Carpinus polyneura

Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus ''Carpinus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Origin of names

The common English name ''hornbeam'' derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to horn) and the Old English ''beam'' "tree" (cognate with Dutch ‘’Boom’’ and German ''Baum''). The American hornbeam is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the American beech ''Fagus grandifolia'', the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscled appearance of the trunk and limbs. The botanical name for the genus, ''Carpinus'', is the original Latin name for the European species, although some etymologists derive it from the Celtic for a yoke.

Taxonomy

Formerly some taxonomists segregated them with the genera ''Corylus'' (hazels) and ''Ostrya'' (hop-hornbeams) in a separate family, Corylaceae. However, modern botanists place ''Carpinus'' in the birch subfamily Coryloideae. Species of ''Carpinus'' are often grouped into two subgenera ''Carpinus'' subgenus ''Carpinus'' and ''Carpinus'' subgenus '' Distegicarpus''. However, phylogentic analysis has shown that ''Ostrya'' likely evolved from a ''Carpinus'' ancestor somewhere in ''C.'' subg. '' Distegicarpus'' making ''Carpinus'' paraphyletic. The fossil record of the genus extends back to the Early Eocene, Ypresian of northwestern North America, with the species ''Carpinus perryae'' described from fossil fruits found in the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington.

Description

Hornbeams are small to medium-sized trees, ''Carpinus betulus'' reaching a height of 32 m. The leaves are deciduous, alternate, and simple with a serrated margin, and typically vary from 3 to 10 cm in length. The flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous catkins, produced in spring. The male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (monoecious). The fruit is a small nut about 3–6 mm long, held in a leafy bract; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving wind dispersal. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10–30 seeds are on each seed catkin.

Distribution

The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly China. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in Mesoamerica. ''Carpinus betulus'' can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.

Associated insects

Hornbeams are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including autumnal moth, common emerald, feathered thorn, walnut sphinx, Svensson's copper underwing, and winter moth (recorded on European hornbeam) as well as the ''Coleophora'' case-bearers ''C. currucipennella'' and ''C. ostryae''.

Applications

Hornbeams yield a very hard timber, giving rise to the name "ironwood".Archived a
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Dried heartwood billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it. The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels, piano actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required. The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional windmills. It is sometimes coppiced to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.

Species

Accepted species:

*''Carpinus betulus'' – European hornbeam - Europe to Western Asia; naturalized in North America.
*''Carpinus caroliniana'' – American hornbeam - Eastern North America
*''Carpinus chuniana'' – Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei
*''Carpinus cordata'' – Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan
*''Carpinus dayongiana'' – Hunan
*'' Carpinus eximia'' – Korea
*''Carpinus faginea'' – Nepal, Himalayas of northern India
*''Carpinus fangiana'' – Sichuan, Guangxi
*''Carpinus hebestroma'' – Taiwan
*'' Carpinus henryana'' – southern China
*''Carpinus japonica'' Blume – Japanese hornbeam - Japan
*''Carpinus kawakamii'' – Taiwan, southeastern China
*''Carpinus kweichowensis'' – Guizhou, Yunnan
*''Carpinus langaoensis'' – Shaanxi, China
*''Carpinus laxiflora'' – Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea
*''Carpinus lipoensis'' – Guizhou
*''Carpinus londoniana'' – southern China, northern Indochina
*'' Carpinus luochengensis'' – Guangxi
*''Carpinus mengshanensis'' – Shandong
*''Carpinus microphylla'' – Guangxi
*''Carpinus mollicoma'' – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
*''Carpinus monbeigiana'' – Tibet, Yunnan
*''Carpinus omeiensis'' – Sichuan, Guizhou
*''Carpinus orientalis'' – Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
*'' Carpinus paohsingensis'' – China
*†''Carpinus perryae'' - Ypresian, Klondike Mountain Formation
*'' Carpinus polyneura'' – southern China
*''Carpinus pubescens'' – China, Vietnam
*'' Carpinus purpurinervis'' – Guizhou, Guangxi
*''Carpinus putoensis'' – Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang
*'' Carpinus rankanensis'' – Taiwan
*''Carpinus rupestris'' – Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou
*''Carpinus shensiensis'' – Gansu, Shaanxi
*''Carpinus shimenensis'' – Hunan
*†''Carpinus tengshongensis'' – Pliocene
*''Carpinus tropicalis'' – Mexico, Central America
*''Carpinus tsaiana'' – Yunnan, Guizhou
*''Carpinus tschonoskii'' – Chonowski's hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
*'' Carpinus turczaninovii'' – Korean hornbeam, - China, Korea, Japan
*''Carpinus viminea'' – China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina

References

External links

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Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus