Benvenuto Tisi (or Il Garofalo) (1481September 6, 1559) was a Late-

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

Mannerist Mannerism, which may also be known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, spreading by about 1530 and lasting until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, ...

Italian painter Following is a list of Italian painters (in alphabetical order) who are notable for their art. A *Niccolò dell'Abbate (1509/12–1571) *Giuseppe Abbati (1836–1868) *Angiolo Achini (1850–1930) *Pietro Adami (c. 1730) *Livio Agresti (1508 ...

of the School of Ferrara. Garofalo's career began attached to the court of the Duke d'Este. His early works have been described as "idyllic", but they often conform to the elaborate conceits favored by the artistically refined Ferrarese court. His nickname, ''Garofalo'', may derive from his habit of signing some works with a picture of a carnation (in Italian, ''garofano'').

Biography

Early training

Born in Canaro near

Ferrara Ferrara (, ; egl, Fràra ) is a city and ''comune'' in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital of the Province of Ferrara. it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream ...

, Tisi is claimed to have apprenticed under Panetti and perhaps

Costa Costa may refer to: Biology * Rib (Latin: ''costa''), in vertebrate anatomy * Costa (botany), the central strand of a plant leaf or thallus * Costa (coral), a stony rib, part of the skeleton of a coral * Costa (entomology), the leading edge of th ...

and was a contemporary, and sometimes collaborator with

Dosso Dossi Giovanni di Niccolò de Luteri, better known as Dosso Dossi ( 1489–1542), was an Italian Renaissance painter who belonged to the School of Ferrara, painting in a style mainly influenced by Venetian painting, in particular Giorgione and early T ...

. In 1495 he worked at

Cremona Cremona (, also ; ; lmo, label= Cremunés, Cremùna; egl, Carmona) is a city and ''comune'' in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the ''Pianura Padana'' ( Po Valley). It is the capital of th ...

under his maternal uncle

Niccolò Soriano Niccolò is an Italian male given name, derived from the Greek Nikolaos meaning "Victor of people" or "People's champion". There are several male variations of the name: Nicolò, Niccolò, Nicolas, and Nicola. The female equivalent is Nicole. The fe ...

, and at the school of

Boccaccino Boccaccio Boccaccino (c. 1467 – c. 1525) was a painter of the early Italian Renaissance, belonging to the Emilian school. He is profiled in Vasari's ''Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori'' (or, in English, '' ...

, who initiated him into

Venetian Venetian often means from or related to: * Venice, a city in Italy * Veneto, a region of Italy * Republic of Venice (697–1797), a historical nation in that area Venetian and the like may also refer to: * Venetian language, a Romance language s ...

colouring. He may have spent three years (1509–1512), in Rome. This led to a stylized classical style, more influenced by

Giulio Romano Giulio Romano (, ; – 1 November 1546), is the acquired name of Giulio Pippi, who was an Italian painter and architect. He was a pupil of Raphael, and his stylistic deviations from High Renaissance classicism help define the sixteenth-centu ...

. Invited by a Ferrarese gentleman,

Geronimo Sagrato Geronimo ( apm, Goyaałé, , ; June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent leader and medicine man from the Bedonkohe band of the Ndendahe Apache people. From 1850 to 1886, Geronimo joined with members of three other Central Apache ba ...

, to Rome, he worked briefly under

Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael (; or ; March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. List of works by Raphael, His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of ...

in the decoration of the

Stanza della Segnatura The four Raphael Rooms ( it, Stanze di Raffaello) form a suite of reception rooms in the Apostolic Palace, now part of the Vatican Museums, in Vatican City. They are famous for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop. Together with Mi ...

