The Ngaiawang (Ngayawang) were an

Aboriginal Australian Aboriginal Australians are the various Indigenous peoples of the Australian mainland and many of its islands, such as Tasmania, Fraser Island, Hinchinbrook Island, the Tiwi Islands, and Groote Eylandt, but excluding the Torres Strait Islands ...

people of the western Riverland area of

South Australia South Australia (commonly abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country. With a total land area of , it is the fourth-largest of Australia's states and territories ...

, with a language considered part of the

Lower Murray The Lower Murray languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages, Pama–Nyungan family. They are:Bowern, Claire. 2011.How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?, ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', December 23, 2011corre ...

group. They are now considered extinct. They have sometimes been referred to as part of the Meru people, a larger grouping which could also include the

Ngawait The Ngawait, also spelt Ngawadj and other variations, and also known as Eritark and other names, were an Aboriginal Australian people of the mid-Riverland region, spanning the Murray River in South Australia. They have sometimes been referred to ...

and Erawirung peoples. They were called Birta by the

Kaurna The Kaurna people (, ; also Coorna, Kaura, Gaurna and other variations) are a group of Aboriginal people whose traditional lands include the Adelaide Plains of South Australia. They were known as the Adelaide tribe by the early settlers. Kaurn ...

and

Ngadjuri The Ngadjuri people are a group of Aboriginal Australian people whose traditional lands lie in the mid north of South Australia with a territory extending from Gawler in the south to Orroroo in the Flinders Ranges in the north. Name Their ethnon ...

peoples, variations of Murundi by the Jarildekald people, and were also known various other terms and spellings.

Language

The

Ngayawung language Ngayawung (Ngaiawong) is an extinct language of southern South Australia, spoken by the Ngaiawang, Ngaralti and Nganguruku The Nganguruku are an indigenous Australian people of the state of South Australia. Language The Nganguruku traditiona ...

belonged to the Lower Murray language branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.

Country

The Ngaiawang lived in an area of some ranging along the Murray River from Herman Landing (

Nildottie Nildottie is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the east side of the Murray River about east of the state capital of Adelaide and about north-east of the municipal seat in Mannum. Nildottie's boundaries were crea ...

) to Penn Reach (near Qualco). The western boundary was formed by the scarp of the

Mount Lofty Ranges The Mount Lofty Ranges are a range of mountains in the Australian state of South Australia which for a small part of its length borders the east of Adelaide. The part of the range in the vicinity of Adelaide is called the Adelaide Hills and ...

. To the south, the tribal territory ended at

Ngautngaut Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park, formerly Ngautngaut Conservation Park, is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia. it is on the Eastern bank of the Murray River downstream of the town of Nildottie. It is co-managed by the Gover ...

(Devon Downs)

rock shelter A rock shelter (also rockhouse, crepuscular cave, bluff shelter, or abri) is a shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. In contrast to solutional caves (karst), which are often many miles long, rock shelters are almost alway ...

, the first area to be subject to

archaeological excavation In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains. An excavation site or "dig" is the area being studied. These locations range from one to several areas at a time during a project and can be condu ...

(by Norman Tindale and Herbert Hale of the South Australian Museum) and the first formal

undertaken in Australia.

Society

The Ngaiawang consisted of some ten clans or peoples, among which were the Molo people. They did not practice

circumcision Circumcision is a surgical procedure, procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with forceps, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the foreskin ...

, and were derided for this by the

, whose derogative

exonym An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, ...

for them, ''Paruru'', meant "uncircumcised" or "animal".

History

The first recorded encounter of the Ngaiawang with Europeans occurred when the explorer Edward John Eyre came across them at Lake Bonney. When Eyre returned to England in 1845, onboard the ''Symmetry'', he took two Ngaiawang boys with him, one of who was

Warrulan Warrulan (sometimes written Warruloong or Warru-loong; known in England as Edward Warrulan; circa 1835–1855) was an Aboriginal Australian, who migrated to England as a boy. He was educated in agriculture and found work as a saddlemaker, dyin ...

Alternative names

* ''Aiawung, Aiawong (given by Eyre, who, according to Tindale, was tone deaf to the initial ng sound). * ''Birta'' (Kaurna and Ngadjuri term) * ''Iawung'' * ''Karn-brikolenbola'' (horde at Moorunde). * ''Meru'' (term for man). * ''Moorunde, Moorundee, Moorundie'' * ''Murundi'' ( Jarildekald term for the Murray River upriver from Lake Alexandrina and place name south of Blanchetown). * ''Naiawu'' (a language name); ''Niawoo'' * ''Ngaiawung'' * ''Ngaijawa, Ngaiyawa'' * ''Ngaiyau'' * ''Nggauaiyo-wangko'' * ''Paruru'' ( Kaurna term meaning "uncircumcised" (also "animal") to denote the Ngaiawang and other Murray River tribes * ''Pijita, Pitta, Pieta, Peeita'' * ''Wakanuwan'' (name applied by the Jarildekald to this, the Nganguruku, and other tribes; they called the language Walkalde). Source:

Notes

Citations

Sources

* * * {{authority control Aboriginal peoples of South Australia