The Baeomycetales are an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
of mostly
lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.[fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately fr ...]
in the subclass
Ostropomycetidae
The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The subclass was circumscribed in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and Claude Roux. It contains ten orders and 36 families.
Arctom ...
, in the class
Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispe ...
. It contains 8
families, 33
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
and about 170 species.
As a result of
molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
s research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of
taxa
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
.
Taxonomy
The family
Baeomycetaceae was originally proposed by
Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier
Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (; 3 April 1797 in Tournai – 9 July 1878) was a Belgian who conducted a parallel career of botanist and Member of Parliament.
Biography
Barthélemy Dumortier was a son of the merchant and city councillor ...
in 1829 (under the spelling ''Baeomyceae''); he included two genera, ''Baeomyces'' and ''
Calicium
''Calicium'' is a genus of leprose lichens. It is in the family Caliciaceae.
The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of ...
''.
Baeomycetaceae was initially classified in the Lecanorales,
and Baeomycetaceae and
Cladoniaceae were thought to be closely related, sharing a phylogenetic origin in
Lecideaceae.
It was transferred to the order
Helotiales based on the structure of its ascus, which is similar to those in genus ''
Leotia''.
However, the Helotiales consists of mostly non-lichenised fungi. The first DNA studies conducted with ''Baeomyces'' species did not suggest any phylogenetic relatedness with ''Leotia''.
Later studies demonstrated a
sister group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Definition
The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram:
Taxon A and ...
relationship between ''Baeomyces'' and the order
Ostropales
The Ostropales are an order of fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The order was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1932. The order contains 4 families and 46 genera, including 6 genera of uncertain familial placement ...
, and Baeomycetales was informally suggested as a suitable name for this
lineage
Lineage may refer to:
Science
* Lineage (anthropology), a group that can demonstrate its common descent from an apical ancestor or a direct line of descent from an ancestor
* Lineage (evolution), a temporal sequence of individuals, populat ...
.
After additional molecular studies confirmed the placement of the Baeomycetaceae in the subclass
Ostropomycetidae
The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The subclass was circumscribed in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and Claude Roux. It contains ten orders and 36 families.
Arctom ...
,
the order Baeomycetales was formally
circumscribed in 2007 by
H. Thorsten Lumbsch
Helge Thorsten Lumbsch (born 1964) is a German-born lichenology, lichenologist living in the United States. His research interests include the phylogeny, taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, and phylogeography of lichen-forming fungi; lichen diversity; ...
, Sabine Huhndorf, and Francois Lutzoni. They suggested that ''
Ainoa'', ''
Baeomyces'', and ''
Phyllobaeis'' were exemplar genera in the order.
The composition of the Baeomycetales has been amended several times since its original circumscription, as
molecular phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
analyses have helped to resolve the phylogenetic relationships amongst its members. In 2011, the order was considered to contain two families, Baeomycetaceae and Anamylopsoraceae.
The latter family, proposed by Lumbsch and Thomas Lunke in 1995,
was later shown with molecular phylogenetics to nest within the Baeomycetaceae,
and is now placed in
synonymy with that family.
In 2018, the class
Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi. It belongs to the subphylum Pezizomycotina in the phylum Ascomycota. The asci (spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispe ...
was revised using a temporal approach that uses time-calibrated
chronogram
A chronogram is a sentence or inscription in which specific letters, interpreted as numerals (such as Roman numerals), stand for a particular date when rearranged. The word, meaning "time writing", derives from the Greek words ''chronos'' (χ ...
s to define temporal bands for comparable ranks for orders and families. In this work, the orders Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales were synonymized with Baeomycetales.
In a later review of the use of this method for biological classification of lichens,
Robert Lücking
Robert Lücking (born 1964) is a German lichenologist. He is a leading expert on foliicolous lichens–lichens that live on leaves.
