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Apache Avro
Avro is a row-oriented remote procedure call and data serialization framework developed within Apache's Hadoop project. It uses JSON for defining data types and protocols, and serializes data in a compact binary format. Its primary use is in Apache Hadoop, where it can provide both a serialization format for persistent data, and a wire format for communication between Hadoop nodes, and from client programs to the Hadoop services. Avro uses a schema to structure the data that is being encoded. It has two different types of schema languages; one for human editing (Avro IDL) and another which is more machine-readable based on JSON. It is similar to Thrift and Protocol Buffers, but does not require running a code-generation program when a schema changes (unless desired for statically-typed languages). Apache Spark SQL can access Avro as a data source. Avro Object Container File An Avro Object Container File consists of: * A file header, followed by * one or more file dat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apache Software Foundation
The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is an American nonprofit corporation (classified as a 501(c)(3) organization in the United States) to support a number of open source software projects. The ASF was formed from a group of developers of the Apache HTTP Server, and incorporated on March 25, 1999. As of 2021, it includes approximately 1000 members. The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the Apache License and is a non-copyleft form of free and open-source software (FOSS). The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license, which is to say that it allows developers who receive the software freely, to re-distribute it under nonfree terms. Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a meritocracy, implying t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadoop
Apache Hadoop () is a collection of open-source software utilities that facilitates using a network of many computers to solve problems involving massive amounts of data and computation. It provides a software framework for distributed storage and processing of big data using the MapReduce programming model. Hadoop was originally designed for computer clusters built from commodity hardware, which is still the common use. It has since also found use on clusters of higher-end hardware. All the modules in Hadoop are designed with a fundamental assumption that hardware failures are common occurrences and should be automatically handled by the framework. The core of Apache Hadoop consists of a storage part, known as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and a processing part which is a MapReduce programming model. Hadoop splits files into large blocks and distributes them across nodes in a cluster. It then transfers packaged code into nodes to process the data in parallel. This appro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Block (data Storage)
In computing (specifically data transmission and data storage), a block, sometimes called a physical record, is a sequence of bytes or bits, usually containing some whole number of records, having a maximum length; a ''block size''. Data thus structured are said to be ''blocked''. The process of putting data into blocks is called ''blocking'', while ''deblocking'' is the process of extracting data from blocks. Blocked data is normally stored in a data buffer, and read or written a whole block at a time. Blocking reduces the overhead and speeds up the handling of the data stream. For some devices, such as magnetic tape and CKD disk devices, blocking reduces the amount of external storage required for the data. Blocking is almost universally employed when storing data to 9-track magnetic tape, NAND flash memory, and rotating media such as floppy disks, hard disks, and optical discs. Most file systems are based on a block device, which is a level of abstraction for the hardwar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
File Header
File or filing may refer to: Mechanical tools and processes * File (tool), a tool used to ''remove'' fine amounts of material from a workpiece **Filing (metalworking), a material removal process in manufacturing ** Nail file, a tool used to gently abrade away and shape the edges of fingernails and toenails Documents * An arranged collection of documents *Filing (legal), submitting a document to the clerk of a court Computing * Computer file, a resource for storing information ** file URI scheme ** (command), a Unix program for determining the type of data contained in a computer file * File system, a method of storing and organizing computer files and their data *Files by Google, an Android app *Files (Apple), an Apple app Other uses * File (formation), a single column of troops one in front of the other * File (chess), a column of the chessboard * Filé powder, a culinary ingredient used in Cajun and Creole cooking * Filé (band), a Cajun musical ensemble from Louisiana, U. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Container (abstract Data Type)
In computer science, a container is a class or a data structureEntry ''data structure'' in the Encyclopædia Britannica (2009Online entryAccessed 4 Oct 2011. whose instances are collections of other objects. In other words, they store objects in an organized way that follows specific access rules. The size of the container depends on the number of objects (elements) it contains. Underlying (inherited) implementations of various container types may vary in size, complexity and type of language, but in many cases they provide flexibility in choosing the right implementation for any given scenario. Container data structures are commonly used in many types of programming languages. Function and properties Containers can be characterized by the following three properties: * ''access'', that is the way of accessing the objects of the container. In the case of arrays, access is done with the array index. In the case of stacks, access is done according to the LIFO (last in, first o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apache Spark
