Apache Thrift

Thrift is an interface definition language and
binary communication protocol
used for defining and creating services for numerous programming languages. It was developed at Facebook for "scalable cross-language services development" and as of 2020 is an open source project in the Apache Software Foundation.

With a remote procedure call (RPC) framework it combines a software stack with a code generation engine to build cross-platform services which can connect applications written in a variety of languages and frameworks, including ActionScript, C, C++, C#, Cappuccino, Cocoa, Delphi, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Elixir, Rust, Scala, Smalltalk and Swift. The implementation was described in an April 2007 technical paper released by Facebook, now hosted on Apache.

Architecture

Thrift includes a complete stack for creating clients and servers. The top part is generated code from the Thrift definition. From this file, the services generate client and processor code. In contrast to built-in types, created data structures are sent as result in generated code. The protocol and transport layer are part of the runtime library. With Thrift, it is possible to define a service and change the protocol and transport without recompiling the code. Besides the client part, Thrift includes server infrastructure to tie protocols and transports together, like blocking, non-blocking, and multi-threaded servers. The underlying I/O part of the stack is implemented differently for different languages.

Thrift supports a number of protocols:
* TBinaryProtocol – A straightforward binary format, simple, but not optimized for space efficiency. Faster to process than the text protocol but more difficult to debug.
* TCompactProtocol – More compact binary format; typically more efficient to process as well
* TJSONProtocol – Uses JSON for encoding of data.
* TSimpleJSONProtocol – A write-only protocol that cannot be parsed by Thrift because it drops metadata using JSON. Suitable for parsing by scripting languages.

The supported ''transports'' are:
* TSimpleFileTransport – This transport writes to a file.
* TFramedTransport – This transport is required when using a non-blocking server. It sends data in frames, where each frame is preceded by length information.
* TMemoryTransport – Uses memory for I/O. The Java implementation uses a simple internally.
* TSocket – Uses blocking socket I/O for transport.
* TZlibTransport – Performs compression using zlib. Used in conjunction with another transport.

Thrift also provides a number of servers, which are
* TNonblockingServer – A multi-threaded server using non-blocking I/O (Java implementation uses NIO channels). TFramedTransport must be used with this server.
* TSimpleServer – A single-threaded server using standard blocking I/O. Useful for testing.
* TThreadedServer – A multi-threaded server using a thread per connection model and standard blocking I/O.
* TThreadPoolServer – A multi-threaded server using a thread pool and standard blocking I/O.

Benefits

Some stated benefits of Thrift include:Programmer's Guide to Apache Thrift, Randy Abernathy, Manning Publications, 2019,
* Cross-language serialization with lower overhead than alternatives such as SOAP due to use of binary format.
* No XML configuration files.
* The language bindings feel natural. For example, Java uses . C++ uses std::vector.
* The application-level wire format and the serialization-level wire format are cleanly separated. They can be modified independently.
* The predefined serialization styles include: binary, HTTP-friendly and compact binary.
* Doubles as cross-language file serialization.
* of the protocol. Thrift does not require a centralized and explicit mechanism like major-version/minor-version. Loosely coupled teams can freely evolve RPC calls.
* No build dependencies or non-standard software. No mix of incompatible software licenses.

Creating a Thrift service

Thrift is written in C++, but can create code for a number of languages. To create a Thrift service, one has to write Thrift files that describe it, generate the code in the destination language, write some code to start the server, and call it from the client. Here is a code example of such a description file:

enum PhoneType

struct Phone

service PhoneService

Thrift will generate the code out of this descriptive information. For instance, in Java, the PhoneType will be a simple enum inside the Phone class.

See also

* Comparison of data serialization formats
* Apache Avro
* Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
* Hessian
* Protocol Buffers
* External Data Representation (XDR)
* Internet Communications Engine (Ice)
* gRPC
* SDXF

References

External links

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Thrift
Application layer protocols
Data serialization formats
Inter-process communication
Remote procedure call
Thrift