Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of
Venezuela, and the center of the
Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas).
Caracas is located along the
Guaire River
The Guaire River is a short river in Venezuela that flows through the nation's capital of Caracas. It is a tributary of the Tuy River and is 72 kilometers (45 miles) long in length. It rises in an area called Las Adjuntas in the Capital District ...
in the northern part of the country, within the Caracas Valley of the
Venezuelan coastal mountain range (Cordillera de la Costa). The valley is close to the
Caribbean Sea, separated from the coast by a steep 2,200-meter-high (7,200 ft) mountain range,
Cerro El Ávila
Cerro is Spanish for "hill" or "mountain".
Toponyms
;Bolivia:
* Cerro Rico, the "Rich Mountain" containing silver ore near Potosi, Bolivia
;Brazil:
* Cerro Branco, a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul
* Cerro Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, a munici ...
; to the south there are more hills and mountains. The Metropolitan Region of Caracas has an estimated population of almost 5 million inhabitants.
The center of the city is still ''Catedral'', located near
Bolívar Square,
though some consider the center to be
Plaza Venezuela
Plaza Venezuela (Venezuela Square in Spanish) is a public square located in Los Caobos neighborhood, Caracas, Venezuela. It was inaugurated in 1940 and is situated in the geographic center of Caracas.
Its place for many landmarks of Caracas, inc ...
, located in the Los Caobos area.
Businesses in the city include service companies, banks, and malls. Caracas has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.
The
Caracas Stock Exchange and
Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered in Caracas.
Empresas Polar is the largest private company in Venezuela. Caracas is also Venezuela's cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and
shopping centers. Caracas has some of the tallest skyscrapers in Latin America,
such as the
Parque Central Towers. The
Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas
Caracas Museum of Contemporary Art () is a museum of modern art located in the Parque Central Complex in Caracas, Venezuela. It was founded on 30 August 1973 by the journalist and art patron Sofía Ímber, also its director from 1973 to her ...
is one of the most important in South America.
History
Before the city was founded in 1567,
the valley of Caracas was populated by indigenous peoples.
Francisco Fajardo
Francisco Fajardo (Isla Margarita, Nueva Esparta, Colonial Venezuela c. 1524 - Cumaná, Sucre, Colonial Venezuela 1564) was a Spanish conquistador active in Venezuela. He was an example of a '' mestizo'' (mixed race) conquistador.
Fajardo was ...
, the son of a Spanish
captain
Captain is a title, an appellative for the commanding officer of a military unit; the supreme leader of a navy ship, merchant ship, aeroplane, spacecraft, or other vessel; or the commander of a port, fire or police department, election precinct, e ...
and a
Guaiqueri ''
cacica'', who came from
Margarita, began establishing settlements in the area of
La Guaira and the Caracas valley between 1555 and 1560. Fajardo attempted to establish a plantation in the valley in 1562 after these unsuccessful coastal towns, but it did not last long: it was destroyed by natives of the region led by
Terepaima and
Guaicaipuro.
Fajardo's 1560 settlement was known as Hato de San Francisco, and another attempt in 1561 by Juan Rodríguez de Suárez was called Villa de San Francisco, and was also destroyed by the same native people.
The eventual settlers of Caracas came from
Coro
Coro or CORO may refer to:
Entertainment
* ''Coro'' (Berio), a composition by Luciano Berio
* Coro (music), Italian for choir
* Coro TV, Venezuelan community television channel
* Omweso (Coro), mancala game played in the Lango region of Uganda
* ...
, the German capital of their
Klein-Venedig
(Little Venice) or Welserland (pronunciation vɛl.zɐ.lant was the most significant territory of the German colonization of the Americas, from 1528 to 1546, in which the Welser banking and patrician family of the Free Imperial Cities of Pr ...
colony around the present-day coastal
Colombia–Venezuela border; from the 1540s, the colony had been ''de facto'' controlled by Spaniards. Moving eastward from Coro, groups of Spanish settlers founded inland towns including
Barquisimeto and
Valencia before reaching the Caracas valley.
On 25 July 1567, Captain
Diego de Losada laid the foundations of the city of ''Santiago de León de Caracas''.
De Losada had been commissioned to capture the valley, and was successful by splitting the natives into different groups to work with, then fighting and defeating each of them.
The town was the closest to the coast of these new settlements, and the colonists retained a native workforce, which allowed a trade network to develop between Caracas, the interior, and Margarita; the towns further inland produced ample cotton products and beeswax, and Margarita was a rich source of pearls. The Caracas valley had a good environment for both agricultural and arable farming, which contributed to the system of commerce but meant that the town's population was initially sparse, as it was only large enough to support a few farms.
In 1577, Caracas became the capital of the
Spanish Empire's
Venezuela Province
The Venezuela Province (or Province of Caracas) was a province of the Spanish Empire (from 1527), of Gran Colombia (1824-1830) and later of Venezuela (from 1830), apart from an interlude (1528 - 1546) when it was contracted as a concession by the ...
under the province's new governor,
Juan de Pimentel (1576–1583).