Life and career
Born in Ulm in 1964, Lücking earned both his master's (1990) and PhD degree (1994) at the Univ ...
considered this merge justified.
This synonymy was also accepted in a 2020 review of fungal classification.
Classification
According to a 2020 review on fungal classification, the Baeomycetales contain 8 families and 33 genera. The following list give the families, their
taxon authority
In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...
and year of publication, a brief synopsis of some major characteristics of the family, the genera in each family, and estimated number of species in each genus.
;
Arctomiaceae
:Thallus crustose or fruticose, gelatinized, and with
rhizoids. Arctic and subarctic distribution, usually associated with
bryophyte
The Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Bryophyta s.s. consists of the mosses only. They are characteristically limited in s ...
s.
Photobiont
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.[cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, bl ...]
l, from genus ''
Nostoc
''Nostoc'', also known as star jelly, troll’s butter, spit of moon, fallen star, witch's butter (not to be confused with the fungi commonly known as witches' butter), and witch’s jelly, is the most common genus of cyanobacteria found in var ...
''. No secondary chemicals produced.
:*''
Arctomia'' – 14 spp.
:*''
Gregorella'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Steinera
''Steinera'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Koerberiaceae. It was circumscribed in 1906 by Austrian-Hungarian botanist Alexander Zahlbruckner, who dedicated the genus name to his friend Julius Steiner, an Austrian teacher and ...
'' – 14 spp.
:*''
Wawea'' – 1 sp.
;
Arthrorhaphidaceae
:Thallus either crustose, or immersed within the host. Widespread in
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...
and montane regions, growth on soil, with
green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...
l photobiont partner; some species are lichenicolous. Secondary chemicals are depsides and
pulvinic acid
Pulvinic acids are natural chemical pigments found in some lichens, derived biosynthetically from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, via dimerization and oxidative ring-cleavage of arylpyruvic acids, a process that also produces ...
derivatives.
:*''
Arthrorhaphis'' – 13 spp.
![Phyllobaeis imbricata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Phyllobaeis_imbricata.jpg)
;
Baeomycetaceae
:Thallus crustose or squamulose,
apothecia either
sessile or sometimes on pink or brown stipes that are special extensions of the thallus that are not lichenized. Widespread distribution with growth typically on rock or soil.
:*''
Ainoa'' – 2 spp.
:*''
Anamylopsora'' – 3 spp.
:*''
Baeomyces'' – 10 spp.
:*''
Parainoa'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Phyllobaeis'' – 6 spp.
;
Cameroniaceae
:Thallus crustose with chlorococcoid photobiont and perithecioid, immersed ascomata. Four spores per ascus. Secondary chemicals are
dibenzofurans and
triphenyls. Found in temperate
Tasmania
)
, nickname =
, image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdi ...
, growth on rocks.
:*''
Cameronia'' – 2 spp.
![Tremolecia atrata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Tremolecia_atrata.jpg)
;
Hymeneliaceae
Hymeneliaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Baeomycetales. It contains three genera and about 40 species. The family was circumscribed by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855.
Lichens in the Hymeneliaceae ...
:Thallus usually crustose, lacking rhizoids, sometimes evanescent. Widespread distribution with growth usually on rocks and green algal photobiont. No secondary chemicals produced.
:*''
Hymenelia'' – 26 spp.
:*''
Ionaspis'' – 7 spp.
:*''
Tremolecia'' – 6 spp.
;
Protothelenellaceae
:Thallus crustose, but sometimes poorly developed, or even absent.
Ascomata intermediate in form between
apothecial and
perithecial, immersed, sometimes becoming erumpent, dark green to black, and opened by a broad pore. Widely distributed in northern temperate regions. Some species grow as
saprobes on bark, while others are lichenised with green algae, rarely lichenicolous. Subcosmopolitan distribution; habitats include acidic rocks and soil, bryophytes and detritus, wood, or other lichens. No secondary chemicals are produced.
:*''
Mycowinteria'' – 3 spp.
