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A bandstand (sometimes music kiosk) is a circular, semicircular or polygonal structure set in a park,
garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate bot ...
,
pier Seaside pleasure pier in England.html" ;"title="Brighton, England">Brighton, England. The first seaside piers were built in England in the early 19th century. A pier is a raised structure that rises above a body of water and usually juts out ...
, or indoor space, designed to accommodate
musical band A rock band or pop band is a small musical ensemble that performs rock music, pop music, or a related genre. A four-piece band is the most common configuration in rock and pop music. In the early years, the configuration was typically two guit ...
s performing
concert A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. The performance may be by a single musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir, or band. Concerts are held in a wide variet ...
s. A simple construction, it both creates an ornamental focal point and also serves acoustic requirements while providing shelter for the changeable weather, if outdoors. In form bandstands resemble ornamental European garden gazebos modeled on outdoor open-sided pavilions found in Asian countries from early times.


Origins

During the 18th and 19th centuries this type of performance building was found in the fashionable pleasure gardens of London and Paris where musicians played for guests dining and dancing. They were later built in public spaces in many countries as practical amenities for outdoor entertainment. Many bandstands in the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
originated in the
Victorian era In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. The era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edward ...
as the British brass band movement gained popularity. Smaller bandstands are often not much more than gazebos. Much larger bandstands such as that at the Hollywood Bowl may be called bandshells and usually take a shape similar to a quarter sphere. Though many bandstands fell into disuse and disrepair in the post-
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
period, the cultural project the Bandstand Marathon has seen bandstands across the UK utilized for free live concerts since 2008.


History in Britain

The parks where most bandstands are found were created in response to the
Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840. This transition included going f ...
, when local authorities realized worsening conditions in urban areas meant there was an increasing need for green, open spaces where the general public could relax. The first bandstands in Britain were built in the Royal Horticultural Society Gardens, South Kensington in 1861. Bandstands quickly became hugely popular and were considered a necessity in parks by the end of the 19th century. To assist the war effort during World War II, iron fittings were removed from many bandstands to be melted down and transformed into weapons and artillery. Many bandstands fell into disrepair and were boarded up in the late 1940s and 1950s. Other attractions – such as the cinema and television – were becoming increasing popular and traditional recreational parks lost much of their appeal. Between 1979 and 2001, more than half of the 438 bandstands in historic parks across the country were demolished, vandalized or in a chronic state of disuse. In the late 1990s the National Lottery and Heritage Lottery Fund invested a substantial sum in the restoration and rebuilding of bandstands across the country. As a result of this funding, over eighty bandstands were either fully restored or replaced. Between 1996 and 2010 there was over £500 million worth of investments in parks - a significant chunk of this money was spent on the restoration and building of bandstands.


History in United States

Gazebo bandstands appeared in the United States after the Civil War (1861–65) to accommodate the brass and percussion "cornet" bands found in towns of every size. Styles ranged from exotic ″Moorish″ designs to ordinary wood pavilions with mill work trim. They were found in parks, court house squares and fairgrounds. Following the Worlds Columbian Exposition (world′s fair) of 1893 in Chicago, amusement parks based on the famous Midway became popular. These were often established by trolley companies to provide a trolley destination on weekends. Bandstands and dance pavilions were an essential feature of these parks. Most are no longer in existence. After 1900, rectangular pavilions enclosing a stage and acoustical shell providing directional sound appeared in many parks. Styles of acoustical shells took several forms during the 20th century. In 1913
Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, designer, writer, and educator. He designed more than 1,000 structures over a creative period of 70 years. Wright played a key role in the architectural movements o ...
designed a freestanding bandshell with edge–supported cantilever roof and no side posts for his Midway Gardens (demolished 1929) in Chicago.Kruty, Paul (1998). ''Frank Lloyd Wright and Midway Gardens.'' Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. pp.37–39. Variations on this design were built later in the century. The 1928 Hollywood Bowl shell in California designed by Wright′s son Lloyd Wright was a prototype for the streamlined concrete bandshell of the 1930s. Many of these shells with their distinctive concentric arches survive as landmarks in parks across the US. Preservation of historic bandstands is by local initiative. Some are on the
National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artist ...
, usually as part of a historic district. Continuous use as performing venues is a good incentive to keep them maintained. When this is not possible they must be maintained solely as historic landmarks. In many places a succession of bandstands, sometimes as many as three or four, were built on the same site. Because of this practice it is important to preserve postcards and photographs of earlier structures as a historical record.


Notable bandstands


England

In 1993, the Deal Memorial Bandstand was opened as memorial to the eleven bandsmen killed by 1989 Deal barracks bombing. The bandstand was erected by public subscription and is maintained by volunteers. A good example of a semi-circular bandstand is the
Eastbourne Bandstand The Eastbourne Bandstand is a bandstand on the seafront of the East Sussex coastal town of Eastbourne, with an attached colonnade and viewing decks. Built in 1935 to the designs of the Borough Council Engineer, Leslie Rosevere. Neo-Grec style ...
, built in 1935 to replace a circular bandstand that stood on cast iron stilts. Herne Bay, Kent contains a totally enclosed bandstand with a stage and cafe area, topped with
copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish ...
-clad domes. There is a very old bandstand at Horsham's Carfax, built in 1892 by Walter Macfarlane & C at the
Saracen Foundry The Saracen Foundry, Possilpark, Glasgow c.1890 The Saracen Foundry was the better-known name for the Possilpark, Glasgow–based foundry company W MacFarlane & Co. Ltd, founded and owned by Walter MacFarlane. MacFarlane's was the most importa ...
in Glasgow, and another one in its adjacent park. It was moved slightly from its original location, to better accommodate pedestrians and then refurbished in 1978 with funds raised by the Horsham Society and with council funding. In 1992, the original design was rediscovered in museum archives and it was then restored to its original colour scheme.


Cornwall

* Gyllyngdune Gardens in Falmouth (1907) * Killacourt Gardens in
Newquay Newquay ( ; kw, Tewynblustri) is a town on the north coast in Cornwall, in the south west of England. It is a civil parish, seaside resort, regional centre for aerospace industries, spaceport and a fishing port on the North Atlantic coast ...
*
Morrab Gardens Morrab Gardens are a municipal garden covering to the south of Penzance town centre, Cornwall. It is known for its Mediterranean and sub-tropical plants; and for housing the Morrab Library in the grounds. Morrab House with its walled garden w ...
in Penzance * Truro Road Park in
St Austell St Austell (; kw, Sans Austel) is a town in Cornwall, England, south of Bodmin and west of the border with Devon. St Austell is one of the largest towns in Cornwall; at the 2011 census it had a population of 19,958. History St Austell was ...
* Victoria Gardens in Truro (1897)


Scotland

Scotland's many ironwork foundries and manufacturers built bandstands that were subsequently erected at locations throughout the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
. Some of the most notable bandstands in Scotland are located at: * Alexander Hamilton Memorial Park in Stonehouse * Bellfield Park in Inverness * Bothwell Road Public Park in Hamilton * Brechin Park in Brechin * Bridgeton Cross,
Glasgow Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated pop ...
* Burngreen Peace Park in Kilsyth * Collison Park in Dalbeattie * Clyde Retail Park in Clydebank * Dock Park in Dumfries * Duthie Park in
Aberdeen Aberdeen (; sco, Aiberdeen ; gd, Obar Dheathain ; la, Aberdonia) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous city in the country. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), ...
* George Allan Park in Strathaven * Glebe Park, Falkirk in
Falkirk Falkirk ( gd, An Eaglais Bhreac, sco, Fawkirk) is a large town in the Central Lowlands of Scotland, historically within the county of Stirlingshire. It lies in the Forth Valley, northwest of Edinburgh and northeast of Glasgow. Falkirk had a ...
* Haugh Park in
Cupar Cupar ( ; gd, Cùbar) is a town, former royal burgh and parish in Fife, Scotland. It lies between Dundee and Glenrothes. According to a 2011 population estimate, Cupar had a population around 9,000, making it the ninth-largest settlement in F ...
* Houston Square in Johnstone * High Street, Falkirk in
Falkirk Falkirk ( gd, An Eaglais Bhreac, sco, Fawkirk) is a large town in the Central Lowlands of Scotland, historically within the county of Stirlingshire. It lies in the Forth Valley, northwest of Edinburgh and northeast of Glasgow. Falkirk had a ...
* Kelvingrove Park in Glasgow * Langholm Town Bandstand * Lewisvale Park in
Musselburgh Musselburgh (; sco, Musselburrae; gd, Baile nam Feusgan) is the largest settlement in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth, east of Edinburgh city centre. It has a population of . History The name Musselburgh is O ...
* Macrosty Park in Crieff * Magdalene Park in Dundee *
Overtoun Park Overtoun Park is a public park in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Located close to the geographical centre of the town
in Rutherglen * Princes Street Gardens in
Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
* St Margaret's Drive Park in Dunfermline * Stair Park in Stranraer * The Links in Nairn * The Scores in
St Andrews St Andrews ( la, S. Andrea(s); sco, Saunt Aundraes; gd, Cill Rìmhinn) is a town on the east coast of Fife in Scotland, southeast of Dundee and northeast of Edinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 , making it Fife's four ...
,
Fife Fife (, ; gd, Fìobha, ; sco, Fife) is a council area, historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries with Perth and Kinross ...


