''Avanti!'' (meaning "Forward!" in English) is an Italian daily newspaper, born as the official voice of the
Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country.
Founded in Genoa in 1892, ...
, published since 25 December 1896. It took its name from its German counterpart ''
Vorwärts
''Vorwärts'' (, "Forward") is a newspaper published by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Founded in 1876, it was the central organ of the SPD for many decades. Following the party's Halle Congress (1891), it was published daily as ...
'', the party-newspaper of the
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany.
Saskia Esken has been the ...
.
History
Foundation
![1896,_25_dicembre,_primo_numero_Avanti!2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/1896%2C_25_dicembre%2C_primo_numero_Avanti%212.jpg)
In the mid-nineties of the 19th century, the
Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country.
Founded in Genoa in 1892, ...
owned numerous newspapers and periodical journals published in various parts of the
Italian Kingdom, but those had limited runs, and they were funded by the same militants of the Party. However, PSI (the Italian-language abbreviation of the Italian Socialist Party) obtained an important standing in the elections of 1895, and during the IVth Socialist Congress of
Florence
Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
in July 1896, programs for the editorial development were promoted along with the origination of a nationwide newspaper.
The first number of ''Avanti!'' was published on 25 December 1896, on Christmas, because the new newspaper sought to represent Italian socialism as intended as "a new voice that does not descend from the airy high sky, but it lifts up from workshops and fields and predicts the peace to men of good will" or their own rendition of what they considered a "holy birth". After all, Jesus Christ was referred to as the "first socialist in history" in the contemporary socialist iconography.
The first director was
Leonida Bissolati
Leonida Bissolati (20 February 1857 in Cremona – 6 May 1920 in Rome) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Biography
He was born from the liaison of Paolina Bergamaschi, a nurse, wi ...
, with
Ivanoe Bonomi
Ivanoe Bonomi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945.
Background and earlier career
Ivanoe Bonomi was born in Mantua, I ...
, Walter Mocchi, Alessandro Schiavi,
Oddino Morgari
Oddino Morgari (November 16, 1865 – November 24, 1944) was an Italian socialist journalist and politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1897 to 1929, for eight legislatures.
Early life
Initially a Mazzinian radical, he ...
and Gabriele Galantara as editors. The last one was a designer and satirical cartoonist who drew the logo for the newspapers, characterized by an italic font and the exclamation point at the end with the typical liberty style of the end of the 19th century. Along with Guido Podrecca, Galantara was also the founder in 1892 of ''
L'Asino
''L'Asino'' (The Donkey) was an Italian magazine of political satire founded in Rome on November 27, 1892, by Guido Podrecca (1865–1923) and Gabriele Galantara (1867–1937), a former mathematics student, designer and cartoonist, both with a soci ...
'', an important satirical journal''.''
''Avanti!'' was inspired by the newspaper of the
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany.
Saskia Esken has been the ...
called ''
Vorwärts
''Vorwärts'' (, "Forward") is a newspaper published by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Founded in 1876, it was the central organ of the SPD for many decades. Following the party's Halle Congress (1891), it was published daily as ...
''.
Previously, other newspapers had been founded with the same title: on 30 April 1881
Andrea Costa
Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew.
Origin of the name
The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that ref ...
founded the ''Avanti!'' and philosopher
Antonio Labriola
Antonio Labriola (; 2 July 1843 – 12 February 1904) was an Italian Marxist theoretician and philosopher. Although an academic philosopher and never an active member of any Marxist political party, his thought exerted influence on many pol ...
launched ''Avanti'' (without exclamation mark) in May 1896, on which the libertarian socialist
Francesco Saverio Merlino
Francesco Saverio Merlino (9 September 1856 – 30 June 1930) was an Italian lawyer, anarchist activist and theorist of libertarian socialism.
Life
Merlino was born on 9 September 1856 in Naples.Italian Prime Minister
The Prime Minister of Italy, officially the President of the Council of Ministers ( it, link=no, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is ...
and
Minister of the Interior
An interior minister (sometimes called a minister of internal affairs or minister of home affairs) is a cabinet official position that is responsible for internal affairs, such as public security, civil registration and identification, emergency ...
Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì
Antonio Starrabba (o Starabba), Marquess of Rudinì (16 April 18397 August 1908) was an Italian statesman, Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898.
Biography Early life and patriotic activities
He was born in Pal ...
, who had warned the PSI leaders and subscribed with the intimation "''di qui non-si passa''" ('Do not pass from here'), Bissolati answered "''di qui si passa''" ('From here we pass'), manifesting the faith and "scientific" certainty in the affirmations of socialist reasons and in the conquest of power by workers:
[''Di qui si passa'' in ]
File:Locandina Avanti! 1896.jpg, Advertising poster for the subscription to ''Avanti!'', 1896.
File:1896, 27 dicembre, pubblicità Avanti!.jpg, Advertising of ''Avanti!'', 27 December 1896.
File:Leonida Bissolati.jpg, Portrait of Leonida Bissolati
Leonida Bissolati (20 February 1857 in Cremona – 6 May 1920 in Rome) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Biography
He was born from the liaison of Paolina Bergamaschi, a nurse, wi ...
, first director of ''Avanti!'' in 1896.
File:1897 pubblicità Avanti!.jpg, Advertising poster drawn by Gabriele Galantara for the subscription to ''Avanti!'', 1898.
File:1905 - redazione avanti!.jpg, Editorial staff of ''Avanti!'' in 1905. From the left, seated, the first is satirical artist Gabriele Galantara and the second is Ivanoe Bonomi
Ivanoe Bonomi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945.
Background and earlier career
Ivanoe Bonomi was born in Mantua, I ...
. At the middle there is the director Leonida Bissolati
Leonida Bissolati (20 February 1857 in Cremona – 6 May 1920 in Rome) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Biography
He was born from the liaison of Paolina Bergamaschi, a nurse, wi ...
.
File:1910 - avanti del 1 maggio.jpg, ''Avanti!'' of 1º May 1910.
Format, prize and headquarter
The socialist daily newspaper was formed by four
broadsheet
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long Vertical and horizontal, vertical pages, typically of . Other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner (format), Berliner and Tabloid (newspaper format), ta ...
pages. One copy cost 5 cents of
lira
Lira is the name of several currency units. It is the current currency of Turkey and also the local name of the currencies of Lebanon and of Syria. It is also the name of several former currencies, including those of Italy, Malta and Israe ...
, the annual subscription 15 lire, the six-monthly one 7.50 lire, the quarterly one 3 lire and the monthly one 1.25 lire.
The headquarter was located in Rome, in Palazzo Sciarra-Colonna of Via delle Muratte. In 1911, on the initiative of Turati, the headquarter of the newspaper was moved from Rome (where an office for parliamentary chronicle remained) to Milan, in Via San Damiano.
The number of pages became six, including news of Milan.
Repression of 1898
From January to May 1898, several popular protests blew up in almost all the Italian peninsula, for bread, work and against taxes, but the government suppressed the revolts. On 7 May in Milan, the government declared the state of siege and gave full powers to general
Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris, who ordered to open fire against the crowd. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were injured. The exact number of victims has not never been clarified.
On 9 May, general Bava-Beccaris, with the support of the government, dismantled associations and clubs considered subversives and arrested thousands of people belonging to socialist, republican and anarchical organizations, including some parliamentarians: among others, they were
Filippo Turati
Filippo Turati (; 26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, poet and socialist politician.
Early life
Born in Canzo, province of Como, he graduated in law at the University of Bologna in 1877, and participa ...
(with his partner
Anna Kuliscioff
Anna Kuliscioff (; rus, Анна Кулишёва, , ˈanːə kʊlʲɪˈʂovə; born Anna Moiseyevna Rozenshtein, ; 9 January 1857 – 27 December 1925) was a Russian-Italian revolutionary of Jewish origin, a prominent feminist, an anarchist in ...
),
Andrea Costa
Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew.
Origin of the name
The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that ref ...
, Leonida Bissolati,
Carlo Romussi
Carlo Romussi (10 December 1847 - 2 March 1913) was an Italian layer, journalist, and politician.
Biography
He was born in Milan to a prominent family. He studied law at the University of Pavia, graduating in 1870. He moved to Milan, and graduall ...
(
radical
Radical may refer to:
Politics and ideology Politics
*Radical politics, the political intent of fundamental societal change
*Radicalism (historical), the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and ...
) and Paolo Valera.
All anti-government journals and newspapers were banned and on 12 May the entire redaction of ''Avanti!'' was arrested in Rome.
''Avanti!'' and the Red Week
On 7 June 1914, in
Ancona
Ancona (, also , ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 . Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic S ...
, an antimilitarist meeting was held in the local headquarter of the
Italian Republican Party
The Italian Republican Party ( it, Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI) is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Italy. Founded in 1895, the PRI is the oldest political party still active in Italy.
The PRI has old roots and a long histo ...
, organized by
Pietro Nenni
Pietro Sandro Nenni (; 9 February 1891 – 1 January 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and senator for life since 1970. He was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1951. He w ...
, a republican leader at the time and director of the local journal ''Lucifero'', along with the anarchist
Errico Malatesta
Errico Malatesta (4 December 1853 – 22 July 1932) was an Italian anarchist propagandist and revolutionary socialist. He edited several radical newspapers and spent much of his life exiled and imprisoned, having been jailed and expelled from ...
. At the end, Carabinieri opened fire on the participants while they were leaving the hall, killing two republicans and an anarchist. As a reaction, The Chamber of Work declared a general strike and various revolts occurred. On 9 June, a great crowd took part to the funerals of the three killed which crossed the whole city. The news about the slaughter spread throughout all Italy and provoked demonstrations, parades and spontaneous strikes.
In particular, souls were inflamed by the calls of
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
, socialist at the time and director of ''Avanti!'', who had caught in Ancona, during the XIV Congress of PSI from 26 to 28 April 1914, an important personal success, with plaudits for the results of dissemination and sells of the party newspaper, granted to him personally by congress members.
On the number of 8 June 1914 of the socialist newspaper, Mussolini wrote:
With his articles, Mussolini, by leveraging on his popularity inside the socialist movement and on the great diffusion of the newspaper, forced the
Confederazione Generale del Lavoro
General Confederation of Labour ( it, Confederazione Generale del Lavoro, CGdL) was an Italian labor union, founded in 1906, under the initiative of socialist militants. Having survived the Fascist dictatorship and the Second World War as an un ...
(CGdL) to declare a general strike, an instrument which stopped every activity in the country and that the labour union believed it had to be used only in exceptional circumstances. Mussolini exploited the popular revolts for political purposes within the socialist movement: leadership of PSI was in the hands of revolutionary maximalists after the congress of Ancona, but reformist were still the majority in the parliamentary group and in CGdL.
On 10 June 1914, a political rally was held in the
Arena di Milano
Arena Civica (), officially Arena Gianni Brera, is a multi-purpose stadium in Milan, Italy, which was opened on 18 August 1807. One of the city's main examples of neoclassical architecture, today it mainly hosts football and rugby union games, co ...
in front of 60,000 people, while the rest of Italy was struggling and paralysed,
Romagna
Romagna ( rgn, Rumâgna) is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna, North Italy. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennines to the south-west, the Adriatic to t ...
and
Marche
Marche ( , ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy. In English, the region is sometimes referred to as The Marches ( ). The region is located in the central area of the country, bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the ...
were insurgent and rail workers finally announced to join to the general strike. After reformists of all parties said that the strike was not the revolution but only a manifestation against the massacre of Ancona, and that they would not be dragged into a useless carnage,
and Mussolini intervened. The latter exalted the revolt and his speech was reported and published by ''Avanti!'' on the following day:
To prevent the monarchy from feeling threatened and declaring the state of siege, giving public powers to the army, the CGDL concluded the strike after 48 hours and invited workers to resume their activities.
That move frustrated the warlike and insurrectionist purposes of Mussolini who, on the ''Avanti!'' of 12 June 1914, accused the syndicalist leaders of felony saying: "The Labour Confederation, in ending the strike, has betrayed the revolutionary movement".
The general strike lasted only two days, while the revolutionary movement was gradually running out after keeping entire zones of the country in check.
On 20 June 1914, the socialist parliamentary group, formed in majority by moderates and reformists, disproved Mussolini about the events of the "Red Week" and confirmed the traditional gradualist and parliamentary position of the "historical" leadership of PSI, saying that the revolt was:
At the end of the same month, on 28 June 1914, the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip. They were shot at close range whil ...
in
Sarajevo
Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S, names in other languages'') is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its a ...
shifted Italian attention on the European dynamics which will lead to
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, opposing interventionist to neutralist, until the
entry into war of Italy on 24 May 1915.
''Avanti!'' during WWI
In 1914–1915, ''Avanti!'' supported an important campaign for the absolute neutrality towards the opposite sides in WWI.
After maintaining that position, decided by the vast majority of PSI, Benito Mussolini pushed the socialist newspaper into an interventionist campaign with his articles as director. Thanks to his retinue within the party, Mussolini asked to the national direction of PSI to endorse his new line or otherwise he would resign, as he did in the following day.
The new interventionist newspaper of Mussolini, ''
Il Popolo d'Italia
''Il Popolo d'Italia'' ("The People of Italy") was an Italian newspaper published from 15 November 1914 until 24 July 1943. It was founded by Benito Mussolini as a pro-war newspaper during World War I, and it later became the main newspaper of ...
'', would be published on 15 November 1914, with
syndicalists
Syndicalism is a revolutionary current within the left-wing of the labor movement that seeks to unionize workers according to industry and advance their demands through strikes with the eventual goal of gaining control over the means of prod ...
and dissidents from the Socialist Party.
On 23 November, Mussolini was expelled from the Socialist Party and the satirical cartoonist of ''Avanti!'', Giuseppe Scalarini, drew the cartoon ''Giuda'' for the newspaper, representing Mussolini, with a dagger and the money of betrayal, approaching silently to hit Christ (the socialism) in the back.
Giacinto Menotti Serrati
Giacinto Menotti Serrati (25 November 1872 – 10 May 1926) was an Italian communist politician and newspaper editor.
Biography
He was born in Spotorno, near Savona and died in Asso, near Como.
Serrati was a central leader of the Italian Soc ...
was appointed as new director of ''Avanti!'' during all the WWI, and he will be one of the leaders of the maximalist side of PSI and he will adhere in 1924 to the diktat of
Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
and
Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian M ...
, joining the
Communist Party of Italy
The Italian Communist Party ( it, Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current ...
.
File:1915 - avanti del 1 maggio.jpg, ''Avanti!'' of 1 May 1915.
File:1916 - avanti del 1 maggio.jpg, ''Avanti!'' of 1 May 1916 with censor cuts.
File:1917 - avanti del 1 maggio.jpg, ''Avanti!'' of 1 May 1917 with censor cuts.
File:1918 - avanti del 1 maggio.jpg, ''Avanti!'' of 1 May 1918.
File:1919 - avanti del 1 maggio.jpg, ''Avanti!'' of 1 May 1919.
Five squadrist assaults against ''Avanti!''
Between 1919 and 1922, ''Avanti!'' was attacked and devastated by five
squadrist assaults:
Assault against ''Avanti!'' of 15 April 1919 in Milan
![1919_-_PRIMO_ATTACCO_SQUADRISTA_ALL'AVANTI!!](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/1919_-_PRIMO_ATTACCO_SQUADRISTA_ALL%27AVANTI%21%21.jpg)
On 15 April 1919, in Milan, nationalists, fascists, officer cadets and arditi were the responsible of the first squadrist assault, during that they fired and destructed the headquarter of ''Avanti!''. Under the title ''Viva l'Avanti!'' ("Long live ''Avanti!''"), the first comment about the fact said:
![1919,_avanti](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/1919%2C_avanti.jpg)
On 23 April 1919, the newspaper, printed in Turin, launched a "solidarity plebiscite" urging its readers and militants to subscribe for rebuilding the headquarter of Milan. and on 3 May 1920, ''Avanti!'' returned to be printed in the Lombard city.
Attack on the Roman headquarter of ''Avanti!''
In July 1920, the headquarter of ''Avanti!'' in Rome was besieged by a group of arditi during clashes with workers and tram drivers who were doing a strike. Ugo Intini wrote:
Bombs against the new headquarter in Milan
A new attack occurred in Milan during the night between 23 and 24 March 1921: the new headquarter in Via Lodovico da Settala 22 was devastated by bombs thrown by a fascist squad, with the purpose of an immediate retaliation to the massacre of Hotel Diana, provoked a few hours before by some anarchists.
In this occasion,
Pietro Nenni
Pietro Sandro Nenni (; 9 February 1891 – 1 January 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and senator for life since 1970. He was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1951. He w ...
, still a republican leader at the time, intervened in favour of the socialist newspaper. Director Giacinto Menotti Serrati, after a few days, asked him to go in Paris as correspondent for ''Avanti!'', in trial for six months.
Pietro Nenni at ''Avanti!''
![Redazione_Avanti!](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Redazione_Avanti%21.jpg)
On 19 April 1921, Nenni signed its first article for the socialist newspaper under the title of "The failure of Versaglia policy".
In Paris, Nenni subscribed to PSI and began a path which, in around two years, would lead him to the leadership of the autonomist side of the Party. During the Congress of Milan in 1923, it was in favour of the merger between PSI and the Communist Party of Italy, as imposed by the Soviets and supported by Serrati and the Party secretary
Costantino Lazzari
Costantino Lazzari (1 January 1857, Cremona – 29 December 1927, Rome) was an Italian politician. He was one of the founders and main leaders of the Italian Socialist Party.
Biography
Costantino Lazzari was born in Cremona, on 1 January 1857. ...
. The congress appointed Nenni as new director of ''Avanti!''.
Since then, during the whole exile in France and the period of underground in Italy, the relationship between Pietro Nenni and ''Avanti!'' had become stronger until 1948.
On 31 December 1925, the
Mussolini Cabinet
The Mussolini government was the longest-serving government in the history of united Italy. The Cabinet administered the country from 31 October 1922 to 25 July 1943, for a total of 7,572 days, or 20 years, 8 months and 25 days.
On taking offi ...
made the law n. 2037 on press passed by the Chamber of the Deputies and on 31 October 1926 the newly established
fascist regime
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
closed all the publications issued by the opposition. ''Avanti!'', like all the other antifascist newspapers, was obliged to interrupt their prints in Italy but continued to be published in exile, under the impulse of Nenni, in Paris and
Zürich
Zürich () is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020, the municipality has 43 ...
every week.
Fall of fascism and 1946 referendum
Underground ''Avanti!''
The socialist newspaper reappeared in Italy in hiding on 11 January 1943: a publication named ''Avanti!'', without using the historical header with an italic type in liberty style, was distributed as the ''giornale del Movimento di Unità Proletaria per la repubblica socialista'' ("newspaper of the Movement of Proletarian Unity for the socialist republic").
After the establishment of the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity (PSIUP) on 22 August 1943 (with the merger between the Italian Socialist Party and the
Movement of Proletarian Unity), ''Avanti!'' began to use again the traditional header of Galantara, proclaiming itself as the ''giornale del Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria'' ("newspaper of the Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity").
Giving the news of the stipulation of the
Armistice of Cassibile
The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice signed on 3 September 1943 and made public on 8 September between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies during World War II.
It was signed by Major General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brig ...
, the issue n. 2 of the 47th year, published on 9 (incorrectly printed as 3) September 1943, was entitled ''La guerra fascista è finita'' ("The fascist war is over"), while the subheading said ''La lotta dei lavoratori continua'' ("The struggle of workers continues") mocking the
Badoglio Proclamation The Badoglio Proclamation was a speech read on Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche (EIAR) at 19:42 on 8 September 1943 by Marshal Pietro Badoglio, Italian head of government, announcing that the Armistice of Cassibile between Italy and the ...
of 25 July (''la guerra continua'', "The war continues").
''Avanti!'' of 16 March 1944, printed and distributed illegally in the territories of the
Italian Social Republic
The Italian Social Republic ( it, Repubblica Sociale Italiana, ; RSI), known as the National Republican State of Italy ( it, Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia, SNRI) prior to December 1943 but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò ...
and whose occupied by
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
, proclaimed: ''La classe operaia in prima fila nella lotta per l'indipendenza e per la libertà'' ("The workers' class in the front row in the fight for independence and freedom"), with the sub-header: ''Lo sciopero generale nell'Italia Settentrionale contro la coscrizione, le deportazioni e le decimazioni'' ("The general strike in Northern Italy against conscription, deportations and decimations").
The Roman edition of clandestine ''Avanti!'' was edited by
Eugenio Colorni Eugenio Colorni (22 April 1909 - 30 May 1944) was an Italian philosopher and anti-fascist activist.
Life
Born in Milan, Colorni taught philosophy at the University of Trieste, and was active in the anti-fascist Giustizia e Libertà movement. He mar ...
and Mario Fioretti, as
Sandro Pertini
Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian socialist politician who served as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985.
Early life
Born in Stella (Province of Savona) as the son of a wealthy landown ...
remembered:
The newspaper was published in clandestinity in Rome until the liberation of the Italian capital on 4–5 June 1944.
The extraordinary edition of 7 June 1944 gave the news about the
La Storta massacre
LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States.
La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Music
* La (musical note), or A, the sixth note
* "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure ...
of 4 June, heading: ''Bruno Buozzi Segretario della Confederazione Generale del Lavoro assassinato dai nazisti con 14 compagni'' ("Bruno Buozzi secretary of General Confederation of Labour murdered by Nazis along with 14 comrades").
''Avanti!'' resumed the public diffusion in Rome and the Italian territory gradually freed, while it remained illegal in the Social Republic.
Pertini was a protagonist in the printing and spreading of the first issue in Florence, immediately after the liberation of the city:
The Milan edition of the clandestine ''Avanti!'' was edited by
Andrea Lorenzetti
Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew.
Origin of the name
The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that re ...
, until his arrest by
Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organi ...
on 10 March 1944 along with almost all the socialist leadership group of Milan:
in the period between September 1943 and May 1944, twenty-eight issues were published.
Immediately after the arrest of the editorial staff, the direction of the clandestine newspaper was given to Guido Mazzali, and thanks to his diligence ''Avanti!'' reached a circulation of 15,000 copies.
Sandro Pertini had remembered the diligence of Mazzali for the socialist newspaper:
Giuseppe Manfrin wrote:
The Milan edition of ''Avanti!'' had been edited in the headquarter of ''
Corriere della Sera
The ''Corriere della Sera'' (; en, "Evening Courier") is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average daily circulation of 410,242 copies in December 2015.
First published on 5 March 1876, ''Corriere della Sera'' is one of It ...
'' until 13 May 1945, when the editorial staff moved to Via Senato 38, corner of Piazza Cavour, 2, in the former office of ''Il Popolo d'Italia''.
Return to the news-stands
On 27 April 1945, while the Northern Italy was being freed from the German occupation, an article signed by Pietro Nenni was published by ''Avanti!'' with the title ''Vento del Nord'' ("Wind of North"). The leader of PSIUP, exalting the struggle of
partisans who succeeded in ousting or forcing the surrender of nazi fascists, found, within the will of redemption and renovation of northern people, the "wind" which would have swept away the residuals of the regime that governed Italy for over twenty years, a "liberation wind against the enemy from outside and those from inside".
On 28 April 1945, news about the
execution of Mussolini
The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in ...
reached Rome and Sandro Pertini told that Nenni, brotherly friend and jail-mate of the duce in the past during his socialist period, "had red eyes, he was very moved, but he wanted to dictated the title anyway: Justice is done!».