In the 1580s, Caraqueños started selling food to the Spanish soldiers in
Cartagena, who often docked in the coastal city when collecting products from the empire in South America. Wheat was growing increasingly expensive in the
Iberian Peninsula, and the Spanish profited from buying it from Caracas farmers. This cemented the city in the empire's trade circuit.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the coast of Venezuela was frequently raided by pirates. With the coastal mountains of the
Central Range Central Range, Central Mountains, or Central Mountain Range may refer to several ranges of mountains, including:
* Central Range, New Guinea
* Central Range, Taiwan
* Central Range, Trinidad and Tobago
* Central Range, Venezuela
See also
* Cent ...
as a barrier, Caracas was relatively immune to such attacks, compared to other Caribbean coastal settlements,
but in 1595 the
Preston–Somers expedition landed and around 200 English
Privateers, including
George Somers and
Amyas Preston, crossed the mountains through a little-used pass while the town's defenders were guarding the more frequently used one. Encountering little resistance, the invaders sacked and set fire to the town after a failed ransom negotiation. The city managed to rebuild, using wheat profits and "a lot of sacrifice".
In the 1620s, farmers in Caracas discovered that
Cacao beans could be sold, first selling them to native people of Mexico and quickly growing across the
Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
. The city became important in the
Viceroyalty of
New Spain
New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( es, Virreinato de Nueva España, ), or Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Am ...
, as well as moving from largely native slave labor to African slaves, the first of the Spanish colonies to become part of the
slave trade. The city was successful and operated on cacao and slave trade until the 1650s, when an ''alhorra'' blight, the
Mexican Inquisition of many of their Portuguese traders, and increased cacao production in
Guayaquil greatly affected the market. This and the destructive
1641 earthquake put the city into decline, and they likely began illegally trading with the
Dutch Empire, which Caraqueños later proved sympathetic to; by the 1670s, Caracas had a trading route through
Curaçao
Curaçao ( ; ; pap, Kòrsou, ), officially the Country of Curaçao ( nl, Land Curaçao; pap, Pais Kòrsou), is a Lesser Antilles island country in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region, about north of the Venezuela coast ...
.
In 1728, the
Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas was founded by the king, and the cacao business grew in importance. Caracas was made one of the three provinces of
Nueva Granada, corresponding to Venezuela, in 1739. Over the next three decades the Viceroyalty was variously split, with Caracas province becoming the Venezuela province.
Luis de Unzaga created the
Captaincy General of Venezuela in the summer of 1777, with Caracas as the capital.
Venezuela then attempted to become independent, first with the 1797
Gual and España conspiracy
The Gual and España conspiracy (1797) was a pro-independence movement in Colonial Venezuela, led by José María España and Manuel Gual. The Spanish revolutionary, Juan Bautista Mariano Picornell y Gomila, was involved. It is also believed that S ...
, based in Caracas,
and then the successful 1811
Venezuelan Declaration of Independence.
Caracas then came under worse luck: in 1812, an
earthquake destroyed Caracas, a quarter of its population migrated in 1814, and the
Venezuelan War of Independence
The Venezuelan War of Independence ( es, Guerra de Independencia de Venezuela, links=no, 1810–1823) was one of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early nineteenth century, when independence movements in Latin America fought agai ...
continued until 24 June 1821, when
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and B ...
defeated
royalists in the
Battle of Carabobo
The Battle of Carabobo, on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre. Bolívar's decisive victory at Carabobo led ...
.
[Maurice Wiesenthal, ''The History and Geography of a Valley'', 1981.] Urban reforms only took place towards the end of the 19th century, under
Antonio Guzmán Blanco: some landmarks were built, but the city remained distinctly colonial until the 1930s.
Caracas grew in size, population, and economic importance during Venezuela's oil boom in the early 20th century. In the 1950s, the metropolitan area of Gran Caracas was developed, and the city began an intensive modernization program, funding public buildings, which continued throughout the 1960s and early 1970s.
Cultural landmarks, like the
University City of Caracas
The University City of Caracas (Spanish: ''Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas''), also known by the acronym CUC, is the main campus of the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), located in central Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. It was designed by ...
, designed by modernist architect
Carlos Raúl Villanueva
Carlos Raúl Villanueva Astoul (May 30, 1900 – August 16, 1975) was a Venezuelan modernist architect. Villanueva went for the first time to Venezuela when he was 28 years old. He was involved in the development and modernization of Caracas, ...
and declared a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO in 2000;
the
Caracas Museum of Contemporary Art
Caracas Museum of Contemporary Art () is a museum of modern art located in the Parque Central Complex in Caracas, Venezuela. It was founded on 30 August 1973 by the journalist and art patron Sofía Ímber, also its director from 1973 to her d ...
; and the
Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex were built, as well as the
Caracas Metro and a developed downtown area. Urban development was rapid, leading to the growth of slums on the hillsides surrounding the new city. Much of the city development also fell into disrepair come the end of the 20th century, with the
1980s oil glut
The 1980s oil glut was a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis. The world price of oil had peaked in 1980 at over US$35 per barrel (equivalent to $ per barrel in dollars, when adjusted for inf ...
and political instability like the
Caracazo, meaning maintenance can not be sustained. The economic and social problems persist throughout the capital and country, characterized as the
Crisis in Venezuela. By 2017, Caracas was the most violent city in the world.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms was adopted in 1591. Simón de Bolívar, an ancestor of Venezuelan liberator Simón Bolívar, had been named the first
procurator general of the Venezuelan province in 1589. He served as the representative of Venezuela to the Spanish Crown, and vice versa. In 1591, de Bolívar introduced a petition to King
Philip II for a coat of arms, which he granted by
Royal Cedula
A decree is a law, legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state (such as the President (government title), president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution). It has the force of ...
on 4 September that year in San Lorenzo. The coat of arms represents the city's name with the red
Santiago (St. James') cross. It originally depicted "a brown bear rampant on a field of silver, holding between its paws a golden shell with the red cross of Santiago; and its seal is a crown with five golden points". In the same act, the king declared Caracas as "The Most Noble and Very Loyal City of Santiago de León de Caracas".
The anthem of the city is the ''Marcha a Caracas'', written by the composer Tiero Pezzuti de Matteis with the lyrics by
José Enrique Sarabia and approved in 1984.
Geography
Caracas is contained entirely within a valley of the
Venezuelan Central Range, and is separated from the Caribbean coast by a roughly expanse of
El Ávila National Park. The valley is relatively small and quite irregular, and the altitude varies from between
above sea level
Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''.
The comb ...
; the historic center lies at about above sea level.
This, along with the rapid population growth, has profoundly influenced the
urban development of the city. The most elevated point of the Capital District, wherein the city is located, is the ''Pico El Ávila'', which rises to .
The main body of water in Caracas is the
Guaire River
The Guaire River is a short river in Venezuela that flows through the nation's capital of Caracas. It is a tributary of the Tuy River and is 72 kilometers (45 miles) long in length. It rises in an area called Las Adjuntas in the Capital District ...
, which flows across the city and empties into the
Tuy River, which is also fed by the El Valle and
San Pedro rivers, in addition to numerous streams which descend from El Ávila. The La Mariposa and reservoirs provide water to the city. The city is occasionally subject to earthquakes – notably in
1641
Events
January–March
* January 4 – The stratovolcano Mount Parker in the Philippines) has a major eruption.
* January 18 – Pau Claris proclaims the Catalan Republic.
* February 16 – King Charles I of England giv ...
and 1967.
Geologically, Caracas was formed in the
Late Cretaceous period, with much of the rest of the Caribbean, and sits on what is mostly
metamorphic rock. Deformation of the land in this period formed the region.
Climate
Under the
Köppen climate classification, Caracas has a
tropical savanna climate (''Aw''), milder due to its altitude. Caracas precipitation varies between (annual), in the city proper to in some parts of the Mountain range. While Caracas is within the tropics, due to its altitude temperatures are generally not nearly as high as other tropical locations at sea level. The annual average temperature is approximately , with the average of the coldest month (January) and the average of the warmest month (June) , which gives a small annual thermal amplitude of .
In the months of December and January abundant fog may appear, in addition to a sudden nightly drop in temperature, until reaching .
This peculiar weather is known by the natives of Caracas as the ''Pacheco''. In addition, nightly temperatures at any time of the year are much (14 to 20 °C) lower than daytime highs and usually do not remain above
, resulting in very pleasant evening temperatures. Hail storms appear in Caracas, although only on rare occasions.
Electrical storm
A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak thunderstorms are someti ...
s are much more frequent, especially between June and October, due to the city being in a closed valley and the orographic action of Cerro El Ávila.
Hydrography
The hydrographic network of the city of Caracas is made up of the Guaire river basin which is a sub-basin of the Tuy river. This basin crosses the valley where the city is located from West to East (Las Adjuntas –
Petare). It covers about 655 square kilometers, about 45 km. long and about 15 km. wide, has a rectangular shape. The basin is formed by the Caracas Valley, which is relatively high, narrow and long, surrounded by the high and steep Cordillera de la Costa, which runs parallel to the Litoral.
Among the characteristics of the hydrographic network associated with the city of Caracas is the high degree of contamination that the entire network presents in its lower part due to the fact that the courses of rivers and tributaries of the
Guaire River
The Guaire River is a short river in Venezuela that flows through the nation's capital of Caracas. It is a tributary of the Tuy River and is 72 kilometers (45 miles) long in length. It rises in an area called Las Adjuntas in the Capital District ...
have been used as collectors of the water system. sewers and sewers since its creation in 1874 during the government of Antonio Guzmán Blanco until today. The level of contamination is such that it does not allow the maintenance of the life of the species that once populated the basin, and it has become extinct or has been restricted to the highest areas of the basin, mainly within the boundaries of the national park. Avila. Awareness for the recovery of the basin has recently begun, however, much remains to be done before results can be observed.
Among the main rivers and streams that make up the basin are in its northern slope: San Pedro River, Macarao River, Quebrada Caroata, Catuche River, Anauco River, Chacaito River, Tocome River, Caurimare River; on its southern slope we find that among the main
tributaries are: El Valle river, Quebrada Baruta and Quebrada La Guairita. In the upper part of the basin there are two reservoirs with the purpose of supplying water to the western part of the city; These are the Macarao Dam and the La Mariposa Reservoir.
Urbanism
Caracas shares commonalities with many
Latin American cities: densely populated and with limited space because it is surrounded by mountains. Because of this, the city has grown vertically. A very striking aspect is the number of people living in substandard housing built on the mountain slopes surrounding the city. This type of housing is called ranchos, built improvised, without any official planning, with deficiencies and inadequate materials, marking a difference between those who live in the valley proper, 45% of the population in 25% of the urban area lives in these settlements.
The city center, developed around a small historic center, represents less than a quarter of the total area of the city, which has spread along the valley and has also been connected in recent years with satellite cities in the states of Miranda and La Guaira, creating a major metropolitan area known as Gran Caracas. The city's rapid population growth has resulted in increasing
traffic congestion
Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s. When traffic de ...
. To this end, the subway transportation system (Metro de Caracas) has been progressively expanded and is currently linked to the Los Teques Metro and, in the future, to the Guarenas-Guatire Metro system. The "Ezequiel Zamora" Central Railway System also links the communities of Charallave and Cúa de los Valles del Tuy with the subway transportation of the capital city.
Some areas of the city have a grid layout, either inherited from the
colony or developed during the urban projects of the 20th century. Other areas, built on the mountain slopes, do not follow this pattern, but adapt to the irregularities of the terrain. These elevated areas enjoy a temperate temperature throughout the year.
Demographics
According to the population census of 2011 the Caracas proper (Distrito Capital) is over 1.9 million inhabitants,
while that of the Metropolitan District of Caracas is estimated at 2.9 million . The majority of the population is
mixed-race, typically with varying degrees of
European
European, or Europeans, or Europeneans, may refer to:
In general
* ''European'', an adjective referring to something of, from, or related to Europe
** Ethnic groups in Europe
** Demographics of Europe
** European cuisine, the cuisines of Europe ...
,
Indigenous,
African
African or Africans may refer to:
* Anything from or pertaining to the continent of Africa:
** People who are native to Africa, descendants of natives of Africa, or individuals who trace their ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa
*** Ethn ...
and occasional
Asian ancestry. There is a noteworthy
Afro-Venezuelan community. Additionally, the city has a large number of both European Venezuelans and Asian Venezuelans who descend from the massive influx of various immigrants Venezuela received from all across Eurasia during the 20th century; in particular are descendants of Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians,
Serbs, Chinese, Colombians, Germans, Syrians and Lebanese people.
[Censo Nacional](_blank)
Deciembre 2014 In 2020, the poorest 55% of the Caracas population lived on about a third of its land, in poorly-planned slums that are generally dangerous to live in and access.
Caracas has exceeded the administrative limits of its perimeter due to accelerated population growth, so that its most suitable demographic study territory is the Metropolitan District or AMC. According to 2011 calculations by the National Institute of Statistics, the metropolitan city had a population for the 2011 census of 2,923,959 inhabitants. The Metropolitan District represents less than 1% of the national territory and is home to one-fifteenth of the total population of the country. In percentage numbers, 9.2% of the nation's total population lives in the five capital municipalities, out of the 335 municipalities that comprise the country.
The region is called Greater Caracas or Metropolitan Region of Caracas (RMC) satellite cities or adjacent bedrooms: the Altos Mirandinos, the Central Coast of La Guaira, Guarenas, Guatire and the Valles del Tuy. This agglomeration had an estimated population of 4.3 million inhabitants in 2011.
In the 20th century, an exodus of the peasantry to the capital and other cities intensified, motivated by a search for improvements in their quality of life. This led to depopulation of the rural areas of the country and the demographic saturation of the centers. This saturation caused the expansion of marginal areas on the outskirts of the city; however, the lowest unemployment rates in the entire country correspond precisely to the metropolitan area of Caracas. In 1936, the total population of Venezuela had been equal to the estimated population of Greater Caracas for the year 2000: almost 4 million inhabitants. From 1936 to 1990, Caracas multiplied its population, although far less than any other major city in the country, such as Valencia, which in the same period of time multiplied its population almost 25 times.
Between the 1940s and 1950s, after the Second World War, a growing wave of
European immigrants
European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities ...
began, mostly Spanish, Portuguese and Italians and in other magnitudes, communities of Germans (Colonia Tovar), French, English,
Serbs and Jews were established. New developments in Caracas were populated mainly by these European immigrants, such as La Florida and
Altamira.
During the 1960s, President Rómulo Betancourt followed the same policy as the Marcos Pérez Jiménez government: promoting immigration, especially from Latin America and from other parts of the world. These policies were maintained until the late 1980s, with a notable influx of Argentines, Uruguayans, Chileans, Cubans, Peruvians, Ecuadorians, Chinese, and Arabs. Towards the beginning of the 1980s, immigration was marked by a strong exodus of Colombians.
The multiethnic, cultural and racial mix has marked the city throughout history. Its ethnic composition is very diverse.
Crime
Venezuela and its capital, Caracas, are reported to both have among the highest per capita murder rates in the world. Caracas is the
city with the highest homicide rate in the world outside of a warzone, with a 2019 rate of around 76 murders per 100,000 people.
Most murders and other violent crimes go unsolved, with estimates of the number of unresolved crimes as high as 98%. The
U.S. Department of State and British
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) is a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, department of the Government of the United Kingdom. Equivalent to other countries' Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ministries of fore ...
have issued
travel warnings for Venezuela (especially Caracas) due to high rates of crime.
Economy
Businesses that are located in Caracas include service companies, banks, and malls, among others. It has a largely service-based economy, apart from some industrial activity in its metropolitan area.
The
Caracas Stock Exchange and
Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) are headquartered here. PDVSA, a state-run organization, is the largest company in Venezuela, and negotiates all the international agreements for the distribution and export of petroleum. When it existed, the airline
Viasa had its headquarters in the Torre Viasa.
Several international companies and embassies are located in
El Rosal and
Las Mercedes, in the Caracas area. The city also serves as a hub for communication and transportation infrastructure between the metropolitan area and the rest of the country. Important industries in Caracas include chemicals, textiles, leather,
food
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support. Food is usually of plant, animal, or fungal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals. The substance is inge ...
, iron, and wood products. There are also rubber and cement factories. Its nominal GDP is US$70 billion and the GDP (PPP) per capita is US$24,000.
A 2009 United Nations survey reported that the
cost of living in Caracas was 89% of that of the survey's baseline city, New York. However, this statistic is based upon a fixed currency-exchange-rate of 2003 and might not be completely realistic, due to the elevated inflation rates of the last several years.
Tourism
In 2013, the
World Economic Forum evaluated countries in terms of how successful they were in advertizing campaigns to attract foreign visitors. Out of the 140 countries evaluated, Venezuela came last. A major factor that has contributed to the lack of foreign visitors has been poor transport for tourists. Venezuela has limited railway systems and airlines. High crime rates and the negative attitude of the Venezuelan population towards tourism also contributed to the poor evaluation.
In an attempt to attract more foreign visitors, the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism invested in multiple hotel infrastructures. The largest hotel investment has been in the Hotel Alba Caracas. The cost for the general maintenance of the north and south towers of the hotel is approximately 231.5 million Venezuelan bolivars. Although the Venezuelan Ministry of Tourism has taken the initiative to recognize the importance of the tourism industry, the Venezuelan government has not placed the tourism industry as an economic priority. In 2013, the budget for the Ministry of Tourism was only 173.8 million bolivars, while the Ministry of the Youth received approximately 724.6 million bolivars.
The tourism industry in Venezuela contributes approximately 3.8 percent of the country GDP. The World Economic Forum predicts Venezuela's GDP to rise to 4.2 percent by 2022.
Government
On 8 March 2000, the year after a new constitution was introduced in Venezuela, it was decreed in ''Gaceta Official'' N° 36,906 that the Metropolitan District of Caracas would be created and that some of the powers of the
Libertador,
Chacao,
Baruta,
Sucre
Sucre () is the Capital city, capital of Bolivia, the capital of the Chuquisaca Department and the List of cities in Bolivia, 6th most populated city in Bolivia. Located in the south-central part of the country, Sucre lies at an elevation of . T ...
, and
El Hatillo municipalities would be delegated to the ''Alcaldía Mayor'', physically located in the large Libertador municipality, in the center of the city. The Metropolitan District of Caracas was suppressed on 20 December 2017 by the
Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela.
Capital District
In the case of the Libertador Municipality of Caracas, the only member of the Capital District, the
executive authority rests with the Head of Government of the Capital District, a position designated by the President of the Republic.
According to Article 3 of the Capital District Law, the legislative function is exercised directly by the Republic through the National Assembly of Venezuela.
Before the creation of the Metropolitan District, the Federal District (current Capital District) had a governor appointed by the President of the Republic, while the Caracas municipalities of the State of Miranda governed with their respective mayors in isolation, without any coordinating entity. In April 2009, the National Assembly reformed the Capital District Law, legalizing the constitution of a Head of Government or Governor for the Libertador municipality designated by the National Executive.
Using as an argument what is established in article 156 of the constitution:
Metropolitan District
The city of Caracas occupies the entirety of the Libertador municipality of the Capital District and part of the state of Miranda, specifically the municipalities of Baruta, Chacao, El Hatillo and Sucre, which until 2011 formed the Metropolitan District of Caracas, which enjoyed legal personality and autonomy within the limits of the Constitution and the law.
Until that year, the Metropolitan Mayor was the first civil, political and administrative authority of the city of Caracas, as well as the municipal mayors in each of the municipalities comprising it. The Metropolitan District of Caracas was organized in a system of municipal government at two levels: the metropolitan or district and the municipalities.
