It is found from Virginia and Tennessee south to Florida and west to Louisiana, Mississi ...

'' – Sappho underwing * '' Catocala semirelicta'' – semirelict underwing (including ''C. nevadensis, C. pura'') * '' Catocala serena'' – serene underwing * ''

Catocala similis ''Catocala similis'', the similar underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864. It is found in North America from Ontario and Quebec south through Maine and Con ...

'' – similar underwing * '' Catocala sordida'' – sordid underwing * ''

Catocala subnata ''Catocala subnata'', the youthful underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1864. It is found in North America from Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswi ...

'' – youthful underwing * '' Catocala texanae'' – Texan underwing * ''

Catocala ulalume ''Catocala ulalume'', the Ulalume underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Herman Strecker in 1878. It is found in the United States from Virginia through Georgia to Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma and ...

'' – Ulalume underwing * ''

Catocala ultronia ''Catocala ultronia'', the dark red underwing or ultronia underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1823. It is found in most of eastern North America, south to Florida a ...

'' – dark red underwing, ultronia underwing * '' Catocala umbrosa'' * ''

Catocala unijuga ''Catocala unijuga'', the once-married underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in North America from Newfoundland west to south central British Columbia, south to Kentu ...

'' – once-married underwing * ''

Catocala verrilliana ''Catocala verrilliana'', or Verrill's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found in the US from Washington (state), Washington and Oregon to ...

'' – Verrill's underwing * ''

Catocala vidua ''Catocala vidua'', the widow underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was Species description, first described by James Edward Smith (botanist), James Edward Smith in 1797. It is found in North America from southern Ontario, into ...

'' – widow underwing * ''

Catocala violenta ''Catocala violenta'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found from Colorado to Arizona, east to Texas and into Mexico. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other win ...

'' * ''

Catocala whitneyi ''Catocala whitneyi'', or Whitney's underwing, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by G. M. Dodge in 1874. It is found in North America from North Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas eastward through Wisconsin to Ohio and ...

'' – Whitney's underwing Comparison of North American species File:Catocala nurus.JPG, ''

'' f. ''nurus''
sweetheart underwing
type species of ''Lamprosia'' File:Catocala amica.jpg, ''

''
girlfriend underwing
type species of ''Corisce'' File:Catocala allusa.JPG, '' Catocala allusa'' File:Catocala andromache2.JPG, ''

''
Andromache underwing File:Catocala angusi 01.jpg, ''

''
Angus' underwing File:Catocala antinympha.jpg, ''

''
sweetfern underwing File:Catocala phoebe.JPG, ''

''
bay underwing File:Catocala benjamini benjamini.JPG, ''

benjamini''
Benjamin's underwing File:Catocala carissima.JPG, ''

''
carissima underwing File:Catocala cerogama.jpg, ''

''
yellow-banded underwing File:Catocala coccinata sinuosa.jpg, '' Catocala coccinata''
scarlet underwing File:Catocala concumbens2.JPG, ''

''
pink underwing File:Catocala sancta.JPG, '' Catocala connubialis'' f. ''sancta''
connubial underwing File:Catocala delilah mounted.JPG, '' Catocala delilah''
Delilah underwing File:Catocala desdemona.JPG, '' Catocala desdemona''
Desdemona underwing File:Catocala frederici2.JPG, ''

'' File:Catocala grotiana.JPG, ''

''
Grote's underwing File:Catocala grynea 01.JPG, ''

''
woody underwing File:Catocala habilis.jpg, ''

''
habilis underwing File:Catocala diantha.JPG, '' Catocala hermia'' f. ''diantha''
Hermia underwing File:Catocala innubens.jpg, ''

''
betrothed underwing File:Catocala irene2.JPG, ''

''
Irene's underwing File:Catocala jessica.JPG, ''

''
Jessica underwing File:Catocala johnsoniana.JPG, '' Catocala johnsoniana''
Johnson's underwing File:Catocala judith 01.jpg, ''

''
Judith's underwing File:Catocala lacrymosa 01.jpg, ''

''
tearful underwing File:Catocala nerissa.JPG, ''

''
lineella underwing File:Catocala nebraskae.JPG, '' Catocala luciana''
shining underwing File:Catocala maestosa2.JPG, ''

''
sad underwing File:Catocala manitoba.JPG, '' Catocala manitoba''
Manitoba underwing File:Catocala mcdunnoughi.JPG, ''

''
McDunnough's underwing File:Catocala rosalinda.JPG, ''

'' f. ''rosalinda''
Meske's underwing File:Catocala micronympha.jpg, '' Catocala micronympha''
little nymph underwing File:Catocala euphemia.JPG, ''

euphemia''
the bride File:Catocala obscura.jpg, ''

''
obscure underwing File:Catocala palaeogama 01.jpg, ''

''
old wife underwing File:Catocala dionyza2.JPG, '' Catocala piatrix dionyza''
penitent underwing File:Catocala relicta.01.jpg, ''

''
the relict File:Catocala luctuosa.JPG, ''

luctuosa''
yellow-fringed underwing File:Catocala serena.jpg, '' Catocala serena''
serene underwing File:Catocala subnata 01.JPG, ''

''
youthful underwing File:Catocala texanae.JPG, '' Catocala texanae''
Texan underwing File:Catocala ultronia.jpg, ''

''
dark red underwing File:Catocala unijuga.JPG, ''

''
once-married underwing File:Catocala beutenmuelleri.JPG, ''

'' f. ''beutenmuelleri''
Verrill's underwing File:Catocala vidua.jpg, ''

''
widow underwing

Other "underwing moths"

As noted in the introduction, some species besides the Catocala species are also commonly known as "underwings". Typically however, the name is used with a qualifier, such as a color term, in these cases. Non-''Catocala'' "underwing moths" are typically owlet moths, namely: Subfamily Catocalinae * Beautiful yellow underwing (''Anarta myrtilli'') * Brown underwing (''Minucia lunaris'') * Locust underwing (''Euparthenos nubilis'') * (European) white underwing (''Catephia alchymista'') – in North America, "white underwing" typically refers to ''

'' Subfamily Amphipyrinae *

Copper underwing The copper underwing, humped green fruitworm or pyramidal green fruitworm (''Amphipyra pyramidea'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. Distribut ...

(''Amphipyra pyramidea'') *

Svensson's copper underwing Svensson's copper underwing (''Amphipyra berbera'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Charles E. Rungs in 1949. It is distributed throughout Europe including Russia east to the Urals. This species has a wings ...

(''Amphipyra berbera'') Subfamily Erebinae * False underwing moth (''Allotria elonympha'') Subfamily Hadeninae * Black underwing (''Mormo maura'') * Blossom underwing (''Orthosia miniosa'') * Broad-bordered white underwing (''Hadula melanopa'') * Guernsey underwing (''Polyphaenis sericata'') * Lunar underwing (''Omphaloscelis lunosa'') * Small dark yellow underwing (''Coranarta cordigera'') * Small yellow underwing (''Panemeria tenebrata'') *

Straw underwing The straw underwing (''Thalpophila matura'') is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johann Siegfried Hufnagel in 1766. It is found from North Africa west through South Europe and Central Europe. In the no ...

(''Thalpophila matura'') Subfamily Noctuinae * Pearly underwing (''Peridroma saucia'') * Yellow underwings proper, some 15 species in the genus '' Noctua'' However, the "orange underwings" are two species of genus ''

Archiearis ''Archiearis'' is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae found in northern nearctic and palearctic areas. Species * '' Archiearis infans'' (Möschler, 1862) – the infant * '' Archiearis notha'' (Hübner, 803 – light orange underwing * ...

'' of the

geometer moth The geometer moths are moths belonging to the family Geometridae of the insect order Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies. Their scientific name derives from the Ancient Greek ''geo'' γεω (derivative form of or "the earth"), and ''metr ...

family (Geometridae): * Orange underwing (''Archiearis parthenias'') * Light orange underwing (''Archiearis notha'') Image:Mormo maura.1.JPG, Black underwing
''

Mormo maura ''Mormo maura'', the old lady or black underwing, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was Species description, first described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Systema Naturae. It ...

''
Hadeninae Image:Minucia lunaris.jpg, Brown underwing
'' Minucia lunaris''
Catocalinae Image:Cathephia alchymista.jpg, White underwing
'' Catephia alchymista''
Catocalinae Image:Amphipyra berbera001.jpg, Svensson's copper underwing
'' Amphipyra berbera''
Amphipyrinae Image:Amphipyra pyramidea.jpg, Copper underwing
''

Amphipyra pyramidea The copper underwing, humped green fruitworm or pyramidal green fruitworm (''Amphipyra pyramidea'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae''. Distribut ...