On 1 May 1945, after the liberation, the first number of ''Avanti!'' was published in Milan and it was dedicated to the
International Workers' Day
International Workers' Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries and often referred to as May Day, is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement and occurs every year on 1 May, ...
for the first time in twenty years with an historical political rally of Sandro Pertini. On the front-page, there was an article with photo portraying Bonaventura Ferrazzutto, under the title ''Gli assenti'' ("The missing ones"), where comrades fallen or victims of the deportation in Nazi
Extermination camps
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...
were remembered.
Fight for the Republic
After the liberation, ''Avanti!'' built an important instrument of propaganda promoting the vote in favour of the republic for the
1946 Italian institutional referendum
An institutional referendum ( it, referendum istituzionale, or ) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946,Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 a key event of Italian contemporary history.
Until 1946 ...
, thanks also to the articles written by Nenni, and for the PSIUP for the
general elections
A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...
both held on 2 June 1946.
On 5 June 1946, the newspaper proclaimed the results of the institutional referendum with the title: ''REPUBBLICA! – IL SOGNO CENTENARIO DEGLI ITALIANI ONESTI E CONSAPEVOLI È UNA LUMINOSA REALTÀ'' ("Republic! – The centennial dream of honest and aware Italians is a shining reality") In a dedicated section dedicated, director
Ignazio Silone
Secondino Tranquilli (1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978), known by the pseudonym Ignazio Silone (, ), was an Italian political leader, novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-fascist novels. He was no ...
expressed the gratitude of socialist electors towards their leader, who fought for the pairing between the election for the Constitutional Assembly and the referendum, with the title ''Grazie a Nenni'' ("Thanks to Nenni").
Second post-war period
During the second post-war period, ''Avanti!'' had not reached the same circulation and influence obtained between the two wars but it became a witness, through its titles, of the rebuilding of Italy and its democratic evolution.
Center-left
The newspaper gave more emphasis on the creation of the first Italian center-left government with the direct participation of socialists after 16 years of oppision along with communist. On 6 December 1963, on the occasion of the oath of
Moro I Cabinet with
Antonio Segni
Antonio Segni (; 2 February 1891 – 1 December 1972) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the president of Italy from May 1962 to December 1964 and the prime minister of Italy in two distinct terms between 1955 and 1960.
A memb ...
as
President of Italy
The president of Italy, officially denoted as president of the Italian Republic ( it, Presidente della Repubblica Italiana) is the head of state of Italy. In that role, the president represents national unity, and guarantees that Italian poli ...
, the front-page of ''Avanti!'' was entitled: ''DA OGGI OGNUNO È PIÙ LIBERO – I lavoratori rappresentati nel governo del Paese'' ("FROM TODAY EVERYONE IS MORE FREE – workers are represented in the government of the Country").
''Avanti!'' continued to report the results of the reformative activity made by socialists within the center-left side of the government.
The number of 15 May 1970 was entitled ''LO STATUTO DEI LAVORATORI È LEGGE'' ("WORKERS' STATUTE IS NOW A LAW"), announcing the approval of law n. 300 promulgated on 22 May 1970, and the subheading stated: ''IL PROVVEDIMENTO VOLUTO DAL COMPAGNO GIACOMO BRODOLINI È STATO DEFINITIVAMENTE APPROVATO DALLA CAMERA'' ("The provision wanted by comrade Giacomo Brodolini has been definitely approved by the Chamber)".
The newspaper remembered the role of the then socialist Minister of Labour, dead on 11 July 1969 and considered as the real "political father" of the Workers' Statute, and attacks "the attitude of communists, ambiguous and clearly electoral" which determined the
Italian Communist Party
The Italian Communist Party ( it, Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy.
The PCI was founded as ''Communist Party of Italy'' on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). ...
(PCI) to prefer the abstention on the provision.
The editorial proclaimed ''La Costituzione entra in fabbrica'' ("Constitution comes in factory"), underlining "the explicit recognition of a new reality which, after the great fall struggles, in the heart of struggles for social reforms, sees the working class at the offensive, engaged in the construction a more democratic society".
The similar title of the ''Avanti!'' issued on 1 December 1970 was ''IL DIVORZIO È LEGGE – Vittoriosa conclusione di una giusta battaglia'' ("DIVORCE IS LAW – Victorious conclusion of a right battle"), and it underlined the approval of the new Fortuna-Baslini Law, a result of the combination between the law proposal of socialist
Loris Fortuna
Loris Fortuna (22 January 1924 – 5 December 1985) was an Italian left-wing politician.
Biography
Born in Breno, province of Brescia, he was a partisan during World War II, and initially joined the Italian Communist Party (PCI), leaving i ...
and another one of
liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and m ...
Antonio Baslini. The Fortuna project was of 1965 and it was stubbornly repurposed by the socialist deputy at the beginning of every legislature in which Fortuna was elected.
On 14 May 1974, about three years after the approval of the law, the socialist newspaper proclaimed the result of the
divorce referendum, promoted by Gabrio Lombardi, president of the ''Comitato per il referendum sul divorzio'' ("Committee for the divorce referendum"), and Luigi Gedda, president of Civic Committees, and supported by
Vatican
Vatican may refer to:
Vatican City, the city-state ruled by the pope in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica, Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museum
The Holy See
* The Holy See, the governing body of the Catholic Church and sovereign entity recognized ...
hierarchies and
Amintore Fanfani
Amintore Fanfani (; 6 February 1908 – 20 November 1999) was an Italian politician and statesman, who served as 32nd prime minister of Italy for five separate terms. He was one of the best-known Italian politicians after the Second World War an ...
,
secretary of
Christian Democracy
Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism.
It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...
at the time: the front page was covered by the title ''Una valanga di NO – Strepitosa vittoria delle forze democratiche'' ("An avalanche of NOs – Outstanding victory of democratic forces").
On 31 December 1975,
Francesco De Martino
Francesco de Martino (31 May 1907 – 18 November 2002) was an Italian jurist, politician, lifetime senator (1991–2002) and former Vice President of the Council of Ministers. He was considered by many to be the conscience of the Italian Social ...
wrote an editorial entitled ''Soluzioni nuove per una crisi grave'' ("New solutions for a serious crisis") which announced the withdrawal of PSI trust on
Moro IV Cabinet
The Moro IV Cabinet, led by Aldo Moro, was the 31st cabinet of the Italian Republic. It held office from 1974 to 1976.
The government obtained confidence on 5 December 1974 in the Senate, with 190 votes in favor and 113 against, and on 7 Decemb ...
, confirmed on 7 January 1976 and provoking the fall of the government.
From 1977 to 1994
With the n.1 of 6 January 1977, ''Avanti!'' renovated its graphic layout: following the success of ''
la Repubblica
''la Repubblica'' (; the Republic) is an Italian daily general-interest newspaper. It was founded in 1976 in Rome by Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso (now known as GEDI Gruppo Editoriale) and led by Eugenio Scalfari, Carlo Caracciolo and Arnoldo ...
'', which appeared in news-stands a year before, the socialist newspaper abandoned the traditional broadsheet format and adopted the
tabloid
Tabloid may refer to:
* Tabloid journalism, a type of journalism
* Tabloid (newspaper format), a newspaper with compact page size
** Chinese tabloid
* Tabloid (paper size), a North American paper size
* Sopwith Tabloid, a biplane aircraft
* ''Ta ...
one, the header had been coloured in red and the number of pages increased.
The editorial, signed by director Paolo Vittorelli and entitled ''Anche questa volta si passerà'' ("We pass this time too"), made a reference to the article written by Bissolati on the first number of the newspaper in 1896 with the title ''Di qui si passa''.
It is one of the first signals of the new course of
Bettino Craxi
Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) from 1976 to 1993, and the 45th prime minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987. He was the first PSI membe ...
secretariat in PSI, who became himself the director of the socialist newspaper in 1978 with Ugo Intini as editor-in-chief.