Landmarks
Media
*
Correo del Orinoco (2009)
*
El Nacional (Venezuela)
*
El Universal (Caracas)
*
Diario VEA
''Diario VEA'' is a daily newspaper in Venezuela. It was founded in Caracas
Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Ca ...
*
Diario 2001
*
Tal Cual
TAL or Tal may refer to:
Acronym
* Ralph M. Calhoun Memorial Airport (IATA code: TAL), in Tanana, Alaska
* TAL – Transportes Aéreos Ltda, the original name of TAC – Transportes Aéreos Catarinense, a Brazilian airline
* TAL effector, a fami ...
*
Diario Meridiano
''Meridiano'' (''Diario Meridiano'') is a Venezuelan national daily sports newspaper owned by Bloque De Armas, which also owns the sports network Meridiano Televisión.
References
See also
* List of newspapers in Venezuela
This is a list of ...
*
TVes
*
Venevisión
*
Vale TV
*
Venezolana de Televisión
*
Televen
*
RCTV
Radio Caracas Televisión (RCTV) was a Venezuelan free-to-air television network headquartered in the Caracas neighborhood of Quinta Crespo. It was sometimes referred to as the Canal de Bárcenas. Owned by Empresas 1BC, Radio Caracas Televisió ...
*
ViVe
*
Globovisión
*
Avila TV
*
Telesur
*
Canal i
Canal i is a privately owned 24-news channel based in Caracas, Venezuela which can be seen over-the-air in the cities of Caracas, Maracaibo, and Barquisimeto on channels 57, 53, and 63 respectively. It was officially inaugurated on October 5, ...
*
TV Familia
*
Catia TVe
*
Meridiano Televisión
*
Asamblea Nacional Televisión
*
Ve Plus TV
VePlus is the updated name of the subscription channel of Cisneros Media. Previously known in some areas as Venevision Continental, Novelisima VePlus TV, V Mas TV (subsidiary of Grupo Cisneros), VePlus has retained much of the programming of Ven ...
Culture
Caracas is Venezuela's
cultural capital, with many restaurants, theaters, museums, and
shopping centers. The city is home to many immigrants from Spain, Italy, Portugal, the Middle East, Germany, China, and other Latin American countries.
Sports
Professional sports teams in the city include the
football
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
clubs
Caracas Fútbol Club,
Deportivo Petare
Petare Fútbol Club (until summer 2010 called Deportivo Italia Fútbol Club and known as Deportivo Petare Fútbol Club until summer 2015) is a Venezuelan football club based in Caracas. Formed in 1948 as "Deportivo Italia F.C.", the club after ...
,
Atlético Venezuela,
SD Centro Italo Venezolano
The club Centro Ítalo Venezolano (usually called CIV) was a professional football club promoted to Segunda División in 2009, based in Caracas.
Achievements
* Segunda División Venezolana: 1
::Clausura 2009
Current first team squad
...
,
Estrella Roja FC and
Deportivo La Guaira. Deportivo Petare has reached the semi-finals of international tournaments, such as the
Copa Libertadores
The CONMEBOL Libertadores, also known as the Copa Libertadores de América ( pt, Copa Libertadores da América), is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960. It is the highest level of competition in S ...
, while the Caracas Fútbol Club has reached the quarterfinals. Baseball teams
Tiburones de La Guaira and
Leones del Caracas play at
University Stadium, with a capacity of nearly 26,000 spectators.
The football stadiums in the city include the
Olympic Stadium, home to Caracas Fútbol Club and Deportivo La Guaira, with a capacity of 30,000 spectators, and the
Brígido Iriarte Stadium
Estadio Brígido Iriarte is a multi-purpose stadium in Caracas, Venezuela. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Venezuelan Primera División team Atlético Venezuela
Atlético, Spanish for ''athletics'', o ...
, home to Atlético Venezuela, with a capacity of 12,000 spectators. In basketball, the
Cocodrilos de Caracas play their games in the
Poliedro de Caracas in the
El Paraíso neighborhood.
Caracas is the seat of the National Institute of Sports and of the
Venezuelan Olympic Committee. The city hosted the
1983 Pan American Games
The 1983 Pan American Games were held in Caracas, Venezuela from August 14 to August 29, 1983. The games were the first major international competition to include relatively accurate steroid testing.Taylor, William N., ''Anabolic Steroids and the ...
.
Education
Central University of Venezuela
The Central University of Venezuela (''Universidad Central de Venezuela'', UCV) is a public university founded in 1721: it is the oldest university in Venezuela. The
university campus was designed by architect
Carlos Raúl Villanueva
Carlos Raúl Villanueva Astoul (May 30, 1900 – August 16, 1975) was a Venezuelan modernist architect. Villanueva went for the first time to Venezuela when he was 28 years old. He was involved in the development and modernization of Caracas, ...
and declared a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.
Simón Bolívar University
The Simón Bolívar University (''Universidad Simón Bolívar'', USB) is a public institution in Caracas that focuses on science and technology.