''
Amphipyrinae Image:Noctua tirrenica female.jpg, Mediterranean yellow underwing
'' Noctua tirrenica''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua fimbriata2.jpg, Broad-bordered yellow underwing
'' Noctua fimbriata''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua pronuba.o1.jpg, Large yellow underwing
''

Noctua pronuba The large yellow underwing (''Noctua pronuba'') is a moth, the type species for the family Noctuidae. It is an abundant species throughout the Palearctic realm, one of the most common and most familiar moths of the region. In some years the speci ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua jantina.01.jpg, Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing
''

Noctua janthina The lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing or Langmaid's yellow underwing (''Noctua janthina'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is distributed throughout southern and central Europe, and southern Sweden. Like other members of its genu ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua interjecta.jpg, Least yellow underwing
''

Noctua interjecta ''Noctua interjecta'', the least yellow underwing, is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe. Subspecies There are two subspecies: * ''Noctua interjecta interjecta'' (Alps, southern France, northern and south-eastern S ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua interposita.JPG, Least yellow underwing
''

Noctua interposita ''Noctua interposita'' is a moth of the family Noctuinae. It is found in Europe. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the other wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 ha ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua orbona.01.jpg, Lunar yellow underwing
''

Noctua orbona ''Noctua orbona'', the lunar yellow underwing, is a moth of the family Noctuoidea. It is found in the Palearctic. Distribution North Africa (Morocco and Libya), western, central and southern Europe. In the north to Scotland, southern Norway, ce ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Noctua comes.01.jpg, Lesser yellow underwing
''

Noctua comes The lesser yellow underwing (''Noctua comes'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. Distribution It is found in the Palearctic realm (Europe, North Africa, Canary Islands, Middle East, South Russia, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, A ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Coranarta cordigera.jpg, Small dark yellow underwing
'' Coranarta cordigera''
Hadeninae Image:Anarta myrtilli 01.jpg, Beautiful yellow underwing
'' Anarta myrtilli''
Catocalinae Image:Panemeria tenebrata.jpg, Small yellow underwing
''

Panemeria tenebrata ''Panemeria tenebrata'', the small yellow underwing, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in his 1763 ''Entomologia Carniolica''. It is found in Europe but is missing in northern Scandin ...

''
Catocalinae Image:Hadula melanopa.jpg, Broad-bordered white underwing
'' Hadula melanopa''
Hadeninae Image:Polyphaenis sericata.01.jpg, Guernsey underwing
'' Polyphaenis sericata''
Hadeninae Image:Thalpophila matura.jpg, Straw underwing
'' Thalpophila matura''
Hadeninae Image:Orthosia miniosa 01.jpg, Blossom underwing
'' Orthosia miniosa''
Hadeninae Image:Peridroma saucia 01.jpg, Pearly underwing
''

Peridroma saucia ''Peridroma saucia'', the pearly underwing or variegated cutworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1808. It is found in North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The variegated cutwor ...

''
Noctuinae Image:Archiearis parthenias.jpg, Orange underwing
''

Archiearis parthenias ''Archiearis parthenias'', the orange underwing, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1761 and can be found in Europe, Russia and Japan. The wingspan is about 30–40 mm. The moths fly ...

''
Geometridae: Archiearinae Image:Archiearis notha.jpg, Light orange underwing
'' Archiearis notha''
Geometridae: Archiearinae Image:Boudinotiana puella.jpg, Pale orange underwing
'' Boudinotiana puella''
Geometridae: Archiearinae

Footnotes

References

* ''

Fauna Europaea Fauna Europaea is a database of the scientific names and distribution of all living multicellular European land and fresh-water animals. It serves as a standard taxonomic source for animal taxonomy within the Pan-European Species directories Infras ...

'' (FE) (2011)
''Catocala''
Version 2.4, January 27, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2012. * * Nelson, John M. & Loy, Peter W. (1983): The Underwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Oklahoma. ''Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science'' 63: 60–67
PDF fulltext
* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004a)
Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species
�
Blepharonia Hübner 1823
Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012. * Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004b)
Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species
�
''Catocala''
Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012. * * Stevens, Martin (2005): The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. ''

Biological Reviews The Cambridge Philosophical Society (CPS) is a scientific society at the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1819. The name derives from the medieval use of the word philosophy to denote any research undertaken outside the fields of law ...

'' 80(4): 573–588.
PDF fultlext
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910): ''English-Greek Dictionary – A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C
Searchable JPEG fulltext

External links

* * Oehlke, Bill (January 1, 2013)

''Catocala''. Retrieved January 13, 2019. {{Taxonbar , from=Q2450100 Noctuoidea genera

Description and ecology

Classification

Synonyms

Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ... species

Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ... species

Other "underwing moths"

Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links

Palearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...
species

Nearctic The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface. The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America t ...
species