In particular, ''Avanti!'' reacquired a certain fame among socialist during the eighties, thanks to the political analysis written by Craxi with the pseudonym of "
Ghino di Tacco
Ghinotto di Tacco, called Ghino, was an outlaw and a popular hero in thirteenth century Italy. He was born in the latter half of the thirteenth century in La Fratta, which is now part of Sinalunga in the Province of Siena. Born the son of a Ghibe ...
", a bandit of the 13th century.
In 1992, the
Mani pulite
''Mani pulite'' (; Italian for "clean hands") was a nationwide judicial investigation into political corruption in Italy held in the early 1990s, resulting in the demise of the so-called " First Republic" and the disappearance of many Italian ...
judicial investigation began and PSI fell in a crisis which would lead to an electoral and financial collapse. In August of the same year, ''Avanti!'', directly conditioned by Craxi, launched attacks on the activity of pool of magistrates working on ''Mani pulite''.
Director
Roberto Villetti
Roberto Villetti (24 August 1944 – 14 September 2019) was an Italian politician.
A long-time member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), he was vice-secretary of the Italian Socialists (SI) from 1994 to 1998. Since 1998 he is vice-secretary of ...
resigned under request of the editorial staff committee by the National Direction of the Socialist Party for the disastrous management of the newspaper. Francesco Gozzano, already editor-in-chief, replaced Villetti.
In 1993, circulation of ''Avanti!'' fell from 200,000 copies to a few thousand. Wastes and bad management during the eighties, despite the important funding for the modernization of the newspaper strongly desired by Craxi, provoked an accumulation of debts for about 30–40 billions lire; ''Avanti!'' lost also the public contribution for publishing (6 billions lire) because it did not certify the financial statements for the 2 billions lire deficit, causing the revocation of bank loans and of the return request of debt exposures.
In March 1993 wages for employee were suspended for lacking funds.
Ottaviano Del Turco
Ottaviano Del Turco (born 7 November 1944) is an Italian politician.
Early life
Del Turco was born in Collelongo on 7 November 1944.
Career
After a career in trade unionism in the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL), Del Turco rose ...
, new PSI Secretary from February 1993, tried to mediate a solution to avoid the closure of ''Avanti!''. In August 1993, a series of fund-raising events were organised but the newspaper failed to revive. The company in charge of the newspaper Nuovo Editrice L'avanti! was formally declared bankrupt in March 1994 after the
electoral collapse of the Italian Socialist Party which had failed to gain a minimum of 3% of the vote. The fact that the paper was a political newspaper and the influence of the Craxi in a way contributed to its fall when the PSI was hit by heavy corruption scandals. In October 1993, desks and typewriters were seized to pay 105 million lire. The newspaper was in a chronic crisis and closed in November 1993: after nine months of work without retributions, journalists not longer judged as credible the reassurance made by newspaper and party leaders and they ceased to come to the redaction by voting the start of bankruptcy procedure during an assembly.
Publishing house "Nuova Editrice Avanti!" was liquidated in January 1994.
After 1994
With the dismantling of PSI, the newspaper fell under liquidation, as other assets of the party. The last congress, held in Rome on 12 November 1994, appointed a liquidator commissioner, Michele Zoppo, to whom was given ''Avanti'' among with other assets.
After that date, three different periodical appeared in news stands that, though all of them recalled to the historical socialist newspaper, were completely different politically aligned:
* In 1996, the clone newspaper ''L'Avanti!'' (with the "''L''") was published by the International Press of
Valter Lavitola and directed by
Sergio De Gregorio, founder in 2000 of the political movement
Italians in the World
Italians in the World (''Italiani nel Mondo'', InM) was a political party in Italy, founded in September 2006 by Senator Sergio De Gregorio, a former Socialist elected in the lists of Italy of Values. The party had previously existed as a politi ...
and elected as
senator
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
with
Italy of Values
Italy of Values ( it, Italia dei Valori, IdV) is a populist and anti-corruption political party in Italy. The party was founded in 1998 by former ''Mani pulite'' prosecutor Antonio Di Pietro, who entered politics in 1996 and finally left the par ...
in 2006 and then with
The People of Freedom
The People of Freedom ( it, Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL) was a centre-right political party in Italy. The PdL, launched by Silvio Berlusconi on 18 November 2007, was initially a federation of political parties, notably including Forza Italia a ...
in 2008. This newspaper ceased its publication after a few months and reappeared in 2003. Lavitola made of his periodical an instrument for political movements that had nothing in common with the editorial line of the original socialist newspaper. Furthermore, ''L'Avanti'' was close to the center-right premier
Silvio Berlusconi
Silvio Berlusconi ( ; ; born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies ...
. Lavitola and De Gregorio were investigated by prosecutor of Naples for criminal association aimed to fraud against the State: Lavitola, as ''de facto'' owner and co-administrator of International Press, and De Gregorio, as effective partner since 1997 and hidden co-administrator of the same company, along with other ten defendants, declared that the publisher of ''L'Avanti!'' had the requirements for obtaining the funds provided by the law for publishing, cashing illegally a total of €23,200,000 received between 1997 and 2009. For this crimes, Lavitola and De Gregorio suffered a preventive seizure of assets for €9 million in July 2012. On 9 November 2012 Lavitola negotiated a sentence of 3 years and 8 months in front of the Judge for preliminary investigations of the Court of Naples, while the process of De Gregorio, whom sentence was reduced to house arrest in his Roman apartment of
Parioli
Parioli () is the 2nd ''quartiere'' of Rome, identified by the initials Q. II.
The toponym is also used to indicate the urbanistic area 2B of the '' Municipio Roma II''.
The name comes from Monti Parioli, a series of tufa hills, and was given ...
following a failed re-election during the political election of 2013, was still in progress on 4 June 2015, with the request of plea bargaining by the former parliamentarian. Court of Accounts of
Lazio
it, Laziale
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 =
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographics1_title1 =
, demographics1_info1 =
, demographics1_title2 ...
, with sentence n. 24/2015 of 11 March 2015, condemned Valter Lavitola and Sergio De Gregorio to give back €23,879,000 to the State for the publishing funds obtained illegally by ''L'Avanti'' between 1997 and 2009.
* In 1998, ''Avanti! della domenica'' began to be published weekly as the body of
Italian Democratic Socialists
The Italian Democratic Socialists ( it, Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI) were a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was the direct continuation of the Italian Socialists, the legal successor of the historical Italian Soci ...
(SDI), sided on center-left, and it directly referred to the Sunday supplement of the historical ''Avanti!'', issued between January 1903 and March 1907. After ceasing the publications in 2006, the weekly was issued again since 7 February 2010 (with Dario Alberto Caprio as editor-in-chief) as the official body of the new
PSI
Psi, PSI or Ψ may refer to:
Alphabetic letters
* Psi (Greek) (Ψ, ψ), the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
* Psi (Cyrillic) (Ѱ, ѱ), letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek
Arts and entertainment
* "Psi" as an abbreviation ...
(heir of SDI), member of
Socialist International
The Socialist International (SI) is a political international or worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism. It consists mostly of socialist and labour-oriented political parties and organisations. ...
and the
European Socialist Party
The Party of European Socialists (PES) is a social democratic and progressive European political party.
The PES comprises national-level political parties from all member states of the European Union (EU) plus Norway and the United Kingdom. ...
. In this occasion, Ugo Intini, former director of ''Avanti!'', greeted the new release of the socialist weekly with an editorial entitled ''Di qui si passa'', quoting the title of the inaugural editorial wrote by Leonida Bissolati in 1896;
* In 2003,
Fabrizio Cicchitto
Fabrizio Cicchitto (born 26 October 1940) is an Italian politician, whose career has followed a trajectory from radical socialism to centre-right reformism.
Biography
Fabrizio Cicchitto entered politics in the early 1960s, supporting the Ricc ...
and other former socialists re-constructed ''Avanti!'', with
Bobo Craxi
Vittorio Michele Craxi, commonly known as Bobo Craxi (born 6 August 1964), is an Italian politician, son of the former Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi and brother of Stefania Craxi.