:*''
Protothelenella'' – 11 spp.
:*''
Thrombium'' – 5 spp.
![Placopsis lambii - Flickr - pellaea](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Placopsis_lambii_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg)
;
Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.
Taxonomy
Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed by French lichenologist Maurice Choisy in 1929. Hannes Hertel emended the f ...
:Thallus crustose to squamulose in form. Collectively, a cosmopolitan distribution, but mostly concentrated in temperate regions.
Depside
A depside is a type of polyphenolic compound composed of two or more monocyclic aromatic units linked by an ester bond. Depsides are most often found in lichens, but have also been isolated from higher plants, including species of the Ericaceae, L ...
s,
depsidone
Depsidones (+ " depside" + "one") are chemical compounds that are sometimes found as secondary metabolites in lichens. They are esters that are both depsides and cyclic ethers. An example is norstictic acid
Norstictic acid is a depsidone produc ...
s, and
anthraquinone
Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic organic compound with formula . Isomers include various quinone derivatives. The term anthraquinone however refers to the isomer, 9,10-anthraquinone (IUPAC: 9,10-dioxo ...
s produced as secondary chemicals.
:*''
Amylora
''Amylora'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. This is a monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does ...
'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Aspiciliopsis'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Coppinsia
''Coppinsia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species ''Coppinsia minutissima''.
The genus name of ''Coppinsia'' is in honour of Brian John Coppins (b.1949), British b ...
'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Ducatina
''Ducatina'' is a genus of umbilicate lichen in the family Trapeliaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single species ''Ducatina umbilicata''. Both the genus and species were described as new to science in 2017 by Damien Ertz and Ulrik Søchti ...
'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Lignoscripta
''Lignoscripta'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. This is a monotypic
In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that ...
'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Orceolina
''Orceolina'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.
Taxonomy
Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed ...
'' – 2 spp.
:*''
Placopsis
''Placopsis'' (bullseye lichen) is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae.
Species
, Species Fungorum (via the Catalog of Life) accepts 29 species of ''Placopsis''.
*'' Placopsis ampliata''
*'' Placopsis antarctica''
*'' Pla ...
'' – ca. 60 spp.
:*''
Placynthiella
''Placynthiella'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Russian lichenologist Alexander Elenkin in 1909, with '' Placynthiella arenicola'' designated as the type species
In zoological nomenc ...
'' – 7 spp.
:*''
Rimularia
''Rimularia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. ''Rimularia'' was circumscribed by Finnish botanist William Nylander
William Andrew Michael Junior Nylander Altelius (born 1 May 1996) is a Canadian-born Swedish pr ...
'' – 4 spp.
:*''
Sarea'' – 2 spp.
:*''
Trapelia
''Trapelia'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae
Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.
Taxonomy
Trapeliaceae was originally circumscribed ...
'' – 24 spp.
:*''
Trapeliopsis
''Trapeliopsis'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. It contains 20 species. The genus was circumscribed in 1980 by Hannes Hertel and Gotthard Schneider, with '' Trapeliopsis wallrothii'' designated as the type species
I ...
'' 20 spp.
;
Xylographaceae
''Xylographaceae'' is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Baeomycetales. It contains four genera and 25 species.
Taxonomy
The family was circumscribed in 1888 by American lichenologist Edward Tuckerman (as "Xylographei"). His concept ...
:Thallus immersed in the wood substrate with rounded to
lirellate fruiting bodies that are pale to blackening. Family resurrected for use following molecular analysis published in 2015.
:*''
Lambiella'' – 12 spp.
:*''
Lithographa'' – 10 spp.
:*''
Ptychographa'' – 1 sp.
:*''
Xylographa'' – 2 spp.
Notes
References
Cited literature
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q636577
Baeomycetales
Ascomycota orders
Lichen orders
Taxa described in 2007
Taxa named by Helge Thorsten Lumbsch