United States

*Abraham Lash bandstand in
Bellville, Ohio Bellville is a village in Richland County in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is part of the Mansfield, Ohio Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,918 at the 2010 census. History The first settlers, James McCluer, and Jonathan Oldfield, ...
(1879) *Alamo Plaza in
San Antonio, Texas ("Cradle of Freedom") , image_map = , mapsize = 220px , map_caption = Interactive map of San Antonio , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = United States , subdivision_type1= State , subdivision_name1 = Texas , subdivision_t ...
(1978) *Audubon Park, Isidore and Rebecca Newman Bandstand in
New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans ( , ,New Orleans
Naples, Florida Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the historical city (i.e. in the immediate vicinity of downtown Naples) was 19,115. Naples is a principal city of the Naples-Marco Island, Flo ...
(1987) *Central Park, Transfer House with rooftop bandstand in
Decatur, Illinois Decatur ( ) is the largest city and the county seat of Macon County in the U.S. state of Illinois, with a population of 70,522 as of the 2020 Census. The city was founded in 1829 and is situated along the Sangamon River and Lake Decatur in ...
(1895) *City Park (Square), Barnhouse Memorial Bandstand in Oskaloosa, Iowa (1912) *City Park in Platteville, Wisconsin (1992) *City Park, Popp′s Bandstand in
New Orleans, Louisiana New Orleans ( , ,New Orleans
Carmel, Indiana (1987) *Cold Spring, NY at Water Front *Community Park in
Jacksonville, Illinois Jacksonville is a city in Morgan County, Illinois, Morgan County, Illinois, United States. The population was 19,446 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Morgan County. It is home to Illinois College, Illinois School for the Deaf, and the ...
(2:1879,1883) *Court House Square in
Albion, Illinois Albion is a city in and the county seat of Edwards County, Illinois, Edwards County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,971 at the 2020 census. The city was named "Albion" after an ancient and poetic reference to the island of Great Bri ...
*Forest Park, Nathan Frank Bandstand in St. Louis, Missouri (1925) *Fountain Square in
Highland, Illinois Highland is a city in Madison County, Illinois, United States. The population was 9,991 at the 2020 census. Highland began as a Swiss settlement and derived its name from later German immigrants. Highland is a sister city of Sursee in Switzer ...
(1980) *Garfield Park in
Chicago, Illinois (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
(1896) *Grant Park in Galena, Illinois (1900) *Hopedale Town Park Hopedale, Massachusetts (1903) scheme. *Horace White Park in Beloit, Wisconsin (1987) *Iolani Palace, Royal Bandstand in
Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu (; ) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, which is in the Pacific Ocean. It is an unincorporated county seat of the consolidated City and County of Honolulu, situated along the southeast coast of the islan ...
(1883) *Jones Park in Canton, Illinois (1991) *Kate Gould Park in
Chatham, Massachusetts Chatham () is a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. Chatham is located at the southeast tip of Cape Cod and has historically been a fishing community. First settled by the English in 1664, the township was originally called M ...
*Lane Place Gazebo in Crawfordsville, Indiana (1995) *Mill Creek Park, Fellows Riverside Gardens in
Youngstown, Ohio Youngstown is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio, and the largest city and county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio, Mahoning County. At the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, Youngstown had a city population of 60,068. It is a principal city of ...
(1983) *Millenium Park, Pritzker Pavilion in
Chicago, Illinois (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...
(2003) * Milo, Iowa - History of Milo, IA bandstand http://www.cityofmilo.com/history/ *Ocean Park in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts (1880s) See accompanying photo *Old Town Plaza in Albuquerque, New Mexico (1936) *Olvera Street Plaza in
Los Angeles, California Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in the state of California and the second most populous city in the United States after New York City, as well as one of the wo ...
*Onondaga Park in Syracuse, New York *Sam Houston Park in Houston, Texas (1905) *Square in Spillville, Iowa (1919) *Tappan Square, Clark Bandstand in Oberlin, Ohio (1987) *Tower Grove Park, Henry Shaw Bandstand in St. Louis, Missouri (1872) *Town Square in
Ellington, New York Ellington is a town in Chautauqua County, New York, United States. The population was 1,493 at the 2020 census. History The first settler arrived ''circa'' 1814. The town of Ellington was formed on April 1, 1824 from the town of Gerry, and C ...
(1824) *Townsend Common in Townsend, Massachusetts *US Naval Academy, Chapel Walk in
Annapolis, Maryland Annapolis ( ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland and the county seat of, and only incorporated city in, Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east ...
*US Naval Academy, Parade Ground in
Annapolis, Maryland Annapolis ( ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of Maryland and the county seat of, and only incorporated city in, Anne Arundel County. Situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east ...
*US Veterans Affairs Illiana Health Care System campus in
Danville, Illinois Danville is a city in and the county seat of Vermilion County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 33,027. As of 2019, the population was an estimated 30,479. History The area that is now Danville was once home to the Miami, ...
(1901) *Village Green in Weston, Vermont *Village Park in
Bishop Hill, Illinois Bishop Hill is a village in Henry County, Illinois, United States, along the South Edwards River. The population was 128 at the 2010 census, up from 125 in 2000. It is the home of the Bishop Hill State Historic Site, a park operated by the Illin ...
(1976) *Wick′s Park in Saugatuck, Michigan (1976) *Washington Park in Michigan City, Indiana (1911) *Washington Park in
Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County. The city's population was 114,394 at the 2020 census, which makes it the state's seventh most-populous city, the second largest ...
*West Side Park, Terry Bilbrey Bandstand in
Champaign, Illinois Champaign ( ) is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. The population was 88,302 at the 2020 census. It is the tenth-most populous municipality in Illinois and the fourth most populous city in Illinois outside the Chicago metrop ...
(2008) *Williams Park in St. Petersburg, Florida (1953)