Biography
Formerly a prominent member of the Italian Soc ...
as director. Although this ''Avanti!'' was formally neutral, its former director was a close friend of another former socialist
Gianni De Michelis
Gianni De Michelis (26 November 1940 – 11 May 2019) was an Italian politician, prominent member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), who served as minister in many Italian governments in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Biography
De Michelis was bo ...
, who was then secretary of the
New Italian Socialist Party
The New Italian Socialist Party or New PSI ( it, Nuovo Partito Socialista Italiano or ''Nuovo PSI'', NPSI), more recently styled as Liberal Socialists – NPSI, is a political party in Italy which professes a social-democratic ideology and claims t ...
(NPSI). The NPSI, which was in coalition with the centre-right, was an antagonist of the socialists who found home in the centre-left led by the
Italian Democratic Socialists
The Italian Democratic Socialists ( it, Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI) were a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was the direct continuation of the Italian Socialists, the legal successor of the historical Italian Soci ...
, who created an opposing weekly paper with the name of ''Avanti della Domenica'' which however ran out of funds and closed soon after. In 2006,
Fabio Ranucci becomes director and quickly defines the paper an independent "socialist" newspaper of information. However, with the re-composition of the small often tiny Socialist political formations into the modern-day
Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country.
Founded in Genoa in 1892, ...
in 2007, the paper became strongly associated with the latter.
All the three periodicals are no longer published: ''L'Avanti!'' of Lavitola since 2011; ''Avanti!'' of Bobo Craxi merged in ''Avanti! della domenica'' in 2006 and the last one ceased the publications on 6 October 2013, following the creation of online newspaper ''
Avanti!
''Avanti!'' is a 1972 American/Italian international co-production comedy film produced and directed by Billy Wilder, and starring Jack Lemmon and Juliet Mills. The screenplay by Wilder and I. A. L. Diamond is based on Samuel A. Taylor's play, w ...
'' on 5 January 2012, thanks to the definitive reappropriation of the original ''Avanti!'' by the new
PSI
Psi, PSI or Ψ may refer to:
Alphabetic letters
* Psi (Greek) (Ψ, ψ), the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
* Psi (Cyrillic) (Ѱ, ѱ), letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek
Arts and entertainment
* "Psi" as an abbreviation ...
of
Riccardo Nencini
Riccardo Nencini (born 19 October 1959) is an Italian politician.
Nencini was born at Barberino di Mugello, in the province of Florence. He is the nephew of professional cyclist Gastone Nencini, winner of the 1960 Tour de France. A long-time m ...
.
Headquarters
* Rome, Palazzo Sciarra, Via delle Muratte (National headquarter: 1896 – 1897);
** Via del Corso 397 (National headquarter: 1897 – 1898);
** Via di Propaganda Fide 16 (National headquarter: 1898 – 1911);
*
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
, Via S. Damiano 16 (National headquarter: 9 October 1911 – 15 April 1919);
* Rome, Via del Seminario 86 (Roman edition: administration);
** Via della Pilotta 11 (Roman edition: direction and typography);
* Milan, Via Ludovico da Settala 22 (National headquarter: 1921 – 1926);
* Paris, Rue de Picpus 126,
12th arrondissement (in exile, from 12 December 1926);
** Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne 16, at Giorgio Salvi (
9th arrondissement), (in exile, 1930);
** Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 103 (
10th arrondissement), (''Nuovo Avanti!'' in exile, since 1934);
* Milan, Via Solferino 28 (in the headquarter of ''
Corriere della Sera
The ''Corriere della Sera'' (; en, "Evening Courier") is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average daily circulation of 410,242 copies in December 2015.
First published on 5 March 1876, ''Corriere della Sera'' is one of It ...
'' occupied on 25 April 1945);
** Via Senato 38, corner of Piazza Cavour, 2 (former headquarter of ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. Milan edition: since 13 May 1945);
* Rome, Corso Umberto I 476 (National headquarter: 1945);
** Via IV Novembre 145 (National headquarter: 1946);
** Via Gregoriana, 41 (National headquarter: 1953);
** Piazza Indipendenza, National headquarter: in cohabitation with ''
la Repubblica
''la Repubblica'' (; the Republic) is an Italian daily general-interest newspaper. It was founded in 1976 in Rome by Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso (now known as GEDI Gruppo Editoriale) and led by Eugenio Scalfari, Carlo Caracciolo and Arnoldo ...
'';
** Via Tomacelli 145, National headquarter: in the headquarter of the cultural center
Mondoperaio
''Mondoperaio'' is an Italian cultural-political journal that is based in Rome, Italy. The magazine has a socialist stance.
History and Overview
The magazine began on 4 December 1948 as ''Mondo Operaio'', on the initiative of the former Italian ...
;
Directors
First generation
*
Leonida Bissolati
Leonida Bissolati (20 February 1857 in Cremona – 6 May 1920 in Rome) was a leading exponent of the Italian socialist movement at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Biography
He was born from the liaison of Paolina Bergamaschi, a nurse, wi ...
(1896–1903)
*
Enrico Ferri (1903–1908)
*
Oddino Morgari
Oddino Morgari (November 16, 1865 – November 24, 1944) was an Italian socialist journalist and politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1897 to 1929, for eight legislatures.
Early life
Initially a Mazzinian radical, he ...
(1908–1909)
*
Claudio Treves Claudio Treves (24 March 1869 – 11 June 1933) was an Italian politician and journalist.
Life Youth
Claudio Treves was born in Turin into a well off assimilated Jewish family. As a student he participated in the Radical milieu of Turin and, ...
(1910–1912)
*
Giovanni Bacci
Giovanni Bacci (7 March 1857, Belforte all'Isauro – 9 August 1928, Milan) was an Italian journalist and politician. He was one of the main leaders of the Italian Socialist Party.
Biography
Giovanni Bacci was born in Belforte all'Isauro, near ...
(July 1912 – October 1912)
*
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 194 ...
(1 December 1912 – October 1914)
*
Giacinto Menotti Serrati
Giacinto Menotti Serrati (25 November 1872 – 10 May 1926) was an Italian communist politician and newspaper editor.
Biography
He was born in Spotorno, near Savona and died in Asso, near Como.
Serrati was a central leader of the Italian Soc ...
(October 1914 – 1922)
*
Pietro Nenni
Pietro Sandro Nenni (; 9 February 1891 – 1 January 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and senator for life since 1970. He was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1951. He w ...
(1922–1926)
Exile
*
Ugo Coccia
Ugo is the Italian form of Hugh, a widely used name of Germanic origin. Its diminutive form is Ugolino.
It is also a Nigerian Igbo first name.
It may refer to:
People
* Vgo (stonemason), medieval stonemason
* Ugo Bassi, a Roman Catholic prie ...
(issued in exile in Paris, 12 December 1926 to 1928)
*
Angelica Balabanoff
, image = Brodskiy II Balabanova.jpg
, birth_name = Anzhelika Isaakovna Balabanova
, birth_date = August 4, 1878
, birth_place = Chernihiv, Ukraine
, death_date =
, death_place = Rome, Ital ...
(Paris, 1928 – 1930 and 1930 – 1940 under the
maximalist Italian Socialist Party
The Maximalist Italian Socialist Party () or PSIm, was the residual part of the Italian Socialist Party in exile following the split that occurred during the first phases of the Socialist Convention of Grenoble, held on 16 March 1930, by Pietro Nen ...
)
* Pietro Nenni (published by PSI – Labour and Socialist International Section in exile in
Zürich
Zürich () is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich. It is located in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich. As of January 2020, the municipality has 43 ...
, for a certain time as a supplement of ''
L'Avvenire dei Lavoratori'': 1930 – May 1934)
* Pietro Nenni (published by PSI – Labour and Socialist International Section in exile in Paris with the title of ''Il Nuovo Avanti'': May 1934 – 1939)
*
Giuseppe Saragat
Giuseppe Saragat (; 19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician who served as the president of Italy from 1964 to 1971.