. From Rome family affairs recalled him to Ferrara; there Duke Alfonso I commissioned him to execute paintings, along with the Dossi, in the

Delizia di Belriguardo Delizia di Belriguardo is the headquarters of the Museo civico di Belriguardo. It was built by Niccolò III d'Este. Lucrezia Borgia stayed here frequently. At the end of the 1400s, Sabadino degli Arienti wrote a description of the palazzo. In 149 ...

and in other palaces. Thus the style of Tisi partakes of the Lombard, the Roman and the Venetian modes. He painted extensively in Ferrara, both in oil and in fresco, two of his principal works being the "Massacre of the Innocents" (1519), in the church of S. Francesco, and his masterpiece "Betrayal of Christ" (1524). For the former he made clay models for study and a clay figure. He continued constantly at work until in 1550 blindness overtook him, painting on all feast-days in monasteries for the love of God. He had married at the age forty-eight, and died at Ferrara on the 6th (or 16th) of September 1559, leaving two children. Garofalo and workshop - Coronation of Saint Catherine - Google Art Project

Garofalo and workshop - Coronation of Saint Catherine - Google Art Project

He was a friend of

Giorgione Giorgione (, , ; born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco; 1477–78 or 1473–74 – 17 September 1510) was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic qualit ...

Titian Tiziano Vecelli or Vecellio (; 27 August 1576), known in English as Titian ( ), was an Italians, Italian (Republic of Venice, Venetian) painter of the Renaissance, considered the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school (art), ...

and

Ariosto Ludovico Ariosto (; 8 September 1474 – 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic ''Orlando Furioso'' (1516). The poem, a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's ''Orlando Innamorato'', describes the ...

; in a picture of "Paradise" he painted Ariosto between

St Catherine St. Catherine or St. Katherine may refer to a number of List of saints named Catherine, saints named Catherine, or: Geography Canada *St. Catharines, a city in Ontario *St. Catharines (electoral district), federal *St. Catharines (provincial ele ...

and

St Sebastian Saint Sebastian (in Latin: ''Sebastianus''; Narbo, Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Empire c. AD 255 – Rome, Italia, Roman Empire c. AD 288) was an early Christian saint and martyr. According to traditional belief, he was killed during the Diocleti ...

. In youth he was fond of

lute A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either fretted or unfretted. More specifically, the term "lute" can ref ...

-playing and also of

fencing Fencing is a group of three related combat sports. The three disciplines in modern fencing are the foil, the épée, and the sabre (also ''saber''); winning points are made through the weapon's contact with an opponent. A fourth discipline, s ...

. He ranks among the best of the Ferrarese painters; his leading pupil was

Girolamo da Carpi Girolamo Da Carpi (1501 – 1 August 1556) was an Italian painter and decorator who worked at the Court of the House of Este in Ferrara. He began painting in Ferrara, by report apprenticing to Benvenuto Tisi (il Garofalo); but by age 20, he had ...

Mature works and assessment

Even his least successful works retain, amid their frigid and porcelain quality, a harmony which marks Venetian colouring. His youthful works include the "Boar Hunt" in the Palazzo Sciarra. Later, the "Knight's Procession" in the

Palazzo Colonna The Palazzo Colonna () is a palatial block of buildings in central Rome, Italy, at the base of the Quirinal Hill, and adjacent to the church of Santi Apostoli. It is built in part over the ruins of an old Roman serapeum, and it has belonged to t ...

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus (legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

— gave promise of an Italianate

Cuyp The surname Cuyp (sometimes spelled Kuyp) is shared by three painters who lived during the Dutch Golden Age: * Jacob Gerritsz. Cuyp (1594–1651 or 1652) * his half-brother Benjamin Gerritsz Cuyp (1612–1652) * Jacob's son Aelbert Cuyp ...

, less commonplace, more romantic, and more refined than the

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

artist. His youthful works include the ''Boar Hunt'' in the Palazzo Sciarra and the ''Virgin in the Clouds with Four Saints'' (1518) in the

Gallerie dell'Accademia The Gallerie dell'Accademia is a museum gallery of pre-19th-century art in Venice, northern Italy. It is housed in the Scuola della Carità on the south bank of the Grand Canal, within the sestiere of Dorsoduro. It was originally the gallery o ...

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

, considered one of his masterpieces. The ''

Pietà The Pietà (; meaning "pity", "compassion") is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus after his body was removed from the cross. It is most often found in sculpture. The Pietà is a specific form o ...

'' (1527) in the

Brera Gallery The Pinacoteca di Brera ("Brera Art Gallery") is the main public gallery for paintings in Milan, Italy. It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian paintings from the 13th to the 20th century, an outgrowth of the cultural program of ...

in Milan reveals an increasingly stylized treatment. The ''

Madonna Madonna Louise Ciccone (; ; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Widely dubbed the " Queen of Pop", Madonna has been noted for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting, a ...