Other universities
*
Bolivarian Military University of Venezuela (Main Campus)
*
Universidad Católica Andrés Bello
*
Universidad Nacional Experimental de la Gran Caracas
*
Universidad Metropolitana
* (UNEARTE)
*
Universidad Monteávila
Universidad Monteávila is a private, Roman Catholic - Opus Dei - University in Caracas, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the ...
*
Universidad Nueva Esparta
Universidad Nueva Esparta is a private university in Caracas
Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Great ...
*
Universidad Santa Maria
*
Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt
Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt was named in honor of Alexander von Humboldt German naturalist and explorer. UAH is a Venezuelan private university sponsored by the Civil Association Educational Humboldt, created by the National University Counc ...
*
Universidad Nacional Experimental de las Fuerzas Armadas
*
Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez is a university
A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer ...
*
Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela
The Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela (UBV, en, Bolivarian University of Venezuela) is a state university in Venezuela founded in 2003 by decree of President Hugo Chávez.
The UBV is a part of the Chávez government's " Mission Sucre" social ...
*
Universidad José María Vargas
Universidad José María Vargas is a university in Caracas
Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greate ...
*
Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador
Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador (Libertador Experimental Pedagogical University, UPEL) is the main public university institute, dedicated to the formation of teachers and professors in Venezuela. Its main headquarters is on Cara ...
*
Universidad Experimental Politécnica Antonio José de Sucre
Universidad Experimental Politécnica Antonio José de Sucre Vicerectorado Luis Caballero Mejías is a university in Caracas
Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuel ...
International schools
*
British School of Caracas
*
Colegio Internacional de Caracas
Colegio Internacional de Caracas (CIC) is a private English language school located in Caracas, Venezuela serving the educational needs of students from pre-nursery through high school. CIC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and ...
*
Escuela Campo Alegre
Escuela Campo Alegre is a K-12 American International school located in Caracas, Venezuela. It was founded in 1937 in the neighborhood of Campo Alegre, but the school grew in such a way that it had to be moved to its present location in Las Me ...
*
International Christian School
*
Tomchei Tmimim
*
Lycée Français de Caracas – Colegio Francia
In France, secondary education is in two stages:
* ''Collèges'' () cater for the first four years of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 15.
* ''Lycées'' () provide a three-year course of further secondary education for children between ...
Transport
The
Caracas Metro has been in operation since 27 March 1983. With 4 lines, 47 stations and about 10 more to be constructed. It covers a great part of the city and also has an integrated ticket system that combines the route of the ''Metro'' with those offered by the ''Metrobús'', a bus service of the Caracas Metro. In 2010, the first segment of a new aerial cable car system opened,
Metrocable which feeds into the larger metro system.
Buses are the main means of
mass transportation. There are two bus systems: the traditional system and the ''Metrobús''. Other transportation services include the
IFE train to and from the Tuy Valley cities of
Charallave
Charallave is a city in the state of Miranda, Venezuela, and part of Miranda's Valles del Tuy region. It is the capital of Cristóbal Rojas Municipality. The name derives from the local ''Charavares'' indigenous people found at the time the city ...
and
Cúa; the
Simón Bolívar International Airport, the biggest and most important in the country; the metro additional services
Caracas Aerial Tramway and
Los Teques Metro (connecting Caracas with the suburban city of
Los Teques
Los Teques
) is the capital of the state of Miranda and the municipality of Guaicaipuro Municipality. It is located in the capital region of north-central Venezuela. More specifically, southwest of Caracas, 10° 21' 00" N latitude and 67° 02' 3 ...
); and the
Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base used by military aviation and government airplanes.
Highways and main roads
The largest concentration of road networks in the country is in the Caracas region and its surroundings, with a large network of highways and avenues in the Metropolitan District and urban, suburban and interurban roads. The road network has become a great crossroads between the West, the East and the Center of the country. Not very advantageous role for a city saturated with population and vehicles of all kinds, both from the same city and from its immediate area of influence (La Guaira State, Valles del Tuy, Guarenas-Guatire, Altos Mirandinos) and from other areas of the country.
Currently, a link is being built that will connect the Central Regional highway (at km 31) with the Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho highway (Kempis sector), in order to serve as a spillway to the city of Caracas and neighboring Guarenas and Guatire, so that vehicles that go from east to west or center, and vice versa, do not have the need to enter Caracas. The route of this highway would be from the vicinity of the Charallave airport, passing through Santa Lucía and going up to the Kempis area (between Guatire and Caucagua).
Traffic in the Caracas Region is very congested, since it is the city with the largest number of cars in the country, causing traffic jams at any time in the city and being over-saturated at peak hours, where Caracas residents last up to 3 hours to get out of congestion.