Worldwide

*Canada: Central Park in Banff, Alberta (1986) *Canada: Dufferin Terrace, Chateau Frontenac in
Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Government of Canada, Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is ...
, Quebec *Canada: Public Gardens in
Halifax, Nova Scotia Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348 ...
(1887) *Denmark: Tivoli Gardens, Harmonie Pavilion in
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...
*Denmark: Tivoli Gardens, Promenade Pavilion in
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...
*Indonesia: Kraton (Sultan's Palace) in Yogyakarta *Mexico: Jardín Libertad in Colima City (1891) *Mexico: Plaza de Armas in Guadalajara (1907) *Monaco: Terrasse du Casino in
Monte Carlo Monte Carlo (; ; french: Monte-Carlo , or colloquially ''Monte-Carl'' ; lij, Munte Carlu ; ) is officially an administrative area of the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues, where the Monte Carlo Casino i ...
(1890) *Norway: Musikpavilonen by the National Theater in
Oslo Oslo ( , , or ; sma, Oslove) is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of ...
*Singapore: Bandstand in Singapore Botanic Gardens *Spain: Palco de la música, Cantón de Molíns in
Ferrol Ferrol may refer to: Places * Ferrol (comarca), a coastal region in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain * Ferrol, Spain, industrial city and naval station in Galicia, Spain ** Racing de Ferrol, an association football club * Ferrol, Romblon, municipality in ...
(1894) *Spain: Plaça de la Palmera in
Barcelona Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ...
(1984) *Italy: Cassarmonica in Castellammare di Stabia (1911) *Italy: Cassarmonica in
Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
*Italy: Cassarmonica in Catania *Italy: Cassarmonica in Augusta *Italy: Cassarmonica in Caltagirone