'' (1532) in the

Modena Modena (, , ; egl, label=Emilian language#Dialects, Modenese, Mòdna ; ett, Mutna; la, Mutina) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern I ...

Gallery is a charming picture; however, the large ''Triumph of Religion'' in the Atheneum at

has been described as a "bookish" affair, whose episodes are difficult to elucidate. Garofalo is one of the painters known and described by

Vasari Giorgio Vasari (, also , ; 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian Renaissance Master, who worked as a painter, architect, engineer, writer, and historian, who is best known for his work ''The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculpt ...

. From 1550 till his death Garofalo was blind. In 1520,

is said to have apprenticed in Garofalo's workshop, and worked with him in Ferrarese projects in the 1530–40. Other pupils include

Stefano Falzagalloni Stefano Falzagalloni (1480 - 1551) was an Italian painter, active in his Ferrara. Corrado Ricci thought he imitated or passed off his works as those of his master, il Garofalo Benvenuto Tisi (or Il Garofalo) (1481September 6, 1559) was a Late ...

. Il Garofalo also influenced

Antonio Pirri Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular male ...

and

Nicola Pisano (painter) Nicola Pisano (also called ''Niccolò Pisano'', ''Nicola de Apulia'' or ''Nicola Pisanus''; c. 1220/1225 – c. 1284) was an Italian sculpture, sculptor whose work is noted for its classical Ancient Rome, Roman sculptural style. Pisano is someti ...

(active 1499–1538).Art in Northern Italy
by Corrado Ricci; editor: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1911); page 324.

List of works

*''The Virgin and Child with Saints Dominic and Catherine of Siena'' (c. 1500–1505) -

National Gallery The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The current Director o ...

, Londo

*''Adoration of the Child'' (1508–1509) - Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara *''Adoration of the Magi'' (c. 1520–1530) -

High Museum of Art The High Museum of Art (colloquially the High) is the largest museum for visual art in the Southeastern United States. Located in Atlanta, Georgia (on Peachtree Street in Midtown, the city's arts district), the High is 312,000 square feet (28, ...

, Atlant

*''Madonna and Child'' (1510) - Galleria dell'Arte Studiolo, Mila

*''Neptune and Pallas'' (1512) - Art Gallery, Dresde

*''Madonna delle Nuvole'' (1514) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara *''Saint Catherine of Alexandria'' (c. 1515–1530) - National Gallery, Londo

*''Madonna del Baldacchino'' (1517) - National Gallery, London *''The Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints William of Aquitaine, Clare, Anthony of Padua and Francis'' (1517–1518) - National Gallery, Londo

*''The Vision of Saint Augustine'' (c. 1518) - National Gallery, Londo

*''Massacre of the Innocents'' (1519) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara *''The Holy Family with Saints John the Baptist, Elizabeth, Zacharias and (?) Francis'' (1520) - National Gallery, Londo

*''The Agony in the Garden'' (1520s–1530s) - National Gallery, Londo

*''Baptism of Christ'' (1520–1525) -

Birmingham Museum of Art The Birmingham Museum of Art is a museum in Birmingham, Alabama. It has one of the most extensive collections of artwork in the Southeastern United States, with more than 24,000 paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, and decorative arts repres ...

, Alabam

*''Madonna del Pilastro'' (1523) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara *''Madonna Enthroned with Saints'' (1524) - Ferrara Cathedral, Cathedral, Ferrara *''A Pagan Sacrifice'' (1526) - National Gallery, Londo

*''An Allegory of Love'' (c. 1527–1539) - National Gallery, Londo

*''Annunciation'' (1528) -

Musei Capitolini The Capitoline Museums (Italian: ''Musei Capitolini'') are a group of art and archaeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy. The historic seats of the museums are Palazzo dei Conservatori and Palazz ...

, Rom

*''Madonna Enthroned with Saints'' (1532) - Modena *''Madonna and Child and St. Jerome'', c. 1530s, oil on panel
Dallas Museum of Art
*'' Adoration of the Magi (Garofalo), Adoration of the Magi'', c. 1530s, oil on panel,

Rijksmuseum The Rijksmuseum () is the national museum of the Netherlands dedicated to Dutch arts and history and is located in Amsterdam. The museum is located at the Museum Square in the borough of Amsterdam South, close to the Van Gogh Museum, the St ...