Caracas metro
It is one of the most important means of transportation in the city, since its 47 operating stations transport about 2 million people, according to official figures83 The Caracas Metro system covers the central area of the city from east to west, with lines that connect the southwest and with other surface systems of the Metro system (BusCaracas, MetroCable San Agustín) as well as the southeast (Cabletrén de Petare, Metrocable Mariche), Metrobús feeder routes in most of the stations, in addition to the expansion of lines existing stations (La Rinconada terminal station of line 3 and intermediate stations of the extension; interconnection of the Plaza Venezuela and Capuchinos stations – extension of line 2, better known as line 4, as well as the future interconnection with the Metro Guarenas Guatire system, which began with the Bello Monte station) and an appendix that extends to the city of Los Teques (capital of the Miranda state). The three stations that comprise this last line make up the Los Teques Metro System86. Both systems are operated by the company C. A. Metro de Caracas (Cametro)
The system inaugurated in 1983 has 71 km and with five lines, being one of the longest in Latin America and expansions of it are being built towards the towns of Guarenas and Guatire. The expansion plans also include the extension to the Baruta and Hatillo municipalities, as well as other metrocable systems in the city center.
BusCaracas
BusCaracas is a
mass transit system
Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, mass transit, or simply transit) is a system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public unlike private transport, typical ...
that connects some areas of the Libertador municipality of Caracas. It began operations in October 201290, taking as a model other means of transportation such as the Trolemérida, and Transbarca. The work was undertaken by the Government of Venezuela through the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPVI), the company in charge of the construction was VIALPA, until its contract was cancelled and replaced by PILPERCA in 2010, and inaugurated on 3 October 2012. Also known as Line 7 of the Caracas subway has 11 stations with two connections to the subway system at La Hoyada and La bandera, lines 1 and 3 respectively.
Metrocable
The Caracas Metrocable is a
cable car Cable car most commonly refers to the following cable transportation systems:
* Aerial lift, such as aerial tramways and gondola lifts, in which the vehicle is suspended in the air from a cable
** Aerial tramway
** Chairlift
** Gondola lift
*** Bi ...
system integrated into the Caracas Metro, conceived in such a way that residents of Caracas neighborhoods usually located in mountainous areas can travel faster and safer to the city center. It works like a feeder route in the style of the metrobus.
In 2011, a new metrocable system was built in the Parroquia de San Agustín del Sur, where people can freely go and enjoy a view of a large part of Caracas.
Rail system
There is a national railway project, which aims to connect Caracas with the central area of the country. Currently, the Caracas-
Cúa train service is operating, belonging to the Central Railway System of Venezuela "Ezequiel Zamora I". Inaugurated in 2006, it is the only railway section currently operating in Venezuela, according to the Instituto de Ferrocarriles del Estado (IFE). This commuter train line connects the city of Caracas with the towns of the
Valles del Tuy
The Valles del Tuy (Tuy Valleys) is a region of Venezuela, covering several municipalities in the north-central Miranda State. It is in the area around the Tuy River
The Tuy River is a river of northern Venezuela, in the Valles del Tuy (Tuy Vall ...
(Charallave, Santa Lucía, Ocumare, Santa Teresa, Yare and Cúa) and runs for 41.4 kilometers.
The network begins its journey at the Libertador Simón Bolivar station in Caracas, located in La Rinconada and connected to line 3 of the Caracas metro. From the city it communicates with three other stations: Charallave Norte Francisco de Miranda and Charallave Sur Don Simón Rodríguez; both in the town of Charallave and ends at the Cúa General Ezequiel Zamora station (Cúa,
Miranda).
Notable people
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Caracas is
twinned
Twinning (making a twin of) may refer to:
* In biology and agriculture, producing two offspring (i.e., twins) at a time, or having a tendency to do so;
* Twin towns and sister cities, towns and cities involved in town twinning
* Twinning inst ...
with:
*
Adeje, Spain
*
Guadalajara
Guadalajara ( , ) is a metropolis in western Mexico and the capital of the list of states of Mexico, state of Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 7th largest city by population in Me ...
, Mexico
*
Honolulu, United States
*
Madrid, Spain
*
Melilla
Melilla ( , ; ; rif, Mřič ; ar, مليلية ) is an autonomous city of Spain located in north Africa. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of . It was par ...
, Spain
*
New Orleans, United States
*
Panama City, Panama
*
Rosario
Rosario () is the largest city in the central provinces of Argentina, Argentine province of Santa Fe Province, Santa Fe. The city is located northwest of Buenos Aires, on the west bank of the Paraná River. Rosario is the third-most populous ci ...
, Argentina
*
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
*
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Santa Cruz de Tenerife, commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz (), is a city, the capital of the island of Tenerife, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and capital of the Canary Islands. Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 (2013) within its admi ...
, Spain
*
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
*
Tehran, Iran
*
Vigo, Spain
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities
Caracas is part of the
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities
The Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities, UCCI ( es, Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas and pt, União de Cidades Capitais Ibero-americanas), is an international, non-governmental organization of 29 major Ibero-American cities that ...
from 12 October 1982.
See also
*
Greater Caracas
*
Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
*
La Silsa
*
List of metropolitan areas of Venezuela
*
Caracazo
*
Venezuela 60-day state of emergency
2016
On 13 May 2016 a state of emergency was declared in Venezuela by President Nicolás Maduro. The details of this emergency condition were not explained by Maduro but he mentioned conspiracy within the country and from an OPEC country and ...
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
*
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{{Caracas
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Capitals in South America
Populated places established in 1567
Populated places in Venezuela
1567 establishments in the Spanish Empire