Early life
Born to Sardinian parents, he was a member of the Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922), Unita ...
,
Oddino Morgari
Oddino Morgari (November 16, 1865 – November 24, 1944) was an Italian socialist journalist and politician. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1897 to 1929, for eight legislatures.
Early life
Initially a Mazzinian radical, he ...
and
Angelo Tasca
Angelo Tasca ( Moretta, 19 November 1892 – Paris, 3 March 1960) was an Italian politician, writer and historian.
He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Italy, but was expelled in 1929 due to his opposition to Stalinism. Having expe ...
(collegiate management but de facto managed by Saragat: published by PSI – Labour and Socialist International Section in exile in Paris with the title of ''Il Nuovo Avanti'': 1939 – 1940)
* Pietro Nenni (printed in clandestinity in
Palalda
Palalda is a former commune in Pyrénées-Orientales, now part of Amélie-les-Bains-Palalda.
Geography
Palalda is located above the river Tech (river), Tech, to the northeast of Amélie-les-Bains and to the east of Montbolo.
History
The first ...
, Pyrénées-Orientales, in the
Vichy France
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...
: October 1941 – January 1943)
Return in Italy
*
Eugenio Colorni Eugenio Colorni (22 April 1909 - 30 May 1944) was an Italian philosopher and anti-fascist activist.
Life
Born in Milan, Colorni taught philosophy at the University of Trieste, and was active in the anti-fascist Giustizia e Libertà movement. He mar ...
[ (illegally in Rome: 22 August 1943 – May 1944)
* ]Andrea Lorenzetti
Andrea is a given name which is common worldwide for both males and females, cognate to Andreas, Andrej and Andrew.
Origin of the name
The name derives from the Greek word ἀνήρ (''anēr''), genitive ἀνδρός (''andrós''), that re ...
[ (illegally in Milan: September 1943 – May 1944)
* ]Guido Mazzali
Guido is a given name Latinised from the Old High German name Wido. It originated in Medieval Italy. Guido later became a male first name in Austria, Germany, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal, Latin America and Switzerland. The me ...
[ (illegally in Milan: May 1944 – April 1945)
* ]Pietro Nenni
Pietro Sandro Nenni (; 9 February 1891 – 1 January 1980) was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and senator for life since 1970. He was a recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1951. He w ...
, with director Giuseppe Saragat
Giuseppe Saragat (; 19 September 1898 – 11 June 1988) was an Italian politician who served as the president of Italy from 1964 to 1971.
Early life
Born to Sardinian parents, he was a member of the Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922), Unita ...
(issued in Rome after its liberation: June 1944 – January 1945)
* Guido Mazzali (Milan edition: April 1945 – 1951)
* Ignazio Silone
Secondino Tranquilli (1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978), known by the pseudonym Ignazio Silone (, ), was an Italian political leader, novelist, and short-story writer, world-famous during World War II for his powerful anti-fascist novels. He was no ...
(Roman edition: 1945 – 1946)
* Sandro Pertini
Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian socialist politician who served as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985.
Early life
Born in Stella (Province of Savona) as the son of a wealthy landown ...
(Roman edition: 1946 – 1947)
* Riccardo Lombardi
Riccardo Lombardi (16 August 1901 – 18 September 1984) was an Italian politician.
Early life
Lombardi was born in Regalbuto, in the province of Enna (now in the province of Catania), in 1901. He studied at the Pennisi College of Acireale, a ...
(Roman edition: 1948 – 1949)
* Sandro Pertini
Alessandro "Sandro" Pertini (; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990) was an Italian socialist politician who served as the president of Italy from 1978 to 1985.
Early life
Born in Stella (Province of Savona) as the son of a wealthy landown ...
(Roman edition: 1949 – 1951)
* Tullio Vecchietti
Tullio Vecchietti (29 July 1914 – 15 January 1999) was an Italian politician and journalist.
Biography
During the Second World War Tullio Vecchietti participated in the Italian resistance movement. From 1951 to 1963 he directed Avanti! (newsp ...
(1951–1957)
* Tullio Vecchietti as political director, Carlo Bonetti as editor-in-chief (1957–1960)
* Giovanni Pieraccini
Giovanni Pieraccini (25 November 1918–14 July 2017) was an Italian journalist and socialist politician who was a member of the Italian Socialist Party. Started his political career in 1948 Pieraccini served in different cabinet posts in the per ...
as political director, Franco Gerardi as editor-in-chief (1960–1963)
* Riccardo Lombardi
Riccardo Lombardi (16 August 1901 – 18 September 1984) was an Italian politician.
Early life
Lombardi was born in Regalbuto, in the province of Enna (now in the province of Catania), in 1901. He studied at the Pennisi College of Acireale, a ...
(12 December 1963 – 21 July 1964)
* Francesco De Martino
Francesco de Martino (31 May 1907 – 18 November 2002) was an Italian jurist, politician, lifetime senator (1991–2002) and former Vice President of the Council of Ministers. He was considered by many to be the conscience of the Italian Social ...
(30 July 1964 – 13 November 1965)
* Franco Gerardi (14 November 1965 – 17 November 1966)
* Gaetano Arfé
Gaetano Arfé (12 November 1925, Somma Vesuviana – 13 September 2007) was an Italian politician, historian, and journalist. From 1966 to 1976 he published the ''Avanti!'', the official newspaper of the Italian Socialist Party, whom he represent ...
and Flavio Orlandi
Flavio Orlandi (1921–2009) was a social democrat Italian politician who served at the European Parliament. He was a member of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI) and served as its secretary between 1972 and 1975.
Biography
Orlandi w ...
as political directors, Franco Gerardi as editor-in-chief (18 November 1966 – 21 January 1969)
* Gaetano Arfé as political director, Franco Gerardi as editor-in-chief (22 January 1969 – 1 April 1976)
* Paolo Battino Vittorelli (1976–1978)
* Bettino Craxi
Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi ( , , ; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) from 1976 to 1993, and the 45th prime minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987. He was the first PSI membe ...
as political director, Ugo Intini
Ugo Intini (born 30 June 1941) is an Italian journalist and politician.
Biography
A long-time member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and close aide of Bettino Craxi, he was spokesman of the PSI and representative of the party in the Socia ...
as editor-in-chief (1978–1981)
* Ugo Intini (26 April 1981 – 6 October 1987)
* Antonio Ghirelli (28 October 1987 – 8 December 1989)
* Roberto Villetti
Roberto Villetti (24 August 1944 – 14 September 2019) was an Italian politician.
A long-time member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), he was vice-secretary of the Italian Socialists (SI) from 1994 to 1998. Since 1998 he is vice-secretary of ...
as political director, Francesco Gozzano as editor-in-chief (9 December 1989 – 1992)
* Giorgio Benvenuto
Giorgio Benvenuto (born 8 December 1937) is an Italian trade unionist and politician.
He was general secretary of Italian Labour Union (UIL), one of the largest Italian trade union centers from 1976 to 1992.See historical section from uil.it
He ...
as political director with the co-director Giuseppe Garesio, Francesco Gozzano as editor-in-chief (1992–1993)
Collaborators
* Ivanoe Bonomi
Ivanoe Bonomi (18 October 1873 – 20 April 1951) was an Italian politician and journalist who served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1921 to 1922 and again from 1944 to 1945.
Background and earlier career
Ivanoe Bonomi was born in Mantua, I ...
* Angiolo Cabrini
Angelo is an Italian masculine given name and surname meaning "angel", or "messenger".
People People with the given name
*Angelo Accattino (born 1966), Italian prelate of the Catholic Church
*Angelo Acciaioli (bishop) (1298–1357), Italian Rom ...
* Giovanni Merloni, chief editor
* Enrico Leone, chief editor
* Garzia Cassola
* Tomaso Monicelli Tomaso is a given name, being the Italian form of the name Thomas. Notable people with the name include:
* Tomaso, variant of name Tommaso
* Tomaso Albinoni, 18th-century Italian composer
* Rico Tomaso, American illustrator and painter
* De Tomaso ...