*''Madonna in Glory'' (1532) - Musei Capitolini, Rome *''Raising of Lazarus'' (1534) - Pinacoteca Nazionale, Ferrara *''The Miracle of the Swine'' (c. 1535) –

Alnwick Castle Alnwick Castle () is a castle and country house in Alnwick in the English county of Northumberland. It is the seat of the 12th Duke of Northumberland, built following the Norman conquest and renovated and remodelled a number of times. It is a G ...

, Northumberland *''Madonna and Child in Glory'' (c. 1535) –

Lowe Art Museum Lowe Art Museum is the art museum of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. The museum is located on the campus of the University of Miami and is accessible by Miami Metrorail at University Station. Lowe Art Museum's comprehensive col ...

, Miami, Florida. United States *''

Vestal Virgin Claudia Quinta tows the ship bearing the statue of Cibele ''The Vestal Claudia Towing the Ship Bearing the Statue of Cybele'' is a painting by the Italian Renaissance art, Italian Renaissance painter Benvenuto Tisi (il Garofalo) in the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica at Palazzo Barberini in Rome, Italy. ...

''-

Palazzo Barberini The Palazzo Barberini ( en, Barberini Palace) is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. Today, it houses the Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, the main national collection of older paintings in Rome. History T ...

, Rome *''Christ and the Samaritan Woman'' (1536

*''The Triumph of Bacchus'' (1540 finished by Garofalo, from unfinished 1517 draft by Raffael) -

Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister The Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister (, ''Old Masters Gallery'') in Dresden, Germany, displays around 750 paintings from the 15th to the 18th centuries. It includes major Italian Renaissance works as well as Dutch and Flemish paintings. Outstandin ...

, Dresden, Germany *''Blessing of Saint John the Baptist'' (1542) - San Salvatore, Bologna *''Conversion of Saint Paul'' (1545)-

Galleria Borghese The Galleria Borghese () is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana. At the outset, the gallery building was integrated with its gardens, but nowadays the Villa Borghese gardens are considered a separate tourist ...

, Rome *''Annunciation'' (1550) -

Pinacoteca di Brera The Pinacoteca di Brera ("Brera Art Gallery") is the main public gallery for paintings in Milan, Italy. It contains one of the foremost collections of Italian paintings from the 13th to the 20th century, an outgrowth of the cultural program of ...

, Milan *''Holy Family'' - Musee de Anger

*''Holy Family'

*''Jesus in the Orchard'

*''Madonna and Child Enthroned'' -

Dunedin Public Art Gallery The Dunedin Public Art Gallery holds the main public art collection of the city of Dunedin, New Zealand. Located in The Octagon in the heart of the city, it is close to the city's public library, Dunedin Town Hall, and other facilities such as t ...

, Dunedin. *''Madonna Enthroned with Saints'

*''Madonna with Saint John and Saint Elisabeth'' -

Courtauld Institute The Courtauld Institute of Art (), commonly referred to as The Courtauld, is a self-governing college of the University of London specialising in the study of the history of art and conservation. It is among the most prestigious specialist coll ...

, Londo

*''Mars, Venus and Cupido'' - Wawel Castle, Wawel Royal Castle, Kraków *''St Sebastian'' -

Museo di Capodimonte Museo di Capodimonte is an art museum located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy. The museum is the prime repository of Neapolitan painting and decorative art, with several important works from other Italia ...

, Naple

*''Washing feet of Christ'' - National Gallery of Art, National Gallery, Washington D

Notes

References

* * * * *Dosso Dossi, Garofalo, and the Costabili Polyptych: Imaging Spiritual Authority, The Art Bulletin, June, 2000 by Giancarlo Fiorenza pp. 252–279

External links

* Works by Garofalo a
Census of Ferrarese Paintings and Drawings
* MUVI
MUseo VIrtuale del Garofalo
(virtual museum of Il Garofalo) at

Canaro, Rovigo Canaro is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about southwest of Venice and about southwest of Rovigo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,885 and an area of .All demographics ...

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tisi, Benvenuto 1481 births 1559 deaths 15th-century Italian painters Italian male painters 16th-century Italian painters Italian Mannerist painters Painters from Ferrara Catholic painters