Apache Spark is an open-source unified analytics engine for large-scale data processing. Spark provides an interface for programming clusters with implicit data parallelism and fault tolerance. Originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley's AMPLab, the Spark codebase was later donated to the Apache Software Foundation, which has maintained it since. Overview Apache Spark has its architectural foundation in the resilient distributed dataset (RDD), a read-only multiset of data items distributed over a cluster of machines, that is maintained in a fault-tolerant way. The Dataframe API was released as an abstraction on top of the RDD, followed by the Dataset API. In Spark 1.x, the RDD was the primary application programming interface (API), but as of Spark 2.x use of the Dataset API is encouraged even though the RDD API is not deprecated. The RDD technology still underlies the Dataset API. Spark and its RDDs were developed in 2012 in response to limitations in the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statically-typed
In computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a type (computer science), type to every "term" (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Usually the terms are various constructs of a computer program, such as variable (computer science), variables, expression (computer science), expressions, function (computer science), functions, or modular programming, modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term. Type systems formalize and enforce the otherwise implicit categories the programmer uses for algebraic data types, data structures, or other components (e.g. "string", "array of float", "function returning boolean"). Type systems are often specified as part of programming languages and built into Interpreter (computing), interpreters and compilers, although the type system of a language can be extended by ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Database Schema
The database schema is the structure of a database described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases). The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called integrity constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the schema. All constraints are expressible in the same language. A database can be considered a structure in realization of the database language. The states of a created conceptual schema are transformed into an explicit mapping, the database schema. This describes how real-world entities are modeled in the database. "A database schema specifies, based on the database administrator's knowledge of possible applications, the facts that can enter the database, or those of interest to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protocol Buffers
Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) is a free and open-source cross-platform data format used to serialize structured data. It is useful in developing programs to communicate with each other over a network or for storing data. The method involves an interface description language that describes the structure of some data and a program that generates source code from that description for generating or parsing a stream of bytes that represents the structured data. Overview Google developed Protocol Buffers for internal use and provided a code generator for multiple languages under an open-source license (see below). The design goals for Protocol Buffers emphasized simplicity and performance. In particular, it was designed to be smaller and faster than XML. Protocol Buffers are widely used at Google for storing and interchanging all kinds of structured information. The method serves as a basis for a custom remote procedure call (RPC) system that is used for nearly all inter-machine comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thrift (protocol)
Thrift is an interface definition language and Binary protocol, binary communication protocol used for defining and creating service (systems architecture), services for numerous programming languages. It was developed at Facebook for "scalable cross-language services development" and as of 2020 is an Open-source software, open source project in the Apache Software Foundation. With a remote procedure call (RPC) framework it combines a software stack with a code generation engine to build cross-platform services which can connect applications written in a variety of languages and frameworks, including ActionScript, C (programming language), C, C++, C Sharp (programming language), C#, Cappuccino (application development framework), Cappuccino, Cocoa (API), Cocoa, Delphi (programming language), Delphi, Erlang (programming language), Erlang, Go (programming language), Go, Haskell (programming language), Haskell, Java (programming language), Java, JavaScript, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Machine-readable Data
Machine-readable data, or computer-readable data, is data in a format that can be processed by a computer. Machine-readable data must be structured data. Attempts to create machine-readable data occurred as early as the 1960s. At the same time that seminal developments in machine-reading and natural-language processing were releasing (like Weizenbaum's ELIZA), people were anticipating the success of machine-readable functionality and attempting to create machine-readable documents. One such example was musicologist Nancy B. Reich's creation of a machine-readable catalog of composer William Jay Sydeman's works in 1966. In the United States, the OPEN Government Data Act of 14 January 2019 defines machine-readable data as "data in a format that can be easily processed by a computer without human intervention while ensuring no semantic meaning is lost." The law directs U.S. federal agencies to publish public data in such a manner, ensuring that "any public data asset of the agency ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Service (systems Architecture)
In the contexts of software architecture, service-orientation and service-oriented architecture, the term service refers to a software functionality, or a set of software functionalities (such as the retrieval of specified information or the execution of a set of operations) with a purpose that different clients can reuse for different purposes, together with the policies that should control its usage (based on the identity of the client requesting the service, for example). OASIS defines a service as "a mechanism to enable access to one or more capabilities, where the access is provided using a prescribed interface and is exercised consistent with constraints and policies as specified by the service description".
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