In arts, entertainment, and literature

The function of the bandstand inspired the names of: * the American
television show A television show – or simply TV show – is any content produced for viewing on a television set which can be broadcast via over-the-air, satellite, or cable, excluding breaking news, advertisements, or trailers that are typically placed b ...
''
American Bandstand ''American Bandstand'', abbreviated ''AB'', is an American music-performance and dance television program that aired in various versions from 1952 to 1989, and was hosted from 1956 until its final season by Dick Clark, who also served as the pr ...
'' (1952–1989) and * the Australian television show '' Bandstand (Australia)'' (1958–72). * the Broadway musical ''Bandstand'' Movies and cinema: *In
The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time and were integral to the developm ...
animated film ''The Yellow Submarine'' (1968) John, Paul, George and Ringo find a Grand Bandstand with enough stored instruments to recreate Sgt. Pepper′s Lonely Hearts Club Band and musically liberate Pepperland from the Blue Meanies. Ringo frees the Pepperland musicians trapped on their bandstand inside a giant bubble. Musical compositions: *"The Bandstand, Hyde Park (La Kiosque de Hyde Park)" movement 3 of "Frescoes (Fresques) Suite" by Haydn Wood. London: Boosey & Hawkes QMB Edition no. 78 (military band) *"The Silver Gazebo" (1996) march by James Barnes. San Antonio, Texas: Southern Music Company (Kelly Bandstand in South Park,
Lawrence, Kansas Lawrence is the county seat of Douglas County, Kansas, United States, and the sixth-largest city in the state. It is in the northeastern sector of the state, astride Interstate 70, between the Kansas and Wakarusa Rivers. As of the 2020 census ...
) Works of art and design: *Bandstand in
Vauxhall Gardens Vauxhall Gardens is a public park in Kennington in the London Borough of Lambeth, England, on the south bank of the River Thames. Originally known as New Spring Gardens, it is believed to have opened before the Restoration of 1660, being ...
, London, color engraving by Muller (1751) *''A General Prospect of Vaux Hall Gardens'', color engraving drawn by
Samuel Wale Samuel Wale (1721? – 1786) was an English historical painter and book illustrator. Life He is said to have been born at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, possibly on 25 April 1721, to Samuel and Margaret Wale, though some sources indicate he was bor ...
and engraved by I.S. Muller (c.1751) *''The Dancing Pavilion at Cremorne Gardens'' London, oil painting by Phoebus Levin (1864) *''Le Dimanche, musique à la campagne'', painting by Raoul Dufy (1942–43) *Chatham, Massachusetts band concert in Kate Gould Park, painting by Grace Chapin *″The Coronation Pavilion also known as the Royal Bandstand″ Honolulu, counted cross stitch design by Frances L. Johnson Designs, Honolulu, Hawaii *The Great Bandstand Design Competition: Exhibition, 2 May–5 July 1987, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio (architectural drawings)


See also

* Belvedere * Dance pavilion * Deal barracks bombing * Gazebo * Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings *
Kiosk Historically, a kiosk () was a small garden pavilion open on some or all sides common in Persia, the Indian subcontinent, and in the Ottoman Empire from the 13th century onward. Today, several examples of this type of kiosk still exist i ...
*
Pavilion In architecture, ''pavilion'' has several meanings: * It may be a subsidiary building that is either positioned separately or as an attachment to a main building. Often it is associated with pleasure. In palaces and traditional mansions of Asia ...
* Shell (theater)


Citations


General and cited sources

* Martin, Linda and Kerry Segrove (1983). ''City Parks of Canada''. Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press. * Mussat, Marie–Claire (1992). ''La Belle Epoque des Kiosques à Musique''. Paris: Du May. . (International) * Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (1987). ''The Oberlin Book of Bandstands''. Washington DC: Preservation Press. . (United States)


External links


Vintage Bandstand photographs
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