Baker clamp is a generic name for a class of electronic circuits that reduce the storage time of a switching
bipolar junction transistor
A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such as a field-effect transistor, uses only one kind of charge carrier. A bipolar ...
(BJT) by applying a nonlinear
negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function (Mathematics), function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is feedback, fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by ...
through various kinds of
diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
A diode ...
s. The reason for slow turn-off times of saturated BJTs is the stored charge in the base. It must be removed before the transistor will turn off since the storage time is a limiting factor of using bipolar transistors and
IGBT
An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily used as an electronic switch, which, as it was developed, came to combine high efficiency and fast switching. It consists of four alternating lay ...
s in fast switching applications. The diode-based Baker clamps prevent the transistor from saturating and thereby accumulating a lot of stored charge.
Origin
![Schottky-Transistor-ersatz](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Schottky-Transistor-ersatz.svg)
The Baker clamp is named after Richard H. Baker, who described it in his 1956 technical report "Maximum Efficiency Transistor Switching Circuits". Baker called the technique "back clamping", but the circuit is now called a Baker clamp. Many sources credit Baker's report for the two-diode clamp circuit.
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Also in 1956, Baker described the circuit in a patent application; the 1961 issued patent US 3,010,031
claims the use of the clamp in symmetrical flip-flop circuits.
Similar clamp circuits are said to have been known before Baker's report. Kyttälä states: "Although invention of the Baker clamp circuit is credited to Richard H. Baker (US Patent 3,010,031) it was already common knowledge in 1953 and described in transistor introductory papers that were written by Richard F. Shea." However, Shea's 1953 transistor text does not describe a similar clamp circuit. Shea's 1957 text does describe the clamp circuit and references Baker's technical report.
There are other clamp circuits. A 1959 manual describes a technique called "saturation clamping".
In that scheme, there is a saturation clamp supply at about 2 volts connected to the collector with a saturation clamp diode. When the transistor nears saturation, the clamp diode turns on and supplies the extra collector current to keep the transistor from saturating. The saturation clamp supply needs to supply substantial current. In contrast, the Baker clamp reduces the transistor base current rather than supplying more collector current.
Another clamp circuit uses a single diode clamp.
It reduces base drive as the transistor nears saturation, but it uses a resistor divider network.
Clamp circuits were also used to speed up cutoff transitions. When the transistor is cutoff, the output is similar to an RC circuit that exponentially decays to its final value. As the circuit gets closer to its final value, there is less current available to charge the capacitor, so the rate of approach lessens. To reach 90 percent of the final value takes about 2.3 time constants. Cutoff clamping reduces the output voltage swing but makes the transition faster. Clamping the collector voltage to 63 percent of the final value allows a factor of two speed increase.
Basic idea
The Baker clamp limits the voltage difference between emitter and collector by diverting base current through the collector. This introduces a nonlinear negative feedback into a common-emitter stage (BJT switch), with the purpose to avoid saturation by decreasing the gain near the saturation point. While the transistor is in active mode and it is far away enough from the saturation point, the negative feedback is turned off and the gain is maximal; when the transistor approaches the saturation point, the negative feedback gradually turns on, and the gain quickly drops. To decrease the gain, the transistor acts as a shunt regulator with regard to its own base–emitter junction: it diverts a part of the base current to ground by connecting a voltage-stable element in parallel to the base–emitter junction.
Implementation
The two-diode Baker clamp circuit is shown in the figure from Baker's patent and in many other publications.
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The feedback diode (D1) between the collector and the input limits the collector voltage to approximately ''V''
BE by diverting the excessive input current through the collector to ground.
An additional silicon diode is connected in series with the base terminal to raise the effective input voltage; the clamp diode in the collector–base feedback is sometimes made from germanium to minimize the voltage drop across it.
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The base diode allows a Si diode clamp to be used with a Si transistor and keeps ''V''
CE around a diode drop and much greater than ''V''
CE(sat). Unfortunately, it turns off and creates a high-impedance return path when trying to turn the transistor off. Although the base charge has been minimized, it is now more difficult to draw charge out of the base.
A second base diode connected antiparallel to the base diode (D
2 in Baker's schematic) will provide a low-impedance return path for removing stored base charge in the transistor. This three-diode circuit is still referred to as a Baker clamp by some sources, while others only call the two-diode circuit a Baker clamp.
A simple alternative to the Baker clamp is a single low-voltage diode from the collector to the base. To work well, the forward drop of the diode must be less than the base–emitter drop, so low-voltage-drop germanium and
Schottky diode
The Schottky diode (named after the German physicist Walter H. Schottky), also known as Schottky barrier diode or hot-carrier diode, is a semiconductor diode formed by the junction of a semiconductor with a metal. It has a low forward voltage ...
s can be used with silicon transistors (the forward voltage drop of a Schottky diode is much less than the ''V''
BE bias voltage of a silicon transistor and it switches rapidly). An alternative diode clamp circuit connects the diode to a junction of two base-bias resistors.
[
The contemporary solution is to integrate the combination of a Schottky diode and transistor into one ]Schottky transistor
A Schottky transistor is a combination of a transistor and a Schottky diode that prevents the transistor from saturating by diverting the excessive input current. It is also called a Schottky-clamped transistor.
Mechanism
Standard transistor ...
. Some sources also refer to this configuration as a Baker clamp.[
]
Baker clamps are also used in power applications, and the choice of diodes is a significant design issue.
One drawback of the Baker clamp is its increased low voltage-output level (as in a Darlington transistor
In electronics, a multi-transistor configuration called the Darlington configuration (commonly called a Darlington pair) is a circuit consisting of two bipolar transistors with the emitter of one transistor connected to the base of the other, su ...
). In logic circuits, it decreases the noise immunity; in power applications, it increases the dissipated power.
See also
* Diode–transistor logic
Diode–transistor logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits that is the direct ancestor of transistor–transistor logic. It is called so because the logic gating function (e.g., AND) is performed by a diode network and the amplifying functio ...
References
{{reflist, 30em
Electronic circuits
de:Schottky-TTL#Geschichte