, literary and theatre critic, father of director Mario Monicelli
Mario Alberto Ettore Monicelli (; 16 May 1915 – 29 November 2010) was an Italian film director and screenwriter and one of the masters of the ''Commedia all'Italiana'' (Comedy Italian style). He was nominated six times for an Oscar, and was awa ...
* Arturo Labriola
Arturo Labriola (; 21 January 1873 – 23 June 1959) was an Italian revolutionary syndicalist and socialist politician and journalist.
Biography
Early political activity (until 1897)
Labriola was born in Naples on 21 January 1873 to Luigi La ...
, for foreign section
* Antonio Gramsci
Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , , ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, journalist, linguist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, political theory, sociology, history, and linguistics. He was a ...
* Nicola Badaloni
* Vittorio Piva
* Rinaldo Rigola
Rinaldo Rigola (2 February 1868 – 10 January 1954) was an Italian socialist politician who served as the founding secretary general of the General Confederation of Labour in 1906.
Biography
Rigola was born in Biella 2 February 1868. He was a ...
* Gabriele Galantara, comic artist
* Giuseppe Scalarini, comic artist
* Umberto Boccioni
Umberto Boccioni (, ; 19 October 1882 – 17 August 1916) was an influential Italian painter and sculptor. He helped shape the revolutionary aesthetic of the Futurism movement as one of its principal figures. Despite his short life, his approach ...
, illustrator
* Gino Piva
* Cesare Pirisi
* Vincenzo Balzamo
Vincenzo Balzamo (April 3, 1929 – November 2, 1992) was an Italian politician, a member of the Italian Socialist Party.
Biography
He was born in Colli a Volturno, Province of Isernia, Molise, and served as mayor of his birthplace from 1965 to ...
* Rosa Genoni
Rosa Genoni (1867–1954) was an Italian seamstress, fashion designer, teacher, feminist and advocate for workers' rights. She had a successful fashion design career, with innovative designs such as her Tanagra dress. Rosa Genoni was the Italian de ...
* Walter Pedullà
* Franco Fortini
Franco Fortini was the pseudonym of Franco Lattes (10 September 1917 – 28 November 1994), an Italian poet, writer, translator, essayist, literary critic and Marxist intellectual.
Life
Franco Fortini was born in Florence, the son of a Jewish ...
* Giulio Laroni
* Paolo Grassi
Paolo Grassi (30 October 1919 – 14 March 1981) was an Italian theatrical impresario.
Grassi was born in Milan, Italy. As a young man, he worked in magazines and discovered a passion for the theater. It led him in 1937 to create a Bertoldissimo ...
* Lino Micciché
* Paola Peroni, editor
* Luca Bagatin
* Antonio Matasso
Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular male ...
* Walter Tobagi
Walter Tobagi (18 March 1947 – 28 May 1980) was an Italian journalist and writer. He was killed in a terrorist attack by the Brigade XXVIII March, a left-wing terrorist group.
Biography Youth
Walter Tobagi was born on 18 March 1947 in San B ...
, then special correspondent of ''Corriere della Sera
The ''Corriere della Sera'' (; en, "Evening Courier") is an Italian daily newspaper published in Milan with an average daily circulation of 410,242 copies in December 2015.
First published on 5 March 1876, ''Corriere della Sera'' is one of It ...
'', killed by Mario Marano and Marco Barbone of the Brigata XXVIII marzo on 28 May 1980
* Marco Sassano, already editor of student newspaper ''La zanzara'' of Milano
* Ugo Finetti
* Gaetano Tumiati
* Carlo Tognoli
Carlo Tognoli (16 June 1938 – 5 March 2021) was an Italian politician, who was Mayor of Milan and minister of the Italian Republic.
Biography
Tognoli was born at Milan and joined the Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano, or PS ...
* Francesco Forte
* Federico Mancini Federico (; ) is a given name and surname. It is a form of Frederick, most commonly found in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian.
People with the given name Federico
Artists
* Federico Ágreda, Venezuelan composer and DJ.
* Federico Aguilar Alcuaz, r ...
* Paolo Pillitteri
* Nunzio Dell'Erba
* Bobo Craxi
Vittorio Michele Craxi, commonly known as Bobo Craxi (born 6 August 1964), is an Italian politician, son of the former Italian Prime Minister Bettino Craxi and brother of Stefania Craxi.
Biography
Formerly a prominent member of the Italian Soc ...
Still existing newspapers
The title of the newspaper is contended by two subjects:
* The newly formed PSI
Psi, PSI or Ψ may refer to:
Alphabetic letters
* Psi (Greek) (Ψ, ψ), the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet
* Psi (Cyrillic) (Ѱ, ѱ), letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet, adopted from Greek
Arts and entertainment
* "Psi" as an abbreviation ...
of Riccardo Nencini
Riccardo Nencini (born 19 October 1959) is an Italian politician.
Nencini was born at Barberino di Mugello, in the province of Florence. He is the nephew of professional cyclist Gastone Nencini, winner of the 1960 Tour de France. A long-time m ...
: Michele Zoppo, late bankruptcy trustee of ''Avanti!'' and the former PSI, had already gave the original symbols and marks of the historical PSI ti the Italian Socialists
The Italian Socialists ( it, Socialisti Italiani, SI) were a minor social-democratic political party in Italy active from 1994 to 1998. The party was the legal successor of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), following its dissolution by the 47th ...
formation, then become Italian Democratic Socialists
The Italian Democratic Socialists ( it, Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI) were a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was the direct continuation of the Italian Socialists, the legal successor of the historical Italian Soci ...
in 1998 and Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country.
Founded in Genoa in 1892, ...
in 2007/2009. On 4 November 2011, the new bankruptcy trustee Francesco Spitoni definitively gave the property of the ''Avanti!'' original trademark to the PSI (with Riccardo Nencini as secretary) through the party treasurer Oreste Pastorelli. According to Spitoni, it is necessary "to guarantee the political and ideal meaning that newspaper ''Avanti!'' has in the Italian history, and in the history of the proletarian movement in particular", remembering that "this newspaper was founded by Andrea Costa, first socialist deputy in 1891, and it had been an official body of PSI since 1896". Spitoni then established to give "irrecovably and in an exclusive way, also moral, including the denomination, also partialially as well as the graphic layout, of the journalistic newspaper ''Avanti!''". The assignation occurred free of charge because it had "the specific purpose to ensure that the historical newspaper of PSI, official body of the party since 1896, continues to represent the secular tradition of the Italian socialist movement". Therefore, ''Avanti! online'' has been online since the 5 Jangennaio 2012, with journalist Giampiero Marazzo (brother of journalist and politician Piero Marazzo) as editor-in-chief, replaced in September 2013 by former socialist deputy Mauro Del Bue
Mauro Del Bue (born 23 April 1951 in Reggio Emilia), is an Italian politician and journalist.
Biography
Graduated in literature and philosophy, Mauro Del Bue is journalist by profession.
He was secretary of the Italian Socialist Youth Federat ...
. The newspaper is published by PSI through the Società Nuova Editrice "Mondoperaio" s.r.l.;
* Critica sociale, a company which publishes the homonymous periodical, registered ''Avanti!'' in 1994, one year after the cessation of the publications, according to the Italian law on press. The ownership was disputed, as for the other ''Avanti!'', by the new PSI, given that the trademark was in the only availability of the bankruptcy trustee. The dispute was thwarted by the copyright attribution of the trademark and name of ''Avanti!'' to the ownership of ''Critica Sociale'' by the Trademarks and Patents office of the Department of Productive Activities of the Italian Ministry of Economic Development in 2012.
References
Bibliography
*
External links
Archive
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Avanti
1896 establishments in Italy
Daily newspapers published in Italy
Italian-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Milan
Newspapers published in Rome
Newspapers established in 1896
Socialism in Italy
Socialist newspapers